Allogeneic abdominal non-vascularized rectus fascia transplantation without immunosuppression equals syngeneic transplantation in a rabbit model at short-term follow-up.

Complex abdominal wall repair remains a major surgical challenge. In transplant patients, non-vascularized rectus fascia (NVRF) is successfully used to bridge the defect. To extrapolate this to non-transplant patients, we developed a rabbit model of NVRF-transplantation without immunosuppression comparing syngeneic versus allogeneic transplants. Short-term outcome (4 weeks) was evaluated macroscopically (ingrowth, seroma/hematoma, herniation, and infection), histologically at the graft interface and center (inflammation, neovascularization, and collagen deposition) and by mechanical testing. In both groups a similar macroscopic ingrowth of the NVRF was observed. In the syn-group, one seroma and one hematoma was seen. Two small herniations were detected at the suture line in the allo-group. No surgical site infections were observed. Histologically, graft neovascularization was observed in all animals. Infiltration of T-lymphocytes was seen at the graft interface in both groups, but more in the allo-group (p < 0.0001). Deposition of collagen was not different between groups. Macrophages were present in both groups around sutures and in the center more abundantly in the allo-group (p = 0.0001). Graft stiffness and strength were similar for both groups. With this model, we showed that allogeneic transplantation without immunosuppression results in favorable short-term inflammatory and mechanical outcomes. Long-term experiments are needed to further evaluate the effect on graft integration and hernia development.

The Impact of PAD4-dependent Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation on the Early Development of Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: During early phases of inflammation, activated neutrophils extrude neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a PAD4-dependent manner, aggravating tissue injury and remodelling. In this study, we investigated the potential pro-fibrotic properties and signalling of NETs in Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: NETs and activated fibroblasts were labelled on resected ileum from CD patients by multiplex immunofluorescence staining. NETs-treated human primary intestinal fibroblasts were analysed by bulk RNA-sequencing to uncover cell signalling pathways, and by high-throughput imaging to assess collagen production and migratory activity. Consequentially, TLR2/NF-kB pathway was evaluated by transfection of CCD-18Co fibroblasts with NF-kB-luciferase reporter plasmid, incorporating C29 to block TLR2 signalling. A chronic DSS mouse model was used to define the specific role of PAD4 deletion in neutrophils (MRP8-Cre, Pad4fl/fl). RESULTS: Immunofluorescence showed spatial co-localisation of NETs and activated fibroblasts in ileal ulcerations of CD patients. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of pro-fibrotic genes and activation of TLR-signalling pathways in NETs-treated fibroblasts. NETs treatment induced fibroblast proliferation, diminished migratory capability, and increased collagen release. Transfection experiments indicated a substantial increase in NF-kB expression with NETs, whereas C29 led to decreased expression and release of collagen. In line, a significantly reduction in collagen content was observed in the colon of MRP8-Cre, Pad4fl/fl mice subjected to chronic DSS colitis. CONCLUSIONS: NETs potentially serve as an initial stimulus for pathological activation of fibroblasts within the intestine via the TLR2/NF-kB pathway. Given their early involvement in inflammation, inhibition of PAD4 might offer a strategy to modulate both inflammation and fibrogenesis in CD.

Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease: Utilizing the TOpClass Classification in Clinical Practice to Provide Targeted Individualized Care.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Perianal fistulation is a challenging phenotype of Crohn's disease, with significant impact on quality of life. Historically, fistulae have been classified anatomically in relation to the sphincter complex, and management guidelines have been generalized, with lack of attention to the clinical heterogenicity seen. The recent 'TOpClass classification system' for perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease (PFCD) addresses this issue, and classifies patients into defined groups, which provide a focus for fistula management that aligns with disease characteristics and patient goals. In this article, we discuss the clinical applicability of the TOpClass model and provide direction on its use in clinical practice. METHODS: An international group of perianal clinicians participated in an expert consensus to define how the TOpClass system can be incorporated into real-life practice. This included gastroenterologists, inflammatory bowel disease surgeons, and radiologists specialized in PFCD. The process was informed by the multi-disciplinary team management of 8 high-volume fistula centres in North America, Europe, and Australia. RESULTS: The process produced position statements to accompany the classification system and guide PFCD management. The statements range from the management of patients with quiescent perianal disease to those with severe PFCD requiring diverting-ostomy and/or proctectomy. The optimization of medical therapies, as well as the use of surgery, in fistula closure and symptom management is explored across each classification group. CONCLUSION: This article provides an overview of the system's use in clinical practice. It aims to enable clinicians to have a pragmatic and patient goal-centered approach to medical and surgical management options for individual patients with PFCD.

