[Importance of hydration in people with dysphagia and its consequences]. / Importancia de la hidratación en personas con disfagia y sus consecuencias.

Introduction: Introduction: dysphagia is a difficulty in moving food or drink from the mouth to the stomach, which may consist of a delay or an impossibility of transit or an-error in the direction, with the consequent passage into the airways. Dysphagia increases the risk of malnutrition and dehydration in the patient. However, although dehydration is one of the most common complications of dysphagia and is associated with significant risks, including hospitalization and mortality, it has been little studied in terms of its relationship and associated risk factors. Methods: a review of the scientific literature on the hydration of people with dysphagia and the dangers of inadequate hydration in them was carried out. Results and discussion: the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia requires a multidisciplinary and personalized approach and is essential to improve the quality of life of patients with dysphagia. Dehydration is a frequent and serious complication in patients with dysphagia, which can lead to problems such as urinary tract infections, constipation, confusion, and worsening of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully evaluate and monitor the fluid intake in these patients, and strategies to improve hydration include the use of thickened liquids, stimulating appetite, and adapting the texture and presentation of foods. Conclusión: adequate and protocolized management, from a dietary and nutritional point of view, can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients, improving their well-being and preventing complications associated with this condition. A comprehensive approach to dysphagia, which includes adequate assessment and management of hydration, is essential to prevent serious complications.

Introducción: Introducción: la disfagia supone una dificultad en el desplazamiento del alimento o de la bebida desde la boca hasta al estómago, que puede consistir en un retraso o una imposibilidad de tránsito o en un error en la dirección, con el consiguiente paso a la vía aérea. La disfagia aumenta el riesgo de desnutrición y deshidratación en el paciente. Pero aunque la deshidratación es una de las complicaciones más comunes de la disfagia y se asocia con riesgos importantes, incluyendo hospitalización y mortalidad, su relación y los factores de riesgo asociados han sido poco estudiados. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre la hidratación de las personas con disfagia y los peligros de una inadecuada hidratación en ellas. Resultados y discusión: el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar y personalizado y es fundamental para mejorar su calidad de vida. La deshidratación es una complicación frecuente y grave en pacientes con disfagia, que puede llevar a problemas como infecciones urinarias, estreñimiento, confusión y empeoramiento de enfermedades crónicas. Por ello, es crucial evaluar y monitorizar cuidadosamente la ingesta hídrica de estos pacientes y establecer estrategias para mejorar la hidratación, incluyendo el uso de líquidos espesados, la estimulación del apetito y la adaptación de la textura y presentación de los alimentos. Conclusión: un manejo adecuado y protocolizado, desde el punto de vista dietético y nutricional, puede llegar a tener un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, mejorando su bienestar y previniendo complicaciones asociadas a esta condición. El abordaje integral de la disfagia, que incluye una adecuada evaluación y manejo de la hidratación, es fundamental para prevenir complicaciones graves.

[Problems posed by vitamin D in early childhood]. / Problemática que plantea la vitamina D en la primera infancia.

Introduction: More and more functions related to vitamin D and more pathologies related to its deficiency are known. The deficiency that exists in vitamin D is known at all ages, sexes and throughout the world. But beyond the existing deficiencies in each population group, in this article we intend to analyze how the nutritional situation of this vitamin in pregnant women and during lactation can have influence on the future health of their offspring. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy can be associated with maternal (preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature birth), fetal and neonatal complications (low birth weight, late hypocalcemia, nutritional rickets and possible relationship with future development of diseases such as bronchiolitis, asthma, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis). During breastfeeding, these conditions can be promoted in the child and there is also a higher risk of depression and sleep disorders later. Therefore, supplementation is recommended in these vital stages.

Introducción: Cada vez se conocen más funciones relacionadas con la vitamina D y más patologías relacionadas con su deficiencia. Es conocida la deficiencia que existe en vitamina D a todas las edades, sexos y en todo el mundo. Pero más allá de las deficiencias existentes en cada grupo poblacional, en este artículo pretendemos analizar cómo la situación nutricional de esta vitamina en la embarazada y durante la lactancia puede tener influencia en la salud futura de los descendientes. La deficiencia en vitamina D durante el em­barazo se puede asociar con complicaciones maternas (preeclampsia, diabetes gestacional, parto prematuro), fetales y neonatales (bajo peso al nacer, hipocalcemia tardía, raquitismo nutricional y posible relación con el desarrollo futuro de enfermedades como bronquiolitis, asma, diabetes de tipo 1, esclerosis múltiple). Durante la lactancia se puede favorecer el progreso de esas patologías en el niño y también se ha descrito mayor riesgo de depresión y trastornos del sueño, posteriormente. Por ello se recomienda la suplementación en estas etapas vitales.

