RESUMEN
Integrating algae into constructed wetlands (CWs) enhances wastewater treatment, although the results vary. This review evaluates the role of algae in CWs and the performance of different algae-CW (A-CW) configurations based on literature and meta-analysis. Algae considerably improve N removal, although their impact on other parameters varies. Statistical analysis revealed that 70 % of studies report improved treatment efficiencies with A-CWs, achieving average removal rates of 75 % for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 74 % for total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen, and 79 % for total phosphorus (TP). This review identifies hydraulic retention times, which average 3.1 days, and their varied impact on treatment efficacy. Mixed-effects models showed a slight increase in COD and TP removal efficiencies of 0.6 % every ten days in the A-CWs. Future research should focus on robust experimental designs, adequate algal storage and separation techniques, and advanced modeling to optimize the treatment potential of algae in CWs.
Asunto(s)
Fósforo , Aguas Residuales , Purificación del Agua , Humedales , Aguas Residuales/química , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Nitrógeno , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Biodegradación AmbientalRESUMEN
Using various chromatographic separations, six glycoside derivatives (1-6), including one new ent-labdane glucoside named cayratioside (1), were isolated from the methanol extract of Cayratia geniculata stems and leaves. Their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of the 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIQTOF mass spectra. The inhibitory effect of 1-6 on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells was also evaluated. Among isolated compounds, 1 exhibited moderate activity with an IC50 value of 59.65 ± 1.85 µM.
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Glicósidos , Óxido Nítrico , Hojas de la Planta , Glicósidos/química , Glicósidos/farmacología , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Animales , Estructura Molecular , Células RAW 264.7 , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hojas de la Planta/química , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Tallos de la Planta/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Phytochemical study on the aerial parts of Yua thomsonii resulted in the isolation of 11 secondary metabolites, including a new caffeoyl quinic acid derivative, 3-O-trans-caffeoyl-4-O-acetylquinic acid methyl ester (1), a new dihydrobenzofuran neolignan, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-(1â³,3â³-dihydroxy-2â³-propyloxyl)-4',7-epoxy-8,5'-neolignan-4,9,9'-triol (3) and nine known compounds, methyl 4-O-coumaroylquinate (2), (7S*,8S*)-3-methoxy-3',7-epoxy-8,4'-oxyneolignan-4,9,9'-triol (4), kompasinol A (5), lyoniresinol (6), schizandriside (7), (-)-isolariciresinol 3a-O-ß-D-xylopyranoside (8), lyoniside (9), vitexin (10) and luteolin 4'-O-ß-glucopyranoside (11). Their structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESI mass spectra. The absolute configurations of 1 and 3 were deduced by electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 3, 5 and 6 exhibited nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 12.18 to 29.45 µM. However, compounds 1, 3, 6 and 8 were non-cytotoxic towards HepG2 and MCF-7 carcinoma cells.
RESUMEN
Two new glycosides, sindosides A-B (1-2), along with 11 previously identified metabolites (3-13), were isolated from an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Sindora siamensis var. maritima. The structures of the purified phytochemicals were elucidated by interpreting their spectroscopic data (IR, NMR, and HRMS). The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established by experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The antimicrobial results revealed that compound 8 selectively inhibited C. albicans fungal with a MIC value of 64 µg/mL, whereas 11 presented a weak inhibition toward E. faecalis, S. aureus, and B. cereus bacterial strains with the same MIC value of 128 µg/mL. Interestingly, compounds 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 14.42 ± 0.21 to 30.62 ± 0.18 µM, which were more active than the positive control (acarbose, with an IC50 value of 46.78 ± 1.37 µM). Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed that compounds 1, 2, and 11 behaved as uncompetitive inhibitors with Ki values of 8.60 ± 1.04, 5.16 ± 0.73, and 7.17 ± 0.98 µM, respectively.