Preoperative optimization: Review on nutritional assessment and strategies in IBD.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), encompassing conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, present multifaceted challenges requiring a comprehensive management approach. Patients often necessitate a combination of medical therapy, surgical interventions, and nutritional support. Despite advancements in medical and dietary therapies, the prevalence of surgery remains high among the IBD population, alongside the persistent risk of malnutrition. Preoperative nutritional optimization has thus become a critical element in the perioperative pathway, given its association with improved surgical outcomes. However, standardized protocols for preoperative optimization of IBD patients are lacking, and available data are mainly retrospective. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on preoperative nutritional screening and optimization in IBD patients and identifies avenues for future research and clinical practice. Interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals, including gastroenterologists, surgeons, dietitians, physiotherapists, and psychologists, is crucial for comprehensive preoperative nutritional management in IBD patients. By addressing the interplay between inflammation, malnutrition, and surgical risk, clinicians can strive to enhance surgical care and postoperative outcomes. In conclusion, while recognizing the importance of preoperative nutritional optimization in improving surgical outcomes for IBD patients, challenges persist in standardizing management protocols. Prospective studies are needed to establish such protocols and evaluate the effectiveness of different nutritional strategies.

Intercellular interaction between FAP+ fibroblasts and CD150+ inflammatory monocytes mediates fibrostenosis in Crohn's disease.

Crohn's disease (CD) is marked by recurring intestinal inflammation and tissue injury, often resulting in fibrostenosis and bowel obstruction, necessitating surgical intervention with high recurrence rates. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying fibrostenosis in CD, we analyzed the transcriptome of cells isolated from the transmural ileum of patients with CD, including a trio of lesions from each patient: non-affected, inflamed, and stenotic ileum samples, and compared them with samples from patients without CD. Our computational analysis revealed that profibrotic signals from a subset of monocyte-derived cells expressing CD150 induced a disease-specific fibroblast population, resulting in chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. The transcription factor TWIST1 was identified as a key modulator of fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of TWIST1 prevents fibroblast activation, reducing ECM production and collagen deposition. Our findings suggest that the myeloid-stromal axis may offer a promising therapeutic target to prevent fibrostenosis in CD.

A global consensus on the definitions, diagnosis and management of fibrostenosing small bowel Crohn's disease in clinical practice.

Fibrostenosis of the small bowel is common in patients with Crohn's disease. No consensus recommendations on definition, diagnosis and management in clinical practice are currently available. In this Consensus Statement, we present a clinical practice RAND/UCLA appropriateness study on the definition, diagnosis and clinical management of fibrostenosing Crohn's disease. It was conducted by a panel of 28 global experts and one patient representative. Following a systematic literature review, 526 candidate items grouped into 136 questions were generated and subsequently evaluated for appropriateness. Strictures are best defined as wall thickening, luminal narrowing and prestenotic dilation. Cross-sectional imaging is required for accurate diagnosis of fibrostenosing Crohn's disease, and it is recommended before making treatment decisions. It should also assess the degree of inflammation in the bowel wall. Multiple options for medical anti-inflammatory, endoscopic and surgical therapies were suggested, including follow-up strategies following therapy. This Consensus Statement supports clinical practice through providing guidance on definitions, diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients with fibrostenosing small bowel Crohn's disease.