Long-term association between water intake and kidney function in a population at high cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVES: The evidence on water intake in the prevention of kidney function decline is scarce at population level in well-being individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Therefore, we aimed to longitudinally evaluate the associations between total water intake and subtypes and kidney function, through estimated-Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). METHODS: Three-year prospective analysis conducted in 1986 older adults (aged 55-75 year) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome from the PREDIMED-Plus study. Water intake was assessed using validated beverage and food frequency questionnaires. Serum creatinine-based eGFR (SCr-based eGFR; ml/min/1.73 m2) was estimated using the CKD-EPI equation at baseline, one-year and 3-years of follow-up. Mixed-effects linear regression models were fitted to evaluate the associations between baseline total water intake and subtypes, and SCr-based eGFR over 3-years of follow-up. RESULTS: Participants in the highest baseline tertile of total water intake, plain water and water from all fluids showed a lower decrease in SCr-based eGFR after 3-years of follow-up, compared to those in the lowest tertile. Participants with the highest tap water consumption showed a lower SCr-based eGFR decline after 1-year and 3-years of follow-up, in comparerd to participants in the lowest intake category (T3 vs. T1: ß: 1.4 ml/min/1.73 m2; 95%CI: 0.5-2.3, ß: 1.0; 95%CI: 0.1-2.0, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Plain water rather than other water sources, and especially tap water, was associated with lower kidney function decline assessed through eGFR over 3-years of follow-up, in older individuals at high cardiovascular risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN89898870. Retrospectively registered on 24 July 2014.

Lifestyle Clusters of Diet Quality, Sleep, and Screen Time and Associations with Weight Status in Children from Madrid City: ENPIMAD Study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood overweight and obesity is a global concern and has increased in Spain over the last decades. Combinations of lifestyle behaviors (i.e., diet, sleep, and sedentarism) are highly related to weight status. Therefore, this study aimed to identify lifestyle patterns among children from Madrid City, and analyze associations with the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity, considering socio-economic factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 4545 children from the ENPIMAD study with data on diet, sleep, anthropometric, and socio-economic variables. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify lifestyle clusters, and logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between socio-economic indicators and cluster membership, and between clusters and weight status. RESULTS: Findings show three lifestyle clusters (healthy, mixed, and unhealthy), with boys and older children more represented in the unhealthy cluster. Food insecurity and low socio-economic status were associated with unhealthier clusters in boys and girls. Children in unhealthier clusters were more likely to have obesity and abdominal obesity. However, these associations disappeared in girls after controlling for food insecurity. CONCLUSION: These results provide insight into the combination of behaviors and socio-economic factors associated with childhood obesity that may aid in the design of future interventions.

High-Protein Processed Foods: Impact on Diet, Nutritional Status, and Possible Effects on Health.

Proteins are macronutrients with multiple health benefits, but excessive consumption can negatively affect health. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of a sample of high-protein processed foods (HPPFs), describe how their consumption affects dietary balance, and acquire knowledge of the consumption patterns of these products in a Spanish population. A sample of HPPFs available in supermarkets and on websites was collected. The contribution to recommended protein intakes was calculated using national and international references and considering the single consumption of the HPPFs and the product plus 150 g of meat. Furthermore, an online survey was conducted among a convenience sample. A total of 36 enriched protein products were evaluated. The percentage of proteins in these products ranges from 10 to 88%. The contribution of the protein recommended intake was within a range of 87.4-306.6% and 66.4-232.8% (women and men, respectively), only considering the additional proteins from 150 g of meat. One hundred thirty-nine participants completed the survey; 67.6% affirmed that they had consumed HPPFs, and half consumed them without following any consumption control. Since these products are accessible to everyone in supermarkets and protein intake is generally higher than the recommended limits, regulating the mass sale of HPPFs is essential to ensure they do not lead to protein overconsumption.