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Antiinfecciosos , alfa-Glucosidasas , alfa-Glucosidasas/metabolismo , Cinética , Staphylococcus aureus , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/químicaRESUMEN
Repeated column chromatography resulted in the isolation of two new megastigmane derivatives, methyl-tiliaceates A and B (1 and 2), along with four known metabolites (3-6) from the leaves of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. The structures of the purified phytochemicals were elucidated by interpreting their NMR, HRESIMS, and CD spectroscopic data, as well as comparison with the previous literature. The compounds isolated were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial assays against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and Candida albicans). Compound 1 showed obvious selective inhibition against the B. cereus strain, whereas 3 - 5 showed weak inhibitory activities against E. faecalis and S. aureus bacterial, and C. albicans fungal strains (with MIC values ranging from 128 to 256 µg/mL).
RESUMEN
Six new acylated flavonoid glycosides namely barringosides J - O (1-6) along with tephrokaempferoside and barringoside D were isolated from the branches and leaves of Barringtonia pendula. The structural elucidation was confirmed by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data including HRQTOFMS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Moderate inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells were observed for barringosides M (4) and N (5) with IC50 values of 48.40 ± 3.01 and 56.61 ± 3.87 µM, whereas weak inhibition was found for compounds 1-3, 6, and 7 with IC50 values ranging from 64.91 ± 3.68 to 79.80 ± 3.90 µM.
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Barringtonia , Flavonoides , Animales , Ratones , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/química , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico , Barringtonia/química , Estructura Molecular , Glicósidos/farmacología , Glicósidos/química , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
Chemical investigation of corn silk resulted in the isolation of nine secondary metabolites, including a new ent-kaurane diterpenoid, zeamaysditerpene A (1) and eight known compounds, stigmaydene A (2), stigmaydene J (3), stigmaydene L (4), stigmane D (5), demethyltorosaflavone D (6), chrysoeriol 6-C-ß-boivinopyranosyl-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (7), deoxypodophyllotoxin (8), and α-peltatin glucoside (9). Their structures were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIQTOF mass spectra. The absolute configuration of 1 was deduced by applying electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation method. Among the isolates, only 6 displayed significant inhibition against PTP1B activity in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 10.7 ± 0.1 µM. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation was carried out to explore the action perspective of 6 inside the enzyme PTP1B. This finding suggests that 6 might be a potential lead for the development of a new anti-diabetic agent.
RESUMEN
Over the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in research investigating the potential of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for various environmental remediations. Renowned for its photocatalytic activity under visible light, g-C3N4 offers a promising solution for treating water pollutants. However, traditional g-C3N4-based photocatalysts have inherent drawbacks, creating a disparity between laboratory efficacy and real-world applications. A primary practical challenge is their fine-powdered form, which hinders separation and recycling processes. A promising approach to address these challenges involves integrating magnetic or floating materials into conventional photocatalysts, a strategy gaining traction within the g-C3N4-based photocatalyst arena. Another emerging solution to enhance practical applications entails merging experimental results with contemporary computational methods. This synergy seeks to optimize the synthesis of more efficient photocatalysts and pinpoint optimal conditions for pollutant removal. While numerous review articles discuss the laboratory-based photocatalytic applications of g-C3N4-based materials, there is a conspicuous absence of comprehensive coverage regarding state-of-the-art research on improved g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for practical applications. This review fills this void, spotlighting three pivotal domains: magnetic g-C3N4 photocatalysts, floating g-C3N4 photocatalysts, and the application of machine learning to g-C3N4 photocatalysis. Accompanied by a thorough analysis, this review also provides perspectives on future directions to enhance the efficacy of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts in water purification.
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Contaminantes Ambientales , Restauración y Remediación Ambiental , Luz , Aprendizaje Automático , AguaRESUMEN
Five asterosaponins (1-5), including one new compound named protonodososide (1), were isolated from the methanol extract of the starfish Protoreaster nodosus, after subjecting to various chromatographic separations. The structural elucidation was confirmed by careful analysis of the 1D, 2D NMR, and HR ESI QTOF mass spectra. The cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was evaluated on five human cancer cell lines including HepG2, KB, MCF7, LNCaP, and SK-Mel2.