Short-term outcomes of surgical treatment for primary ileocaecal Crohn's disease: Results of the Crohn's(urg) study, a multicentre, retrospective, comparative analysis between inflammatory and complicated phenotypes.

AIM: Recent evidence challenges the current standard of offering surgery to patients with ileocaecal Crohn's disease (CD) only when they present complications of the disease. The aim of this study was to compare short-term results of patients who underwent primary ileocaecal resection for either inflammatory (luminal disease, earlier in the disease course) or complicated phenotypes, hypothesizing that the latter would be associated with worse postoperative outcomes. METHOD: A retrospective, multicentre comparative analysis was performed including patients operated on for primary ileocaecal CD at 12 referral centres. Patients were divided into two groups according to indication of surgery for inflammatory (ICD) or complicated (CCD) phenotype. Short-term results were compared. RESULTS: A total of 2013 patients were included, with 291 (14.5%) in the ICD group. No differences were found between the groups in time from diagnosis to surgery. CCD patients had higher rates of low body mass index, anaemia (40.9% vs. 27%, p < 0.001) and low albumin (11.3% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.001). CCD patients had longer operations, lower rates of laparoscopic approach (84.3% vs. 93.1%, p = 0.001) and higher conversion rates (9.3% vs. 1.9%, p < 0.001). CCD patients had a longer hospital stay and higher postoperative complication rates (26.1% vs. 21.3%, p = 0.083). Anastomotic leakage and reoperations were also more frequent in this group. More patients in the CCD group required an extended bowel resection (14.1% vs. 8.3%, p: 0.017). In multivariate analysis, CCD was associated with prolonged surgery (OR 3.44, p = 0.001) and the requirement for multiple intraoperative procedures (OR 8.39, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: Indication for surgery in patients who present with an inflammatory phenotype of CD was associated with better outcomes compared with patients operated on for complications of the disease. There was no difference between groups in time from diagnosis to surgery.

Fibrostricturing Crohn's Disease Is Marked by an Increase in Active Eosinophils in the Deeper Layers.

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 50% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) develop intestinal strictures necessitating surgery. The immune cell distribution in these strictures remains uncharacterized. We aimed to identify the immune cells in intestinal strictures of patients with CD. METHODS: During ileocolonic resections, transmural sections of terminal ileum were sampled from 25 patients with CD and 10 non-inflammatory bowel disease controls. Macroscopically unaffected, fibrostenotic, and inflamed ileum was collected and analyzed for immune cell distribution (flow cytometry) and protein expression. Collagen deposition was assessed through a Masson Trichrome staining. Eosinophil and fibroblast colocalization was assessed through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The Masson Trichrome staining confirmed augmented collagen deposition in both the fibrotic and the inflamed regions, though with a significant increased collagen deposition in the fibrotic compared with inflamed tissue. Distinct Th1, Th2, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes were identified in fibrotic and inflamed CD ileum compared with unaffected ileum of patients with CD as non-inflammatory bowel disease controls. Only minor differences were observed between fibrotic and inflamed tissue, with more active eosinophils in fibrotic deeper layers and increased eosinophil cationic protein expression in inflamed deeper layers. Last, no differences in eosinophil and fibroblast colocalization were observed between the different regions. DISCUSSION: This study characterized immune cell distribution and protein expression in fibrotic and inflamed ileal tissue of patients with CD. Immunologic, proteomic, and histological data suggest inflammation and fibrosis are intertwined, with a large overlap between both tissue types. However strikingly, we did identify an increased presence of active eosinophils only in the fibrotic deeper layers, suggesting their potential role in fibrosis development.

