Capacity building in migration and health in higher education: lessons from five European countries.

Capacity building in migration and health in higher education is key to better, sustainable, and equitable health care provision. However, developments so far have been patchy, non-structural, and often unsustainable. While training programs have been evaluated and competency standards developed, perspectives from individual teachers are hardly accessible. We present expert perspectives from five European countries to illustrate good examples in higher education and identify gaps to further the advancement of capacity building in migration and health. Based on these perspectives, we have identified thematic areas at four levels: conceptual evolution, policy and implementation, organization at the academic level and teaching materials and pedagogies. Finally, we propose creating spaces to share concrete educational practices and experiences for adaptation and replication. We summarize key recommendations for the advancement of capacity building in migration and health.

Access to colorectal cancer screening for Pakistani immigrants in Norway - a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The Norwegian colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program started in May 2022. Inequalities in CRC screening participation are a challenge, and we expect that certain groups, such as immigrants, are at risk of non-participation. Prior to the start of the national screening program, a pilot study showed lower participation rates in CRC screening among immigrants from Pakistan. These immigrants are a populous group with a long history in Norway and yet have a relatively low participation rate also in other cancer screening programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and explore perspectives and factors influencing CRC screening participation among immigrants from Pakistan in Norway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study we used a qualitative study design and conducted 12 individual interviews with Pakistani immigrants aged between 50 and 65 years. The participants varied in terms of gender, age, education, work, residence time in Norway and familiarity with the Norwegian language and culture. We performed thematic analysis with health literacy as a theoretical framework to understand Pakistani immigrants' perspectives on CRC screening. RESULTS: We identified four main themes: Health-related knowledge, the health care system, screening, and social factors. Within these themes we identified several factors that affect Pakistani immigrants' accessibility to CRC screening. These factors included knowledge of the causes and development of cancer, sources of health-related information, the general practitioner's role, understanding of screening and the intention behind it, language skills and religious beliefs. CONCLUSION: There are many factors influencing Pakistani immigrants' decision of participation in CRC screening. The roles of the general practitioner and adult children are particularly important. Key elements to improve accessibility to CRC screening and enable informed participation for Pakistani immigrants are measures that improve personal and organizational health literacy.

Cultural factors influencing COVID-19-related perceptions and behavior, seen from immigrants' own perspective - a qualitative study in Norway.

BACKGROUND: Cultural factors are often mentioned as a possible explanation for the observed differences between immigrant populations compared to general populations with regards to COVID-19 disease burden and vaccination rates, but usually without any further exploration of what this entails. This paper aims to capture the thoughts of immigrants themselves and explore how they think culture may or may not have affected vaccination rates and health behavior during the pandemic. METHODS: We performed qualitative interviews with 18 immigrants from Poland, Somalia and Sri Lanka living in Norway. Group interviews and individual interviews were transcribed and analyzed using systematic text condensation. RESULTS: We identified four main themes the participants thought could influence spread of infection and vaccine hesitancy: cultural factors, transcultural factors, host society factors, and other personal factors. Social habits, religious traditions, attitudes towards and trust in the healthcare system, sense of community and societal duty were understood as cultural factors that influenced health behavior and vaccination hesitancy. However, different cultural factors could have varied impact on immigrants' behavior related to COVID-19 and possibly other health settings for different immigrant groups. In addition, we found examples of other factors related to being 'between cultures', and we found structural and socioeconomic factors not linked to culture. CONCLUSIONS: Our paper brings awareness to how rules and guidelines may hit harder and interfere more in the way of life in some communities than others. In the continued work towards equity in health promotion and healthcare services, policymakers ought to keep the existence of such cultural differences in mind, to be able to make policies well fitted to ensure good health and quality of life for all.

Dietary guidance from GPs - what do patients report? / Kostholdsveiledning hos fastlegen ­ hva rapporterer pasientene?