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Antineoplásicos , Estrellas de Mar , Animales , Humanos , Estrellas de Mar/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Antineoplásicos/química , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Using combined chromatographic methods, two new sesquiterpene glucosides, vulgarosides A (1) and B (2), and two known analogs ainsliaside E (3) and pumilaside A (4) were isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia vulgaris. Their chemical structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1 D and 2 D-NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). In addition, their cytotoxicity on five human cancer cell lines, including KB (epidermoid carcinoma), HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma), MCF7 (breast carcinoma), SK-Mel-2 (melanoma), and LNCaP (prostate cancer) was also evaluated by the SRB assay. However, none of the tested eudesmane sesquiterpene glycosides showed significant cytotoxicity (IC50>100 µM).
Asunto(s)
Artemisia , Neoplasias , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano , Sesquiterpenos , Humanos , Artemisia/química , Glucósidos/química , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/análisis , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos/análisis , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/química , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Three new sulfated naphthopyrone derivatives namely delicapyrons F-H (1-3) and two new sulfated anthraquinone derivatives namely delicaquinons A (4) and B (5), together with 6-methoxycomaparvin-5-methylether-8-O-sodium sulfate (6), 6-methoxycomaparvin-8-O-sodium sulfate (7), comaparvin-8-O-sodium sulfate (8), and 3-propyl-1,6,8-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-6-O-sodium sulfate (9) were isolated from the Vietnamese crinoid Comanthus delicata. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of the one dimensional (1D) and 2D-NMR, high resolution electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (HR-ESI-QTOF) mass spectra as well as calculation of optical rotation. In addition, significant cytotoxicity was observed for 6 against LNCaP (prostate cancer) cell line with IC50 value of 20.29 ± 2.43 µM, whereas moderate or weak cytotoxic effects were observed for 1-3 and 5-8 on SK-Mel-2 (melanoma) cell line and 7 and 8 against LNCaP cell line, with IC50 values ranging from 49.96 ± 1.74 to 76.92 ± 5.85 µM.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Animales , Antraquinonas/química , Antraquinonas/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Pueblo Asiatico , Equinodermos/química , HumanosRESUMEN
Using combined chromatographic separation techniques, three new triterpenoids named lycomclavatols A-C (1-3), a new natural product, methyl lycernuate-A (4), as well as seven known compounds (5-11), were isolated from the methanol extract of the whole plants of Lycopodium clavatum. Their chemical structures were established based on 1 D/2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic analyses. Among the isolates, compound 1 exhibited inhibitory activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells (IC50 = 36.0 µM). In addition, 1 was cytotoxic against both HepG2 and A549 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 40.7 and 87.0 µM, respectively. Compounds 10 and 11 showed cytotoxicity on only HepG2 and A549 cells, with IC50 values of 91.2 and 57.6 µM, respectively. Our results contribute to understanding more the secondary metabolites produced by L. clavatum and provide a scientific rationale for further investigations of anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects for this valuable medicinal plant.