Hospital Volume for Rectal Cancer Resection Plays a Pivotal Role in Improving Outcomes: A Population-based Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the association between hospital surgical volume (SV) and outcomes after rectal cancer surgery (RCS), using national population-based data. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: For RCS, the association of higher SV with improved short- and/or long-term outcomes remains controversial. METHODS: National cancer registry data and administrative data were used to select patients diagnosed with stage I-III rectal cancer in 2009-2018 and who underwent RCS. The average annual SV of RCS was categorised as low (<15; LV), medium (15-29; MV) or high (≥30; HV). The association between SV and 90-day and 1-year excess postoperative mortality (90DPM and 1YEPM) and 5-year observed survival (5YOS) was evaluated. RESULTS: From the 11,519 patients , RCS was performed in LV (4,088; 36%), MV (2,795; 24%) or HV (4,636; 40%) hospitals. Observed 90DPM was significantly better in HV (2.3% 95%CI[1.9,2.8]) than in LV (3.7% 95%CI[3.2,4.4]) and MV (3.5% 95%CI[2.9,4.3]) with adjusted OR 1.4, P<0.0001. Continuous regression analysis showed significantly higher 90DPM in annual SV <35 compared to ≥35 (OR 1.6 95%CI[1.21,2.11]; P=0.0009). Observed 1YEPM was significantly better in HV (2.9% 95%CI[2.2,3.6]) compared to LV (4.7% 95%CI [3.9,5.6]) with adjusted excess HR 1.31 95%CI[1.00,1.73] and P=0.05, and to MV (5.0% 95%CI[4.0,6.1]) with adjusted excess HR 1.45 95%CI[1.09,1.94] and P=0.01. The 5YOS was significantly better in HV (75.9% 95%CI[74.6,77.2]) than in LV (70.3% 95%CI[68.8,71.8]) and MV (71.5% 95%CI[69.7,73.2]) with adjusted HR 1.4 in both LV and MV versus HV, P≤0.003. CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study identified robustly superior outcomes at 90-days, 1-year and 5-years after RCS in hospitals with higher volumes.

Comparative impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy or diet alone on beta-cell function in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients.

Although bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes by inducing weight loss and augmenting gut hormone secretion, the immediate effect on beta-cell function itself remains to be elucidated in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, a prospective, randomized trial was performed in 30 patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in combination with protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), or to PSMF alone. Eu- and hyperglycemic clamps were performed before and 3 weeks after surgery and/or PSMF initiation. The primary outcome was the evolution of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function after surgery, calculated using the composite measures of glucose disposal rate, insulin secretion rate, and disposition index (DI). Results revealed that markers of insulin sensitivity increased similarly in all arms (p = 0.43). A higher marker for maximal beta-cell function was observed when comparing SG to PSMF (p = 0.007). The DI showed a clear positive evolution after RYGB and SG, but not after PSMF alone. Altogether, these findings indicate that bariatric surgery results in an immediate beta-cell function recovery in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.

Quality indicators for ambulatory colectomy: literature search and expert consensus.

BACKGROUND: Care for patients undergoing elective colectomy has become increasingly standardized using Enhanced Recovery Programs (ERP). ERP, encorporating minimally invasive surgery (MIS), decreased postoperative morbidity and length of stay (LOS). However, disruptive changes are needed to safely introduce colectomy in an ambulatory or same-day discharge (SDD) setting. Few research groups showed the feasibility of ambulatory colectomy. So far, no minimum standards for the quality of care of this procedure have been defined. This study aims to identify quality indicators (QIs) that assess the quality of care for ambulatory colectomy. METHODS: A literature search was performed to identify recommendations for ambulatory colectomy. Based on that search, a set of QIs was identified and categorized into seven domains: preparation of the patient (pre-admission), anesthesia, surgery, in-hospital monitoring, home monitoring, feasibility, and clinical outcomes. This list was presented to a panel of international experts (surgeons and anesthesiologists) in a 1 round Delphi to assess the relevance of the proposed indicators. RESULTS: Based on the literature search (2010-2021), 3841 results were screened on title and abstract for relevant information. Nine papers were withheld to identify the first set of QIs (n = 155). After excluding duplicates and outdated QIs, this longlist was narrowed down to 88 indicators. Afterward, consensus was reached in a 1 round Delphi on a final list of 32 QIs, aiming to be a comprehensive set to evaluate the quality of ambulatory colectomy care. CONCLUSION: We propose a list of 32 QI to guide and evaluate the implementation of ambulatory colectomy.