Association between Beverage Consumption and Environmental Sustainability in an Adult Population with Metabolic Syndrome.

Beverages are an important part of the diet, but their environmental impact has been scarcely assessed. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in beverage consumption over a one-year period can impact the environmental sustainability of the diet. This is a one-year longitudinal study of 55-75-year-old participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 1122) within the frame of the PREDIMED-Plus study. Food and beverage intake were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a validated beverage-specific questionnaire. The Agribalyse® 3.0.1 database was used to calculate environmental impact parameters such as greenhouse gas emission, energy, water, and land use. A sustainability beverage score was created by considering the evaluated environmental markers. A higher beverage sustainability score was obtained when decreasing the consumption of bottled water, natural and packed fruit juice, milk, and drinkable dairy, soups and broths, sorbets and jellies, soft drinks, tea without sugar, beer (with and without alcohol), and wine, as well as when increasing the consumption of tap water and coffee with milk and without sugar. Beverage consumption should be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a diet. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870. Registered 5 September 2013.

[Impact of egg consumption on the nutritional status of young adults]. / Impacto del consumo de huevo en la situación nutricional de jóvenes adultos.

Introduction: Young adults move from adolescence into adulthood, and they face physical, social and personal changes that can affect their health. Regarding their nutritional needs, their energy requirements are lower than during adolescence, but they may need the same or higher amounts of other essential nutrients, such as folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and iron. Furthermore, their increasingly sedentary lifestyle has led to a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in this group. However, despite being a vulnerable stage to nutritional problems, not enough attention has been paid to it from this point of view. In this context, eggs stand out as a food of great nutritional value for young adults, as they are an excellent source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, eggs are a nutritionally dense food, which makes them particularly useful in weight control and in situations with low energy requirements but high demands for other nutrients. Moderate egg consumption as part of a balanced diet helps to follow a healthy diet in this population group, contributing to improve their current and future health.

Introducción: Los adultos jóvenes, en su paso desde la adolescencia hacia la vida adulta, deben afrontar cambios físicos, sociales y personales que pueden afectar a su salud. Sus requerimientos energéticos son menores que durante la adolescencia, pero pueden necesitar la misma cantidad o mayor de otros nutrientes esenciales, como folatos, vitamina C, vitamina D, calcio y hierro. Además, su estilo de vida cada vez más sedentario ha llevado a una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en este grupo. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser una etapa sensible a los problemas nutricionales, no se le ha prestado suficiente atención desde este punto de vista. En este contexto, el huevo destaca como un alimento de gran valor nutricional para los adultos jóvenes, dado que es una excelente fuente de proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. Además, el huevo es un alimento de alta densidad nutricional, lo que lo hace especialmente útil en el control de peso y en situaciones de bajas necesidades energéticas pero altas con respecto a otros nutrientes. El consumo de huevo en cantidades moderadas y como parte de una dieta equilibrada ayuda a seguir una dieta saludable en este grupo de población, lo que contribuye a mejorar su salud actual y futura.

[Nutritional problems in cis and trans women]. / Problemática nutricional de mujeres cis y trans.

Introduction: Women deserve special attention due to the different requirements they have in comparison with men. In the same way, transgender women need individualized attention. Transgender women are at greater risk of suffering heart attacks or ischemic accidents, among other diseases, and are also at greater risk of developing eating disorders, poorer weight control and poorer perception of their image. Hormone therapy for gender reaffirmation in trans women modifies their body composition, and may also increase the risk of suffering from some pathologies. The nutritional needs of cisgender women are different from those of men, and trans women also have special needs, which may depend on whether or not they follow hormone therapy. Dietary studies, although scarce, suggest that transgender women have poor dietary habits and lifestyle. It is necessary to deepen the study of the nutritional situation of the female group, considering its diversity, and to develop standards and references appropriate to each case that allow better attention to the needs of these groups.