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Lycopodium , Plantas Medicinales , Triterpenos , Lycopodium/química , Triterpenos/farmacología , Triterpenos/química , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Concentración 50 InhibidoraRESUMEN
Penicillium is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Among all Penicillium species, Penicillium oxalicum has been reported to produce various types of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, phenolics, and tetrahydroxanthone dimeric compounds, exhibiting many pharmacological effects, such as antiviral, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities. Three secondary metabolites were isolated from a fermented culture of the sponge-associated fungal strain P. oxalicum CLC-MF05: oxaline (1), isorhodoptilometrin (2), and 5-hydroxy-7-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-2-methyl-chromone (3). Their chemical structures were identified by 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution mass spectroscopic analyses and compared with previously reported data. All three compounds inhibited NO and PGE2 overproduction and iNOS and COX-2 overexpression in both LPS-stimulated BV2 and rat primary microglia. These metabolites also repressed mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-12. Further, mechanistic studies revealed that the inhibitory actions of compounds 1-3 were regulated by the inactivation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, inactivation of the TLR4/MyD88 pathway contributed to the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of these compounds. These results suggest that compounds 1-3 represent potential anti-inflammatory candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases; however, further investigation is needed.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Penicillium , Poríferos , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Organismos Acuáticos , Lipopolisacáridos , Ratones , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Células RAW 264.7/efectos de los fármacos , RatasRESUMEN
In this study, a nano-adsorbent was prepared for kerosene removal from water. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized with concentrated HNO3 (nitric acid). Subsequently, Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanoparticles were deposited on the MWCNTs to prepare a magnetite/MWCNTs (Fe-MWCNTs) nanocomposite. Then, polyethylene was added to the Fe-MWCNTs to fabricate a polyethylene/magnetite/MWCNTs (PE/Fe-MWCNTs) novel nanocomposite. The nano-adsorbent was characterized using BET, FTIR, Raman, XRD, TEM, and SEM. A kerosene-water model mixture was used for adsorption tests. Several parameters: adsorption time, adsorbent dose, solution pH, solution temperature, and kerosene concentration in the kerosene-water model mixture, were analyzed during adsorption experiments. After each batch experiment, kerosene concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Magnetic field was used to remove the adsorbent after each experiment. The kerosene adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of the PE/Fe-MWCNTs nanocomposite (3560 mg/g and 71.2 %, respectively) were higher than those of Fe-MWCNTs, ox-MWCNTs, and fresh MWCNTs (3154 mg/g and 63.1 %, 2204 mg/g and 44.0 %, and 2092 mg/g and 41.8 %, respectively). Kerosene adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999) and the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting that adsorption was uniform and homogenous process.
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Nanotubos de Carbono , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Adsorción , Óxido Ferrosoférrico , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Queroseno , Cinética , Polietileno , Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Chemical investigation of a peanut-associated fungal strain Aspergillus niger IMBC-NMTP01 resulted in isolation and identification of 14 secondary metabolites, including two new, epi-aspergillusol (1) and aspernigin (3), and 12 known compounds: pyrophen (2), 2-(hydroxyimino)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (4), aspergillusol A (5), rubrofusarin B (6), nigerasperone A (7), fonsecin (8), TMC-256C1 (9), pyranonigrin A (10), orlandin (11), nigerasperone C (12), asperpyrone A (13), and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxylic acid (14). Compounds 9, 12-14 showed cytotoxicity toward all six human cancer cell lines, including HepG2, KB, HL-60, MCF-7, SK-Mel2, and LNCaP, with IC50 values ranging from 8.4 to 84.5 µM, compounds 3-5 were cytotoxic against five cancer cell lines except HepG2, whereas 1 exhibited cytotoxicity toward HepG2, KB, and MCF-7 cells. All of the compounds, except 2 and 13, inhibited NO overproduction in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In addition, all of the compounds displayed antimicrobial effects against Enterococcus faecalis, whereas 13 compounds, except 10, significantly inhibited the growth of the yeast Candida albicans.
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Antiinfecciosos , Aspergillus niger , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Arachis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Phytochemical investigation of a methanol extract of Panax pseudoginseng flower buds resulted in the isolation of 22 dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, including three new compounds, pseudoginsenosides A-C (1-3), and 19 known analogs. Their chemical structures were identified by the comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including 1 D and 2 D NMR and mass spectra. In addition, their cytotoxic effects toward three human carcinoma cell lines, including liver (HepG2), breast (MCF7), and lung (A549) were also evaluated.