Digital postoperative follow-up after colorectal resection: a multi-center preliminary qualitative study on a patient reporting and monitoring application.

The development of minimally invasive colorectal surgery in the last decades led to a decrease in length of hospital stay. However, readmission and postoperative complications were still observed. Several studies have shown that close postoperative follow-up is required to decrease postoperative morbidity through patient education and by detecting early signs of complications. To help in this task, multiple monitoring programs have been set up to follow patients at home, allowing detection of several complications at an early stage. To evaluate acceptance, satisfaction, usability, compliance and safety of a mobile application following postoperative colorectal patients during the first 15 days post-discharge from hospital. A mobile application enabling the communication between the patient and medical staff during the recovery phase was developed and tested in four hospitals. Patients who underwent a colorectal resection were included in this prospective qualitative study. Questionnaires to assess satisfaction and usability were handed out to patients at the end of the test period. Overall, 118 patients (52% females, median age 52.5 years) were included. Median adherence-rate during 15 days was 89.6%. Satisfaction-rate for the application was 76% and usability was high. Overall, 1220 notifications were collected, of which 722 were orange, 466 red and 32 purple, colours used to rate the severeness of complaints. We analyzed the most common notifications, showing trends in different subgroups of the study with higher risks of complications (pain (409 notifications), abnormal stools (196 notifications), and wound problems (118 notifications)). A mobile application could be used to follow patients at home after colorectal resection. Future studies should evaluate whether these applications can detect complications and prevent readmission.

Uterine retroversion and gluteal transposition flap for postoperative perineal evisceration after extralevator abdominoperineal resection.

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is the most common histological subtype of malignant tumor affecting the anal canal. Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the first-line treatment in nearly all cases, ensuring complete clinical response in up to 80% of patients. Abdominoperineal resection (APR) is typically reserved as salvage therapy in those patients with persistent or recurrent tumor after CRT. In locally advanced tumors, an extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE), which entails excision of the anal canal and levator muscles, might be indicated to obtain negative resection margins. In this setting, the combination of highly irradiated tissue and large surgical defect increases the risk of developing postoperative perineal wound complications. One of the most dreadful complications is perineal evisceration (PE), which requires immediate surgical treatment to avoid irreversibile organ damage. Different techniques have been described to prevent perineal complications after ELAPE, although none of them have reached consensus. In this technical note, we present a case of PE after ELAPE performed for a recurrent ASCC. Perineal evisceration was approached by combining a uterine retroversion with a gluteal transposition flap to obtain wound healing and reinforcement of the pelvic floor at once, when a mesh placement is not recommended.

Single cell dynamics of tumor specificity vs bystander activity in CD8+ T cells define the diverse immune landscapes in colorectal cancer.

CD8+ T cell activation via immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is successful in microsatellite instable (MSI) colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. By comparison, the success of immunotherapy against microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC is limited. Little is known about the most critical features of CRC CD8+ T cells that together determine the diverse immune landscapes and contrasting ICB responses. Hence, we pursued a deep single cell mapping of CRC CD8+ T cells on transcriptomic and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire levels in a diverse patient cohort, with additional surface proteome validation. This revealed that CRC CD8+ T cell dynamics are underscored by complex interactions between interferon-γ signaling, tumor reactivity, TCR repertoire, (predicted) TCR antigen-specificities, and environmental cues like gut microbiome or colon tissue-specific 'self-like' features. MSI CRC CD8+ T cells showed tumor-specific activation reminiscent of canonical 'T cell hot' tumors, whereas the MSS CRC CD8+ T cells exhibited tumor unspecific or bystander-like features. This was accompanied by inflammation reminiscent of 'pseudo-T cell hot' tumors. Consequently, MSI and MSS CRC CD8+ T cells showed overlapping phenotypic features that differed dramatically in their TCR antigen-specificities. Given their high discriminating potential for CD8+ T cell features/specificities, we used the single cell tumor-reactive signaling modules in CD8+ T cells to build a bulk tumor transcriptome classification for CRC patients. This "Immune Subtype Classification" (ISC) successfully distinguished various tumoral immune landscapes that showed prognostic value and predicted immunotherapy responses in CRC patients. Thus, we deliver a unique map of CRC CD8+ T cells that drives a novel tumor immune landscape classification, with relevance for immunotherapy decision-making.