Background: Diet can have a major impact on health. In this study, we surveyed the extent to which the subject of diet was raised by patients in general practice and which patients desired such discussions. Material and method: We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study of patients ≥ 18 years of age at GP practices in Western Norway in 2022. The questionnaire consisted of nine questions about dietary knowledge, the desire to receive dietary guidance and lose weight, and medication use. Logistic regression was used to identify groups more likely to report a desire to receive guidance on how diet affects health. Results: A total of 2105 of the 2531 (83 %) invited patients ≥ 18 years of age completed the questionnaire, and 2075 of these were included in the analysis. One in three had raised the subject of diet with their GP. A total of 96 % reported having the knowledge they needed about diet, 56 % wanted advice or guidance on how diet affects health, 62 % wanted to lose weight and 40 % reported being confused by diet/dietary advice. Younger patients, men, patients with lower levels of education, patients who wanted to lose weight and patients taking medication for chronic conditions more frequently wanted advice/guidance on how diet affects health. Interpretation: Over half of the patients in the GP practices wanted advice/guidance on how diet affects health. Knowing who is more likely to want guidance can be useful for prioritising which consultations are appropriate for providing guidance on diet and health impacts.

Discrimination and health: A cross-sectional study comparing Muslims with other-religious.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to report perceived discrimination among Muslims living in Norway and to address and compare associations between perceived discrimination and health among Muslims with an immigrant background and other-religious with an immigrant background. METHOD: A representative sample of individuals with an immigrant background in Norway was used in a cross-sectional study design that included 5484 respondents aged 16 to 74 years. The respondents were sub-grouped after religious affiliation, and as immigrants and Norwegian-born. This sample is from 'The Survey on living conditions among persons with an immigrant background 2016', conducted by Statistics Norway. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-rated health and between perceived discrimination and mental health problems. RESULTS: Our findings show that Muslims with an immigrant background are more likely to report perceived discrimination than non-Muslims with an immigrant background. Perceived discrimination was associated with poor self-rated health and mental health problems among immigrant Muslims and Norwegian-born Muslims. Among other-religious with an immigrant background, perceived discrimination had an inverse relationship with mental health problems among immigrants, while an association between perceived discrimination and poor self-rated health was found among Norwegian-born. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that perceived discrimination does play a role in health among minorities with an immigrant background in Norway, regardless of religion. However, the association between perceived discrimination and poor health seems to be stronger among Muslims, especially Norwegian-born Muslims.

Perceived discrimination and its association with self-rated health, chronic pain, mental health, and utilization of health services among Syrian refugees in Norway: a cross-sectional study.

Background: There is a scarcity of research on discriminatory experiences and their association with health outcomes among Syrian Refugees in Norway. Thus, this study aims to examine the relationship between perceived discrimination, self-rated health (SRH), chronic pain, poor mental health, and healthcare utilization among Syrian refugees resettled in Norway. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the Integration for Health project were analyzed, including 154 Syrian refugees who resettled in Norway in 2018-19. Perceived discrimination, SRH, chronic pain, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and healthcare visits were assessed. Statistical analyses, including Poisson regression and multinomial logistic regression, were conducted. The significant statistical level was set at 0.05. Results: Approximately 30% of participants reported experiencing discrimination, with no significant associations between sociodemographic factors and perceived discrimination. Perceived discrimination was significantly associated with psychological distress (adjusted PR: 2.07, 95%CI: 1.21-3.55), post-traumatic stress symptoms (adjusted PR: 11.54, 95%CI: 1.25-106.16), and 4 or more psychologist visits (adjusted OR: 12.60, 95%CI: 1.72-92.16). However, no significant associations were found between perceived discrimination and SRH; pain symptoms, or general healthcare utilization. Conclusion: Experienced discrimination is highly prevalent and seems to be associated with mental health outcomes, but not clearly with SRH, pain, or general healthcare visits among Syrian refugees living in Norway. Efforts should focus on reducing discrimination, promoting social inclusion, and improving access to mental health services for refugees. Public awareness campaigns, anti-discrimination policies, and cultural training for healthcare professionals are recommended to address these issues and improve the well-being of Syrian refugees in Norway.