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Antineoplásicos , Panax , Saponinas , Triterpenos , Antineoplásicos/análisis , Flores/química , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Panax/química , Saponinas/química , Triterpenos/química , DamaranosRESUMEN
Aplydactylonins A-C (1-3), three new sesquiterpenes, were isolated from the Vietnamese sea hare Aplysia dactylomela. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of NMR and ECD data. Compound 2 exhibited cytotoxicity against HepG2, DU145 and A549 cells with respective IC50 values of 4.08 ± 0.63, 38.64 ± 1.04 and 12.33 ± 0.95 µM. In addition, HepG2 cells treated with 5 µM compound 2 for 48 h showed a significant increase in early apoptotic cells (P < 0.05) and increased caspase 3 activity (P < 0.01). Moreover, compound 2 induced sub-G1 phase arrest in HepG2 cells.
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Liebres , Sesquiterpenos , Animales , Aplysia , Pueblo Asiatico , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Three new glycosides, named as saurobaccioside A (1), saurobaccioside B (2), saurobaccioside C (3), together with five known magastigmanes, canangaionoside (4), (6S,9S)-roseoside (5), cucumegastigmane I (6), icariside B5 (7), linarionoside A (8) were isolated from the whole plant of Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS and NMR) and by comparison of the spectral data with those reported in the literature. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were elucidated by experimental CD spectra. Compounds 1-8 were screened their cytotoxic activities towards CAL27 and MDAMB231 cancer cell lines. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity towards CAL27 and MDAMB231 cell lines with IC50 values of 3.21 ± 0.23 and 4.75 ± 0.17 µM, respectively, which were smaller than those of positive control capecitabine (IC50: 8.20 ± 0.75 and 5.20 ± 0.89 µM). Other compounds (2-8) were inactive.
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Glicósidos , Malpighiales , Glicósidos/química , Glicósidos/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Chemical investigation of the roots of Codonopsis javanica resulted in isolation of 12 compounds, including one new polyacetylene, codojavanyol (1), one new phenolic glycoside, codobenzyloside (7), and 10 known compounds, (2E,8E)-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)nona-2,8-diene-4,6-diyl-1-ol (2), lobetyol (3), lobetyolin (4), lobetyolinin (5), cordifolioidyne B (6), benzyl-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1-6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (8), (Z)-8-ß-D-glucopyranosyloxycinnamic acid (9), syringin (10), syringaresinol (11), and tryptophan (12). Their structures were elucidated by 1 D and 2 D NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses in comparison with the data reported in the literature. The stereochemistry of the C-2' position of 1 was identified based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. Among the isolates, compounds 3-5 were shown to have weak cytotoxicity toward three human carcinoma cell lines, including lung (A549), liver (HepG2), and breast (MCF7), with the induction of 41.4 to 55.6% cell death at the concentration of 100 µM.
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Codonopsis , Codonopsis/química , Glicósidos/química , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Fenoles/análisis , Raíces de Plantas/química , Polímero PoliacetilénicoRESUMEN
A new polyhydroxysteroid glycoside, regulusoside D (1), and a new polyhydroxylated steroid, (24S)-cholestane-3ß,5,6ß,8,15α,24-hexol (2), together with seven known compounds were purified from the starfish Pentaceraster regulus collected near Con Co Islands, Vietnam. The structure elucidation was confirmed by extensive analysis of their NMR and HR-QTOF mass experiments. Among isolated compounds, regulusoside D (1), (24S)-cholestane-3ß,5,6ß,8,15α,24-hexol (2), granulatoside A (4), 5α-cholestane-3ß,6ß,7α,15α,16ß,26-hexol (6), 5α-cholestane-3ß,6ß,7α,8ß,15α,16ß,26-heptol (7) and 5α-cholestane-3ß,6α,8,15α,16ß,26-hexol (8) exhibited strong inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 9.13 ± 1.17, 9.19 ± 0.77, 8.63 ± 3.31, 12.61 ± 0.51, 14.83 ± 3.02 and 10.98 ± 1.22 µM, respectively.