Appearance of the Bowel and Mesentery During Surgery Is Not Predictive of Postoperative Recurrence After Ileocecal Resection for Crohn's Disease: A Prospective Monocentric Study.

BACKGROUND: Very few risk factors for postoperative recurrence (POR) of Crohn's Disease (CD) after ileocecal resection have been identified. The aim of the present study was to verify the association between an a priori defined list of intraoperative macroscopic findings and POR. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study including patients undergoing primary ileocecal resection for CD. Four intraoperative factors were independently evaluated by 2 surgeons: length of resected ileum, mesentery thickness, presence of areas of serosal fat infiltration, or abnormal serosal vasodilation on normal bowel proximal to the resected bowel. The primary end point was early endoscopic POR at month 6 and defined as modified Rutgeerts score ≥i2b. Secondary end points were clinical and surgical recurrence. RESULTS: Between September 2020 and November 2022, 83 consecutive patients were included. Early endoscopic recurrence occurred in 45 of 76 patients (59.2%). Clinical and biochemical recurrence occurred in 17.3% (95% confidence interval, [CI], 10.4%-28.0%) and 14.6% of the patients after 12 months. The risk of developing endoscopic and clinical recurrence was 1.127 (95% CI, 0.448;2.834, P = .799) and 0.896 (95% CI, 0.324-2.478, P = .832) when serosal fat infiltration was observed, and 1.388 (95% CI, 0.554-3.476, P = .484), and 1.153 (95% CI, 0.417;3.187, P = .783) when abnormal serosal vasodilation was observed. Similarly, length of the resected bowel and mesentery thickness showed no association with POR. A subgroup analysis on patients who received no postoperative medical prophylaxis did not identify any risk factor for endoscopic POR. CONCLUSIONS: The macroscopic appearance of the bowel and associated mesentery during surgery does not seem to be predictive of POR after ileocecal resection for CD.

Prospective studies investigating risk factors for Crohn's disease recurrence after surgery are scarce. In a prospective cohort of 83 patients undergoing primary ileocecal resection, no association between few intraoperative macroscopic findings and postoperative endoscopic/clinical recurrence was observed.

Laparoscopic Oblique Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap Harvest for Perineal Reconstruction After Abdominoperineal Resection.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of perineal defects after abdominoperineal resection or salvage surgery for either locally advanced rectal cancer or anal carcinoma can be challenging. Myocutaneous flap reconstruction has proven to reduce perineal morbidity and abscess formation in the pelvis; however, it is associated with significant donor-site morbidity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a laparoscopic oblique rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap harvesting for perineal reconstruction. This technical note aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. IMPACT OF INNOVATION: Introduction of a laparoscopic technique in harvesting of this flap can potentially further reduce morbidity associated with this flap creation by minimizing abdominal wall trauma and obviating the need for laparotomy for tunneling of the flap intra-abdominally. TECHNOLOGY, MATERIALS, AND METHODS: This report describes a technique using a 6-port laparoscopy, in which the harvesting of the myocutaneous flap was performed after a standardized abdominoperineal resection. The flap itself is passed through the rectus sheath toward the pelvis with the help of a retractor. PRELIMINARY RESULTS: Two patients successfully underwent a laparoscopic oblique rectus abdominis flap reconstruction after abdominoperineal resection. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS: This report describes our initial experience with laparoscopic harvesting of an oblique rectus abdominis flap for perineal reconstruction after abdominoperineal resection. We believe the technique is easy and reproducible for laparoscopic surgeons and can reduce donor-site morbidity. However, further studies will be needed to confirm this observation.