Primary care indicators for disease burden, monitoring and surveillance of COVID-19 in 31 European countries: Eurodata Study.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of patients received ambulatory treatment, highlighting the importance of primary health care (PHC). However, there is limited knowledge regarding PHC workload in Europe during this period. The utilization of COVID-19 PHC indicators could facilitate the efficient monitoring and coordination of the pandemic response. The objective of this study is to describe PHC indicators for disease surveillance and monitoring of COVID-19's impact in Europe. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study employing data obtained through a semi-structured ad hoc questionnaire, which was collectively agreed upon by all participants. The study encompasses PHC settings in 31 European countries from March 2020 to August 2021. Key-informants from each country answered the questionnaire. Main outcome: the identification of any indicator used to describe PHC COVID-19 activity. RESULTS: Out of the 31 countries surveyed, data on PHC information were obtained from 14. The principal indicators were: total number of cases within PHC (Belarus, Cyprus, Italy, Romania and Spain), number of follow-up cases (Croatia, Cyprus, Finland, Spain and Turkey), GP's COVID-19 tests referrals (Poland), proportion of COVID-19 cases among respiratory illnesses consultations (Norway and France), sick leaves issued by GPs (Romania and Spain) and examination and complementary tests (Cyprus). All COVID-19 cases were attended in PHC in Belarus and Italy. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic exposes a crucial deficiency in preparedness for infectious diseases in European health systems highlighting the inconsistent recording of indicators within PHC organizations. PHC standardized indicators and public data accessibility are urgently needed, conforming the foundation for an effective European-level health services response framework against future pandemics.

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: Treatment Guidelines and Recommendations for Referral and Multidisciplinary Continuity of Care.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) constitutes a major public health problem, and it is anticipated that its prevalence will continue to increase in the future. Its progressive nature requires a continuous and well-coordinated care approach. The follow-up for COPD should primarily focus on disease screening and control, which includes monitoring of pulmonary function, prevention of exacerbations, identification of aggravating factors and comorbidities, as well as ensuring treatment adequacy and adherence. However, existing clinical practice guidelines and consensus documents offer limited recommendations for the follow-up. In this context, we undertake a review of COPD treatment and the continuity of care recommendations endorsed by several scientific societies. Moreover, we underscore the importance of the involvement of nursing and community pharmacy in this process, as well as the utilization of quality indicators in the provision of care for the disease.

Trends in cervical cancer screening in Norway 2012-2017: a comparison study of non-immigrant and immigrant women.

AIMS: Immigrant women in Norway have lower cervical cancer screening participation than non-immigrant women. Our aim in this study was to assess whether the observed increase in screening participation during 2012-2017 was different between Norwegian-born women and immigrant women. METHODS: Data were collected from three national registries. The study included 1,409,561 women, categorized according to country of birth and immigrant background: (i) Norway, Norwegian parents; (ii) Norway, immigrant parent(s); (iii) Europe, excluding Norway; (iv) Africa; (v) Asia, including Turkey; and (vi) other countries. Trends and differences between groups were analyzed using Poisson regression analyses with adjustments for variables other studies have found to influence screening participation. Trends were assessed by including half-years as a continuous variable in the models and reported as prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Screening participation increased in all groups, but was not statistically significant among women from Africa in the adjusted model. The highest increase was among Norwegian women, with a 2.2% increase per year. Interaction tests showed significantly smaller increases in screening among women born in Europe (p interaction < 0.0001), Africa (p interaction < 0.0001), Asia (p interaction < 0.0001), and countries in the "Other" category (p interaction = 0.004). There was also a smaller increase among Norwegian-born women with one or more immigrant parent(s), but this was not significant (p interaction = 0.178). CONCLUSIONS: The gap in screening participation and the increasing differences in trends suggest that healthcare services do not reach all women in Norway to the same extent. One should attempt to improve this while working toward further increasing screening participation for all.