Introducción: El colectivo femenino merece una especial atención debido a los diferentes requerimientos que tienen en comparación con el colectivo masculino. De la misma manera, se necesita atender de manera individualizada al colectivo transgénero. En concreto, las mujeres trans tienen más riesgo de sufrir infartos o accidentes isquémicos, entre otras enfermedades, y también tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar trastornos del comportamiento alimentario y peor control de peso y percepción de su imagen. La terapia hormonal de reafirmación de género en mujeres trans modifica su composición corporal y también puede aumentar el riesgo de padecer algunas patologías. Las necesidades nutricionales de las mujeres cisgénero son diferentes a las de los varones, y también tienen necesidades especiales las mujeres trans, que pueden depender del seguimiento o no de un tratamiento hormonal. Los estudios dietéticos, aunque escasos, sugieren que las mujeres transgénero tienen unos hábitos dietéticos y un estilo de vida menos saludables. Es necesario profundizar en el estudio de la situación nutricional del colectivo femenino, atendiendo a la diversidad del mismo, y desarrollar estándares y referencias adecuadas a cada caso que permitan una mejor atención de las necesidades de estos colectivos.

[Protocol of action in the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia]. / Protocolo de actuación en el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia.

Introduction: Introduction: dysphagia is classified under "symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen" in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10, code R13). It is defined as obstruction in the region of the pharynx, sternum or xiphoid because of obstruction of the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach or cardia, and has become one of the most important causes affecting the adequate intake of energy and nutrients. An optimal dietary and nutritional approach plays a crucial role in the management of dysphagia. The main goal of such an approach is to ensure safe and sufficient nutrition to prevent malnutrition and complications associated with dysphagia. Objectives: to establish an action protocol for an effective dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia based on the existing scientific evidence. Methods: a review of the scientific literature on the dietary-nutritional approach to dysphagia was carried out. Results: the dietary and nutritional approach in patients with dysphagia requires a multidisciplinary and personalized approach and is essential to improve the quality of life of patients with dysphagia. Through the implementation of an evidence-based action protocol, it is possible to guarantee preventing aspiration and ensuring safe swallowing and modification of textures of different foods (thus promoting adequate intake of nutrients and fluids to avoid malnutrition and dehydration). Conclusion: adequate and protocolized management, from a dietary and nutritional point of view, can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients, improving their well-being and preventing complications associated with this condition.

Introducción: Introducción: la disfagia se clasifica dentro de los "síntomas y signos que involucran el sistema digestivo y el abdomen" en la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10, código R13). Dicho síntoma produce en la región de la faringe, el esternón o el xifoides como resultado de la obstrucción del paso de alimentos de la boca al estómago o al cardias, y se ha convertido en una de las causas más importantes que afecta a la ingesta adecuada de energía y nutrientes. Un abordaje dietético y nutricional óptimo desempeña un papel crucial en el manejo de la disfagia. El objetivo principal de dicho abordaje es garantizar una alimentación segura y suficiente para prevenir la desnutrición y las complicaciones asociadas a la disfagia. Objetivos: establecer un protocolo de actuación para realizar, de forma eficaz, el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia en base a la evidencia científica existente. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el abordaje dietético-nutricional de la disfagia. Resultados: el abordaje dietético y nutricional en pacientes con disfagia requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar y personalizado, y es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con disfagia. A través de la implementación del protocolo de actuación basado en la evidencia, se puede garantizar: prevenir la aspiración y asegurar una deglución segura y, modificación de texturas de los diferentes alimentos (promoviendo de esta forma la ingesta adecuada de nutrientes y líquidos para evitar la desnutrición y la deshidratación). Conclusión: un manejo adecuado y protocolizado, desde el punto de vista dietético y nutricional, puede llegar a tener un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, mejorando su bienestar y previniendo complicaciones asociadas a esta condición.

Association between Mineral Intake and Cognition Evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Mineral intake may protect against cognitive impairment (CI) and all-cause dementia, which affects a large number of adults worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mineral intake and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which is a sensitive and specific test. METHODS: In total, 201 adults were included in a cross-sectional study. They completed a three-day dietary record to estimate their average daily intake of minerals. Contributions to dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were also calculated. The participants were divided into tertiles according to their mineral intake. CI classifications were determined via the MoCA (score < 26). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping was carried out, and the patients' anthropometric measurements and physical activity, health and personal data were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of CI in this selective sample was 54.2% (34.3% females and 19.9% males). In women, being in the third tertiles of iron and manganese intake was associated with lower odds of having CI (OR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.11 ± 0.93]; 0.33 [0.12 ± 0.93], p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for any of the nutrients studied in men. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a low mineral intake, especially low iron and manganese intake in women, is associated with a worse cognition as assessed by MoCA.