Safety and medium-term outcome of redo laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: a matched case-control study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: In the case of recurrent apical prolapse following laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSCP), one may consider a "redo" procedure. We hypothesized that redo LSCP may carry an increased complication risk and less favorable outcomes when compared with primary procedures. METHODS: This is a single-center, matched case-control (1:4) study, comparing all 39 women who had a redo LSCP and 156 women who had a primary LSCP for symptomatic apical prolapse between 2002 and 2020 with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Matching was based on proximity to the operation date. The primary outcome was the occurrence of intraoperative and early postoperative complications within 3 months. Secondary outcomes included subjective (Patient Global Impression of Change [PGIC] ≥4) and objective (Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification [POP-Q] stage <2) success rates, surgical variables, graft-related complications and reinterventions. RESULTS: There was no difference in the rate of intraoperative and early postoperative complications (redo: 21.1% vs control: 29.8%, OR: 0.63, 95% CI 0.27-1.48). The conversion rate was higher in redo patients (redo: 10.3% vs control: 0.6, OR: 17.71, 95% CI 1.92-163.39). Early postoperative complications were comparable: they were mainly infectious and managed by antibiotics. At a comparable follow-up (redo: 81 months (IQR: 54) vs control: 71.5 months (IQR: 42); p=0.37), there were no differences in graft-related complications (redo: 17.9% vs control: 9.6%, p=0.14) and reinterventions for complications (redo: 12.8% vs control: 5.1%, p=0.14) or prolapse (redo: 15.4% vs control: 8.3%, p=0.18). Subjective (redo: 88.5% vs control: 80.2%, p=0.41) and objective (redo: 31.8% vs control: 24.7%, p=0.50) success rates were also comparable. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, redo LSCP is as safe and effective as a primary LSCP, but there is a higher risk of conversion.

Effect of anastomotic configuration on Crohn's disease recurrence after primary ileocolic resection: a comparative monocentric study of end-to-end versus side-to-side anastomosis.

There is ongoing debate whether the type of anastomosis following intestinal resection for Crohn's disease (CD) can impact on complications and postoperative recurrence. The aim of the present study is to describe the outcomes of side-to-side (S-S) vs end-to-end (E-E) anastomosis after ileocecal resection for CD. A retrospective comparative study was conducted in consecutive CD patients who underwent primary ileocecal resection between 2005 and 2013. All patients underwent colonoscopy 6 months postoperatively to assess endoscopic recurrence, defined as Rutgeerts' score (RS) ≥ i2. Surgical recurrence implied reoperation due to CD activity at the anastomotic site. Modified surgical recurrence was defined as the need for reoperation or balloon-dilation. Perioperative factors related to recurrence were evaluated. Of the 127 patients included, 51 (40.2%) received an E-E anastomosis. Median follow-up was longer in the E-E group (8.62 vs 13.68 years). Apart from the microscopic resection margins, patient, disease and surgical characteristics were similar between both groups. Anastomotic complications were comparable (S-S 5.3% vs E-E 5.8%, p = 1.00)0. Postoperatively, biologicals were used in 55.3% and 62.7% (p = 0.47) in S-S and E-E patients, respectively. Endoscopic recurrence did not differ between S-S and E-E patients (78.9 vs 72.9%, p = 0.37), with no significant difference in RS values between both groups (p = 0.87). Throughout follow-up, a higher surgical (p = 0.04) and modified surgical recurrence (p = 0.002) rate was observed in the E-E anastomosis group. Type of anastomosis was an independent risk factor for modified surgical recurrence. The type of anastomosis did not influence endoscopic recurrence and immediate postoperative disease complications. However, the wide diameter and the morphologic characteristic of the stapled S-S anastomosis resulted in a significant reduced risk for surgical and endoscopic reintervention on the long term.