Norwegian "dugnad" as a rhetorical device in public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative study from immigrant's perspectives.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Norwegian government appealed to the term "national dugnad" in the communication of containment measures as a call for collective action to fight the spread of infection. "Dugnad" is traditionally associated with solidarity, social responsibility, and a communal spirit in the form of volunteer work carried out by a local community. Although the word "dugnad" is difficult to translate to other languages, it was used as a rhetorical device by the government to communicate health-related information during the pandemic. This study aims to explore how immigrants understood and related to the term "dugnad" as used in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. METHODS: We conducted 55 semi-structured interviews in 2020 with immigrants from Poland (10), Syria (15), Somalia (10), Sri Lanka (10), and Chile (10). Interviews were conducted in participants' mother-tongues. We used systematic text condensation following Malterud's four steps to analyze the data. RESULTS: The results are organized into three themes corresponding to: (1) meaning making of the term "dugnad"; (2) attitudes towards the term "dugnad"; and (3) reactions to the use of "dugnad" in a public health context. Overall, participants were familiar with the term "dugnad" and positively associated it with volunteering, unity, and a sense of community. However, we found a variety of reactions towards using this term in a public health context, ranging from agreement to disagreement and irritation. CONCLUSION: Health communication during pandemics is crucial for maximizing compliance and gaining control of disease spread. In multicultural societies, governments and authorities should be aware of the linguistic and cultural barriers to public health communication if they are to effectively reach the entire population. The use of culturally specific concepts in this context, specially as rhetorical devices, may hinder effective health communication and increase health inequalities.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico con enfoque sanológico en universitarios / Effects of a physical exercise program with a sanological approach in university students / Efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos com abordagem saudável em estudantes universitários

Objetivo: identificar el efecto del programa de ejercicio físico del proyecto institucionalUSCO saludable con enfoque sanológico en 40 jóvenes universitarios con sobrepeso. Metodología: se plantea un estudio mixto el cual utiliza metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. En específico, se desarrolló un estudio cuasiexperimental de un solo grupo con valoración antes y después, los datos se tomaron de la revisión de historias clínicosanológicas del programa de ejercicio físico, de la dimensión actividad física. Del proyecto USCO Saludable, se seleccionaron 40 estudiantes con un índice de masa muscular (IMC) entre los rangos de 25 a 30 kg/m2. Se utilizó un instrumento denominado historia clínico-sanológica, esta fue diseñada, ajustada y estandarizada por los investigadores Pedro Reyes Gaspar y Dolly Arias Torres. Los datos se trabajaron a través de entrevista semiestructurada, mediante la creación de códigos y categorías con el programa ATLAS. ti 6.0. Para la comparación del IMC se empleó la prueba de Wilcoxon y el tamaño del efecto por medio de la g de Hedges en el programa SPSS versión 24. Resultados: después de la intervención, en el grupo de estudiantes universitarios con sobrepeso se observaron cambios importantes en la comprensión del concepto de salud, salud actual y del ejercicio físico como herramienta de cuidado de la salud y la vejez. Además, se identificó un cambio significativo en el IMC de la población. Conclusiones: la estrategia de ejercicio físico desde un enfoque sanológico es factible y eficaz, debido a los cambios significativos en el pensamiento y comportamiento en la salud de estudiantes universitarios con sobrepeso.