[Benefits and risks of vegetarian diets]. / Beneficios y riesgos de las dietas vegetarianas.

Introduction: In recent decades, there has been an increasing interest in vegetarian diets. It is therefore interesting to analyse the benefits and risks of these diets. To this end, a review has been done on the benefits and risks of vegetarian diets. Vegetarian diets have been associated with different health benefits. On the contrary, nutritional deficiencies has been observed in those people who follow this type of diet, mainly in those risk groups such as pregnant and lactating women, children, adolescents, and elderly. Vegetarian diets may have some health benefits, however further studies are required.

Introducción: En las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento en el interés por el seguimiento de las dietas vegetarianas en la población, por lo que es interesante analizar sus beneficios y sus riesgos. Con este fin se ha realizado una revisión sobre los beneficios y los riesgos de las dietas vegetarianas. Las dietas vegetarianas se han asociado a diferentes beneficios para la salud. De forma contraria, se observan deficiencias nutricionales en aquellas personas que siguen este tipo de dietas, principalmente en grupos de riesgo como mujeres embarazadas y lactantes, niños, adolescentes y ancianos. Las dietas vegetarianas podrían tener algunos beneficios en relación con la salud, sin embargo, es necesario continuar realizando estudios.

[Nutrition in the prevention and control of osteoporosis]. / Nutrición en la prevención y el control de la osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: although osteoporosis develops in advanced stages of life, it must be prevented and stopped from the pediatric age, acting on modifiable factors, especially diet and lifestyle. The objective of this work is to review the latest evidence on nutritional improvements that can help in the prevention and control of the disease. Methods: bibliographic search related to the topic. Results: it is advisable to avoid energy restrictions, especially in postmenopausal women and particularly if they have osteopenia/osteoporosis since, in relation to these pathologies, excess weight may be preferable, rather than underweight. Protein intake higher than the recommended one is beneficial for the bone, provided that the calcium intake is adequate. Excessive intake of sugar and saturated fat should be avoided, but attempts should be made to achieve the nutritional goals set for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber. It is important to monitor vitamin D status and calcium intake, which is inadequate in high percentages of individuals, as well as improving the contribution of vitamins K, C and group B, and also magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, fluorine, manganese, silicon and boron, and avoiding the excessive contribution of phosphorus and sodium. Conclusions: osteoporosis is an underdiagnosed pathology and of increasing prevalence. Due to its high morbidity and mortality, prevention is important and, from a nutritional point of view, it is convenient to bring the diet closer to the theoretical ideal. In general, increasing the consumption of dairy products, fish, vegetables and fruits, as well as reducing the consumption of salt, during childhood and throughout life, seems convenient for the bone improvement of most of the population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción y objetivos: la osteoporosis, aunque se manifiesta en etapas avanzadas de la vida, se debe prevenir y frenar desde la edad pediátrica, actuando sobre los factores modificables, especialmente la alimentación y el estilo de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar las últimas evidencias sobre las mejoras nutricionales que pueden ayudar en la prevención y el control de la enfermedad. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica en relación con el tema. Resultados: conviene evitar las restricciones energéticas, especialmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas, sobre todo si tienen osteopenia/osteoporosis dado que, en relación con estas patologías, puede ser preferible un exceso de peso frente a un peso insuficiente. Una ingesta proteica superior a la recomendada es beneficiosa para el hueso siempre que la ingesta de calcio sea adecuada. Se debe evitar una ingesta excesiva de azúcar y de grasa saturada, pero se deben intentar alcanzar los objetivos nutricionales marcados para los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ω-3 y la fibra. Es importante vigilar la situación en vitamina D y la ingesta de calcio, que es inadecuada en elevados porcentajes de individuos. También conviene mejorar el aporte de vitaminas K, C y del grupo B, así como de magnesio, potasio, hierro, zinc, cobre, flúor, manganeso, silicio y boro, y evitar el aporte excesivo de fósforo y sodio. Conclusiones: la osteoporosis es una patología infradiagnosticada y de prevalencia creciente. Por su elevada morbilidad y mortalidad es importante la prevención y desde el punto de vista nutricional conviene aproximar la dieta al ideal teórico. En general, el incremento en el consumo de lácteos, pescado, verduras, hortalizas y frutas, así como la reducción del consumo de sal, durante la infancia y a lo largo de la vida parecen convenientes para la mejora ósea de la mayor parte de la población.