Development of a Patient Decision Aid for Rectal Cancer Patients with Clinical Complete Response after Neo-Adjuvant Treatment.

Surgery is the primary component of curative treatment for patients with rectal cancer. However, patients with a clinical complete response (cCR) after neo-adjuvant treatment may avoid the morbidity and mortality of radical surgery. An organ-sparing strategy could be an oncological equivalent alternative. Therefore, shared decision making between the patient and the healthcare professional (HCP) should take place. This can be facilitated by a patient decision aid (PtDA). In this study, we developed a PtDA based on a literature review and the key elements of the Ottawa Decision Support Framework. Additionally, a qualitative study was performed to review and evaluate the PtDA by both HCPs and former rectal cancer patients by a Delphi procedure and semi-structured interviews, respectively. A strong consensus was reached after the first round (I-CVI 0.85-1). Eleven patients were interviewed and most of them indicated that using a PtDA in clinical practice would be of added value in the decision making. Patients indicated that their decisional needs are centered on the impact of side effects on their quality of life and the outcome of the different options. The PtDA was modified taking into account the remarks of patients and HCPs and a second Delphi round was held. The second round again showed a strong consensus (I-CVI 0.87-1).

Long-term Data on Graft-Related Complications After Sacrocolpopexy With Lightweight Compared With Heavier-Weight Mesh.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the long-term incidence and characteristics of graft-related complications, rate of reintervention for graft-related complications and prolapse, and subjective and anatomical outcomes after laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy with heavier-weight (more than 44 g/m2) compared with lightweight (28 g/m2) polypropylene mesh, the latter with resorbable poliglecaprone component. METHODS: We conducted a single-center study that compared two consecutive prospective cohorts of patients who were undergoing laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for symptomatic stage 2 or greater cervical or vault prolapse, by using either heavier-weight polypropylene mesh or lightweight polypropylene mesh at a similar duration of follow-up. The primary outcome was the occurrence of graft-related complications and their nature. Secondary outcomes included reinterventions for graft-related complications, recurrent apical prolapse, a subjective outcome (PGIC [Patient Global Impression of Change] score 4 or higher), and an anatomical outcome (point C -1 cm or greater). RESULTS: We identified consecutive patients: 101 were implanted with heavier-weight polypropylene, and 238 were implanted with lightweight polypropylene; all were audited at comparable follow-up times (heavier-weight mesh: 97 months [interquartile range 16 months]; lightweight mesh: 92.5 months [interquartile range 58 months]). Graft-related complications were more frequent in patients with heavier-weight than lightweight mesh (22.8% [23/101] vs 7.3% [13/178]; hazard ratio [HR] 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-7.1), more frequently symptomatic (heavier-weight mesh: 16.8% [17/101] vs lightweight mesh: 2.8% [5/178]; HR 6.0, 95% CI 2.5-14.3), and more frequently lead to reintervention for graft-related complications (heavier-weight mesh: 18.8% [19/101] vs lightweight mesh: 2.1% [5/238]; HR 4.6, 95% CI 1.9-11.2). The vast majority of patients improved (PGIC score 4 or higher), without difference between groups (heavier-weight mesh: 71/84 [84.9%]; lightweight mesh: 154/178 [86.5%]; HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-1.1); neither was there a difference in anatomical failure rate (heavier-weight mesh: 1/60 [1.7%] vs lightweight mesh: 8/131 [6.1%]; HR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-1.4). Reoperations for recurrent vault prolapse were scarce (0.0% in heavier-weight mesh, vs 0.4% in lightweight mesh). CONCLUSION: In two consecutive cohorts, the number of graft-related complications, symptomatic graft-related complications, and reinterventions for graft-related complications were higher in patients implanted with heavier-weight polypropylene than when lightweight polypropylene was used. There were no differences in subjective, objective outcomes, and reoperation rates for prolapse. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04378400. FUNDING: To assist in this audit, the University Hospitals Leuven received support from Ethicon Endosurgery.