Objective: to identify the effect of the physical exercise program, of the healthy USCO institutional project with a sanological approach, on 40 overweight university students. Methodolgy: a mixed study is proposed using quantitative and qualitative methodology. Specifically, a quasiexperimental study of a single group was developed with evaluation before and after, the data was taken from the review of clinical-sanological histories of the physical exercise program, of the physical activity dimension, of the Healthy USCO project, 40 students with BMI (body mass index) between the ranges of 25 to 30 kg/ m2 were selected. An instrument called clinical-sanological history was used, it was designed, adjusted, and standardized by researchers Pedro Reyes Gaspar and Dolly Arias Torres. The data was processed through a semi-structured interview through the creation of codes, and categories with the ATLAS.ti 6.0 software, for the comparison of the BMI the Wilcoxon test was used and the effect size through Hedges' G in the SPSS program version 24. Results: after the intervention, important changes were observed in the understanding of the concept of health, current health, and physical exercise as a tool for health care and old age in a group of overweight university students. Furthermore, a significant change in the BMI of the population was identified. Conclusions: the strategy of physical exercise from a sanological approach is feasible and effective due to the significant changes in the thinking and behavior in the health of overweight university students.

Objetivo: identificar o efeito do programa de exercícios físicos do projeto institucional USCO saudável com enfoque saudável em 40 universitários com excesso de peso. Metodologia: propõe-se um estudo misto que utiliza metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa. Especificamente, foi desenvolvido um estudo quase-experimental de grupo único com avaliação antes e depois, os dados foram retirados da revisão dos registros clínico-saúde do programa de exercício físico, da dimensão atividade física. Do projeto USCO Healthy, foram selecionados 40 alunos com índice de massa muscular (IMC) entre 25 e 30 kg/m2. Foi utilizado um instrumento denominado histórico clínico-saúde, desenhado, ajustado e padronizado pelos pesquisadores Pedro Reyes Gaspar e Dolly Arias Torres. Os dados foram trabalhados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, mediante criação de códigos e categorias com o programa ATLAS.ti 6.0. Para a comparação do IMC foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon e o tamanho do efeito por meio do g de Hedges no programa SPSS versão 24. Resultados: após a intervenção, no grupo de universitários com excesso de peso, foram observadas mudanças importantes na compreensão do conceito de saúde, saúde atual e exercício físico como ferramenta de cuidado à saúde e à velhice. Além disso, foi identificada uma alteração significativa no IMC da população. Conclusões: a estratégia de exercício físico sob uma abordagem de saúde é viável e eficaz, devido às mudanças significativas no pensamento e no comportamento de saúde de estudantes universitários com excesso de peso

Perfil del estilo de vida en docentes y administrativos de una universidad / Profile of the lifestyle in professors and administrators of a university / Perfil do estilo de vida em professores e administradores de uma universidade

Objetivo: Determinar los comportamientos del estilo de vida en docentes y administrativos de una universidad pública de Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa descriptiva de corte trasversal. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 178 docentes y administrativos, mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se aplicó un cuestionario auto diligenciado compuesto por una ficha sociodemográfica y el instrumento fantástico, diseñado por el Departamento de Medicina Familiar de la Universidad McMaster de Canadá, ajustado por el investigador Pedro Reyes Gaspar, obteniendo un Alfa de Cronbach, de 0,706, y un coeficiente de Spearman Brown r=0,616 y la correlación dos mitades de Guttman r=0,615. Los datos se trabajaron a través del programa SPSS versión 24, mediante análisis estadístico descriptivo univariado de frecuencias y tablas de contingencia. Resultados: El 40% de la población no es activa físicamente, más de la mitad de los docentes y administrativos aseguran que no ingieren una dieta adecuada, el 26% casi nunca duermen bien y se sienten descansados, el 29% algunas veces duerme bien y descansa. El 50% algunas veces es capaz de hacer frente al estrés en sus vidas y 10% casi nunca puede manejar el estrés. Se identificó riesgo en salud en los docentes en las dimensiones de actividad física, nutrición, sueño y estrés (p.000) en comparación con los administrativos. Conclusiones: Se halló que el perfil de estilo de vida en docentes y administrativos de una universidad pública de Colombia se caracteriza por la inactividad física, una mala alimentación, un mal manejo del estrés y trastornos del sueño.