[Nutrition and microbiota in pediatric population. Health implications]. / Nutrición y microbiota en población pediátrica. Implicaciones sanitarias.

INTRODUCTION: The microbiota of our body is a rising issue on which more and more research is being studied and investigated. The acquisition and modification of the microbiota throughout life, and especially the alteration of its balance, is related to different diseases. One way to modify this microbiota, which can also be useful in disease situations, to restore the proper balance is through the consumption of marketed probiotics. There are very different types of probiotics and not all of them have demonstrated effectiveness in all indications or situations. Therefore, the objective of this article is to explain those indications of probiotics for which evidence has been described according to different guides and scientific studies.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La microbiota que existe en todo nuestro organismo es un tema de actualidad sobre el que cada vez se estudia e investiga más. La adquisición y modificación de la microbiota a lo largo de la vida, y especialmente la alteración de su equilibrio, está relacionada con diferentes enfermedades. Una manera de modificar esta microbiota, y que puede ser útil en situaciones de enfermedad, para restablecer el adecuado equilibrio es a través del consumo de probióticos comercializados. Existen muy diferentes tipos de probióticos y no todos han demostrado efectividad en todas las indicaciones ni situaciones, por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es explicar aquellas indicaciones de los probióticos para las que se ha descrito evidencia según diferentes guías y estudios científicos.

[Weight status, body composition, and diet quality of Spanish schoolchildren according to their level of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines]. / Situación ponderal, composición corporal y calidad de la dieta de los escolares españoles en función del nivel de adherencia a las guías de movimiento de 24 horas.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: moderate to vigorous physical activity, limiting sedentary behaviors, and getting adequate rest are lifestyle factors that help prevent overweight and obesity. However, there are few studies that relate all of these factors to weight status, body composition, and diet quality in school children. Objective: to assess the differences in anthropometric status and diet quality in a group of Spanish schoolchildren, according to their level of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines. Methods: a total of 367 schoolchildren aged 7-11 years were studied. Anthropometric, dietary, and movement patterns were collected. Subsequently, they were divided into three groups based on their adherence to the extant guidelines: low adherence (BA), medium adherence (AM) and high adherence (AA). Results: only 15 % of the schoolchildren met the guidelines. The percentage of overweight was higher in the BA group than in the AM and AA groups. The BA group also had a lower fibre intake; a lower contribution to the recommendations for vitamins B6, B12 and C, selenium and magnesium; and a higher intake of saturated fatty acids. The schoolchildren who did not meet screen time recommendations had a higher odds ratio for overweight/obesity (OR = 1.92 (1.10-3.36); p = 0.022). Conclusion: schoolchildren who adhere to 2 or more movement guideline recommendations had less overweight and a diet of better nutritional quality. Non-compliance with the screen time recommendation leads to a higher risk of overweight or obesity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la actividad física moderada o vigorosa, la limitación de los comportamientos sedentarios y el descanso adecuado son factores del estilo de vida que ayudan a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos que relacionen el conjunto de estos factores con la situación ponderal, la composición corporal y la calidad de la dieta en escolares. Objetivo: conocer las diferencias en cuanto a situación antropométrica y calidad de la dieta de un grupo de escolares españoles en función del nivel de adherencia a las guías de movimiento de 24 horas. Métodos: se han estudiado 367 escolares de 7-11 años de edad. Se recogieron datos antropométricos, dietéticos y de comportamientos de movimiento. Posteriormente se dividieron en tres grupos sobre la base de su adherencia a las guías: baja adherencia (BA), adherencia media (AM) y alta adherencia (AA). Resultados: solo un 15 % de los escolares cumplía con las guías. El porcentaje de sobrepeso era mayor en el grupo BA que en el AM y el AA. El grupo BA también presentaba una menor ingesta de fibra; una menor contribución a las recomendaciones de vitaminas B6, B12 y C, selenio y magnesio; y una mayor ingesta de ácidos grasos saturados. Los escolares que incumplían la recomendación referente al tiempo de pantalla tenían mayor riesgo de desarrollar sobrepeso u obesidad (OR = 1,92 (1,10-3,36); p = 0,022). Conclusión: los escolares que se adhieren a 2 o más recomendaciones de las guías de movimiento presentan menos sobrepeso y una mejor calidad nutricional de la dieta. El incumplimiento de la recomendación de tiempo de pantalla supone un mayor riesgo de sobrepeso u obesidad.

