Optimal Formula of Angelica sinensis Ameliorates Memory Deficits in ß-amyloid Protein-induced Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model.

OBJECTIVE: Angelica (A.) sinensis is used as a traditional medical herb for the treatment of neurodegeneration, aging, and inflammation in Asia. A. sinensis optimal formula (AOF) is the best combination in A. sinensis that has been screened to rescue the cognitive ability in ß-amyloid peptide (Aß25-35)-treated Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of AOF on the learning and memory of AD rats as well as to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were infused with Aß25-35 for AD model induction or saline (negative control). Five groups of AD rats were fed on AOF at 20, 40, or 80 mL/kg every day, donepezil at 0.9 mg/kg every day (positive control), or an equal volume of water (AD model) intragastrically once a day for 4 weeks, while the negative control rats were fed on water. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the cognitive function of the rats. The Aß accumulation, cholinergic levels, and antioxidative ability were detected by ELISA. Additionally, the candidate mechanism was determined by gene sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The results showed that AOF administration significantly ameliorated Aß25-35-induced memory impairment. AOF decreased the levels of amyloid-ß precursor protein and Aß in the hippocampus, rescued the cholinergic levels, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, and decreased the malondialdehyde level. In addition, AOF inhibited the expression of IL1b, Mpo, and Prkcg in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION: These experimental findings illustrate that AOF prevents the decrease in cognitive function and Aß deposits in Aß25-35-treated rats via modulating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, thus highlighting a potential therapeutic avenue to promote the co-administration of formulas that act on different nodes to maximize beneficial effects and minimize negative side effects.

Interaction of magnolia bark extracts with Staphylococcus aureus DNA and evaluation of the stability of their antibacterial activities.

Magnolia bark is an edible traditional Chinese medicine that has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, interactions between S. aureus DNA and raw magnolia bark (RMB) and ginger mix-fried magnolia bark (GMB) aqueous extracts were determined via spectroscopic methods. Fluorescence spectroscopy and Stern-Volmer constants showed that S. aureus DNA quenched the fluorescence of the extracts by static quenching. UV-Vis spectroscopy and iodide quenching experiments indicated that the interactions between S. aureus DNA and the fluorescent substances might involve groove binding or electrostatic interactions. In 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole competitive assays, the fluorescence intensity at decreased as the extract amount was increased. This indicates that groove binding is responsible for the fluorescence quenching. The antibacterial activity of GMB aqueous extract treated under light, cold, heat and cycling hot-cold conditions decreased by 13.99, 9.31, 10.89 and 14.40%, respectively, whereas that of RMB aqueous extract treated under the same conditions decreased by 8.91, 14.99, 14.99 and 13.70%, respectively. The results indicate that S. aureus DNA quenches the fluorescence of GMB and RMB aqueous extracts by grooving interactions. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of GMB and RMB extracts are sensitive to light and temperature, respectively.

DL-mandelic acid intercalated Zn-Al layered double hydroxide: A novel antimicrobial layered material.

DL-mandelic acid (MA) has been intercalated into Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) by an anion-exchange reaction. After intercalation of MA anions, the basal spacing of the LDH increased from 0.75 to 1.46 nm, suggesting that the MA anions were successfully intercalated into the interlayer galleries of the LDH. The structure and the thermal stability of the samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA. Studies of MA release from ZnAl-MA-LDH in hydrochloric solution (pH = 4) imply that ZnAl-MA-LDH is a better controlled release system than pure MA. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of slow release were assessed by using four commonly kinetic models. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of ZnAl-MA-LDH was tested against two kinds of bacteria and a fungus. The study confirms that the mandelic ions intercalated LDHs have the potential application as a slow release preservative in the future.