Objective: To determine the behaviors of the lifestyle in teachers and administrators of a public university in Colombia. Materials and methods: cross-sectional descriptive quantitative research. The sample size was 178 teachers and administrators, using simple random sampling. A self-completed questionnaire was applied, consisting of a sociodemographic record and the fantastic instrument, designed by the Department of Family Medicine of the McMaster University of Canada, adjusted by the researcher Pedro Reyes Gaspar, obtaining a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.706, and a coefficient Spearman Brown r=0.616 and Guttman's twohalf correlation r=0.615. The data was worked through the SPSS version 24 program, through univariate descriptive statistical analysis of frequencies and contingency tables. Results: 40% of the population is not physically active, more than half of teachers and administrators say they do not eat a proper diet, 26% almost never sleep well and feel rested, 29% sometimes sleep well and rest. 50% are sometimes able to cope with stress in their lives and 10% can hardly ever handle stress. Health risk was identified in teachers in the dimensions of physical activity, nutrition, sleep and stress (p.000) compared to administrative staff. Conclusions:it was found that the lifestyle profile of teachers and administrators at a public university in Colombia is characterized by physical inactivity, poor nutrition, poor stress management and sleep disorders.

Recuento de linfocitos CD4, carga viral y colonización oral por Candida en personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA

Objetivos: determinar la correlación entre el recuento de CD4, carga viral y la colonización oral por Candida en personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA (PVVS) que reciben terapia antirretroviral (TAR). Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal correlacional con 35 participantes que recibían tratamiento antirretroviral. Mediante citometría de flujo se determinó el recuento de CD4; la carga viral se determinó mediante RT-PCRq y la confirmación de colonización oral se realizó mediante aislamiento de Candida spp. Resultados: el recuento de CD4 se correlacionó significativamente de manera inversa con la carga viral (rho de Spearman = -0,457, p=0,006; Kendall Tau-b= -0,306, p=0,012) y con la colonización oral por Candida (rho de Spearman = -0,442, p=0,008; Kendall Tau-b= -0,366, p=0,010), no se encontró significancia estadística entre la carga viral y colonización (p>0,05). Conclusiones: En las PVVS que reciben TAR, los recuentos bajos de CD4 se relacionan con mayor colonización oral por Candida, no se encontró asociación de dicha colonización con la carga viral.

Objectives: to determine the correlation between CD4 count, viral load, and oral Candida colonization in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: a correlational cross-sectional study was conducted with 35 participants receiving antiretroviral treatment. Using flow cytometry, the CD4 count was determined; the viral load was determined by RT-PCRq and confirmation of oral colonization was made by isolating Candida spp. Results: CD4 count was significantly inversely correlated with viral load (Spearman's rho = -0.457, p=0.006; Kendall Tau-b= -0.306, p=0.012) and with oral Candida colonization (Spearman's rho = -0.442, p=0.008; Kendall Tau-b= -0.366, p=0,010), no statistical significance was found between viral load and colonization (p>0.05). Conclusions: in PLWHA receiving ART, low CD4 counts are associated with greater oral colonization by Candida; no association of said colonization with viral load was found.

Análisis de concordancia inter-jueces para medir factores protectores en salud en universitarios / Análise de concordância entre jurados para mensurar os fatores protetores em saúde de universitários / Analysis of inter-judge agreement to measure protective factors in health in university students

Objetivo: Realizar el análisis de concordancia mediante el juicio de expertos de un instrumento de medición para detectar factores protectores de enfermedades no transmisibles en jóvenes universitarios. Materiales y método: Estudio psicométrico de validez de contenido, en el que participaron cuatro expertos que evaluaron cada ítem, se determinó el nivel de concordancia entre jueces con el coeficiente Kappa de Fleiss. Resultados: se observa fuerza de concordancia para el total de los ítems del instrumento, como muy buena, en cuanto a los criterios para todos la significancia estadísticas fue de p: 0,000, se ajustaron algunos ítems en redacción, contenido y se incorporaron algunos teniendo en cuenta las observaciones cualitativas de los expertos. Conclusión: El instrumento representa un avance en la medición del autocuidado de la salud en estudiantes Universitarios, que permitirá definir acciones para mejorar el estilo de vida en esta población.