Breakfast Habits of a Representative Sample of the Spanish Child and Adolescent Population (The ENALIA Study): Association with Diet Quality.

The association between breakfast quality and total diet quality of children and adolescents ((1-17.9 years (n = 1570)) from the National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population in Spain (ENALIA) was analyzed. Dietary information was collected using two non-consecutive one-day food diaries (1-10 years old) or two 24 h dietary recalls (>10 years). Breakfast quality index (BQI) and a variant of Nutrient Rich Foods index (NRF9.3) were calculated to assess the total diet quality. Children and adolescents who had breakfast on at least one day (n = 1561) were divided into two groups according to BQI: Worse Quality Breakfast (WQB) (BQI < 4 points (P66), n = 781) and Good Quality Breakfast (GQB) (BQI ≥ 4, n = 780). Younger children and those whose parents have university education presented higher BQI. GQB group had significantly higher intakes of micronutrients (vitamins A, D, C, B1, B2, B6, niacin, folate, calcium, potassium, magnesium). Fewer GQB children exceeded the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat and had folate and calcium intakes below their estimated average requirement. Daily NRF9.3 was 496.2 ± 54.0, being higher in GQB (503.8 ± 50.6 vs. 488.6 ± 56.2, p < 0.001). Increasing the quality of breakfast increased the possibility of having a NRF9.3 higher than P50 (OR: 1.893, CI: 1.549-2.315, p < 0.0001). Breakfasts have room for quality improvement in a high percentage of children. A higher quality breakfast is associated with a benefit in the quality of the total diet.

Age and APOE genotype affect the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and power in the alpha band, a marker of brain disease.

BACKGROUND: Electrophysiological studies show that reductions in power within the alpha band are associated with the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Physical activity (PA) is a protective factor that has proved to reduce AD risk and pathological brain burden. Previous research has confirmed that exercise increases power in the alpha range. However, little is known regarding whether other non-modifiable risk factors for AD, such as increased age or APOE ε4 carriage, alter the association between PA and power in the alpha band. METHODS: The relationship between PA and alpha band power was examined in a sample of 113 healthy adults using magnetoencephalography. Additionally, we explored whether ε4 carriage and age modulate this association. The correlations between alpha power and gray matter volumes and cognition were also investigated. RESULTS: We detected a parieto-occipital cluster in which PA positively correlated with alpha power. The association between PA and alpha power remained following stratification of the cohort by genotype. Younger and older adults were investigated separately, and only younger adults exhibited a positive relationship between PA and alpha power. Interestingly, when four groups were created based on age (younger-older adult) and APOE (E3/E3-E3/E4), only younger E3/E3 (least predicted risk) and older E3/E4 (greatest predicted risk) had associations between greater alpha power and higher PA. Among older E3/E4, greater alpha power in these regions was associated with improved memory and preserved brain structure. CONCLUSION: PA could protect against the slowing of brain activity that characterizes the AD continuum, where it is of benefit for all individuals, especially E3/E4 older adults.

Physical activity practice and sports preferences in a group of Spanish schoolchildren depending on sex and parental care: a gender perspective.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity plays an important role in the maintenance of health, and it is especially important during childhood. However, the lack of information about differences in physical activity practice and sports preferences of children considering gender differences can result in non-effective policies that enhance inequalities between sexes. The aim of this study is to identify the sports preferences of Spanish schoolchildren and their physical activity practice behaviors depending on their sex and their parental care, analyzing the possible differences from a gender perspective. METHOD: Three hundred sixty-four Spanish schoolchildren (179 girls, 185 boys) participated in this cross-sectional study. A daily physical activity questionnaire was used to evaluate physical activity level (PAL), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sports preferences and a socio-health questionnaire were used to collect data about parental care. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and applying Student's T-test for normal variables, Mann-Whitney U-test for non-parametrical variables, and chi-square (χ2) test for categorical variables. Subsequently, odds ratios were used to analyze associations between the physical activity practice of the children and parental care. RESULTS: PAL and time spent in MVPA was significantly lower for girls compared to boys (1.44 ± 0.07 vs. 1.46 ± 0.07, p < 0.001 and 0.74 ± 0.40 h/day vs. 0.90 ± 0.45 h/day; p < 0.001, respectively). Dancing, rhythmic gymnastics, skating, and water sports were practiced more by girls, while football, wrestling sports, handball, and racket sports were practiced more by boys (p < 0.05). Children cared for by their fathers had higher odds for physical activity practice (OR = 1.995 (1.202-3.310), p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Physical activity among girls was less frequent and less intense. Girls opted for individual sports with artistic connotations, while boys often practiced more team contact sports. Furthermore, children are more physically actives when their father is in charge of them.

Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study.

Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [n = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called "adapted milks" (AMS) [n = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of age.

The relationship between physical activity, apolipoprotein E ε4 carriage, and brain health.

BACKGROUND: Neuronal hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony have been described as key features of neurophysiological dysfunctions in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Conversely, physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved brain health and reduced AD risk. However, there is controversy regarding whether AD genetic risk (in terms of APOE ε4 carriage) modulates these relationships. The utilization of multiple outcome measures within one sample may strengthen our understanding of this complex phenomenon. METHOD: The relationship between PA and functional connectivity (FC) was examined in a sample of 107 healthy older adults using magnetoencephalography. Additionally, we explored whether ε4 carriage modulates this association. The correlation between FC and brain structural integrity, cognition, and mood was also investigated. RESULTS: A relationship between higher PA and decreased FC (hyposynchrony) in the left temporal lobe was observed among all individuals (across the whole sample, in ε4 carriers, and in ε4 non-carriers), but its effects manifest differently according to genetic risk. In ε4 carriers, we report an association between this region-specific FC profile and preserved brain structure (greater gray matter volumes and higher integrity of white matter tracts). In this group, decreased FC also correlated with reduced anxiety levels. In ε4 non-carriers, this profile is associated with improved cognition (working and episodic memory). CONCLUSIONS: PA could mitigate the increase in FC (hypersynchronization) that characterizes preclinical AD, being beneficial for all individuals, especially ε4 carriers.

The association of parents' behaviors related to salt with 24 h urinary sodium excretion of their children: A Spanish cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Sodium intake is excessive among Spanish children, but the salt use behaviors of parents and children are unknown. This study aims to determine behaviors related to salt intake in both schoolchildren and parents and the relationship between parental behaviors and 24 h urinary sodium excretion (UNa-24h) in children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A convenience sample was taken from a cross-sectional analysis. Parents completed a self-reported questionnaire about their behaviors related to salt, and their responses were compared with the UNa-24h of their own children. The median test was used to identify differences in UNa-24h according to behaviors. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the behaviors of parents and high sodium excretion in the children and the risk of children's use of table salt, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted by the covariates, were used to study the children's salt preferences. RESULTS: A total of 329 schoolchildren from different Spanish provinces were included in the study (mean age: 9.0 ± 1.2 years, 157 girls). The majority of families (parents mean age: 42.0 ± 5.2 years) reported adding salt to food during cooking (92%), and 59% of them never looked at the sodium content on food labels. However, none of these behaviors were related to UNa-24h (p > 0.05). The use of iodized salt (53%), the presence of a salt shaker on the table (6%), and the use of table salt by fathers (57%), mothers (52%) or children (17%) increased the odds (p < 0.05) of children having a higher UNa-24h. Checking sodium content on food labels and the use of table salt by the children or father was associated with a lower preference for salty foods (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to make parents aware of the relationship between their behaviors regarding the use of discretionary salt and their children's sodium intake. Our data suggest that salt-specific education programs on how to reduce salt both in-home and outside the home should be implemented to improve behavior skills related to salt consumption in parents and children.