Objetivo: realizar a analise de concordância entre expertos de um instrumento de medição para detectar fatores protetores de doenças no transmissíveis em jovens universitários. Materiais e métodos: estudo psicométrico de validez de conteúdo com a participação de quatro expertos que avaliaram cada item. Determinou-se o nível de concordância entre expertos empregando o Kappa de Fleiss. Resultados: houve força de concordância para o total dos itens do instrumento como muito boa. Os critérios para significância estatística foi de p=0,000. Foram ajustados itens em redação e conteúdo, posteriormente se incorporaram alguns tendo em consideração as observações qualitativas dos expertos. Conclusão: o instrumento representa o avanço na medição do autocuidado da saúde de jovens estudantes universitários, que permitirá definir ações para o melhoramento do estilo de vida dessa população.

Perfil del estilo de vida en estudiantes de una Universidad Pública / Lifestyle profile of students of a Public University / Perfil do estilo de vida em estudantes de uma Universidade Pública

Objetivo: Determinar los comportamientos del estilo de vida de los estudiantes de primer semestre de una Universidad Pública. Materiales y método: Investigación cuantitativa, de-scriptiva de corte trasversal. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 113 estudiantes matriculados para el periodo académico 2020-1. Se utilizó un instrumento tipo encuesta estructurada elab-orado por el proyecto Institucional Universidad Saludable. Los datos se trabajaron a través de Excel y el programa SPSS versión 22, mediante análisis estadístico descriptivo univariado de frecuencias y tablas de contingencia. Resultados: la mayoría estudiantes no realiza ejercicio físico 70%, el 51% no realiza ningún tipo de actividad física, El consumo de tabaco es alto y más de la mitad son consumidores habituales de alcohol, más de la mitad presenta angustia y casi la mitad ansiedad. La calidad de la dieta la mitad la consideran mala y hay bajo con-sumo de frutas. El consumo de sal añadida a los alimentos es referido por la mayoría 82% de los estudiantes. El 28% presenta sobrepeso y obesidad. La mayoría desconoce sus niveles de colesterol y triglicéridos. No existe en casi la mitad redes de apoyo entre compañeros y familiares. Conclusiones: Se encontró que el perfil de estilo de vida de los estudiantes de primer semestre de una universidad pública se caracteriza por el sedentarismo, el consumo habitual de cerveza y cigarrillo, la mala alimentación, el sobrepeso y la obesidad, la ansiedad y angustia.

Objective: Determine the lifestyle behaviors of first semester Public University Students. Materials and method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional research. The size of the sample consisted of 113 enrolled students for the 2020-1 semester. The instrument of struc-tured interview made by the Institutional Project Universidad Saludable was used. The data were worked using Excel and SPSS version 22, through an univariate descriptive statistical analysis of frequencies and contingency tables. Results: Most of the students do not do phys-ical exercise 70%, 51% do not do any physical activity, there is a high consumption of tobac-co and more than half are frequent consumers of alcohol, more than half show anguish and almost half show anxiety. Half of the students consider that the quality of their diet is bad and there is a low consumption of fruits. The consumption of added salt to food is mentioned by most students 82%. 28% are overweight or obese. Most do not know their levels of cholester-ol and triglycerides. There are no support networks of schoolmates and family in almost half of the students. Conclusions: It was found that the lifestyle profile of first semester students in a public university is characterized by sedentary lifestyle, frequent consumption of beer and cigarettes, bad nutrition, overweight and obesity, anguish, and anxiety.

Objetivo: Determinar o comportamento do estilo de vida dos alunos de primeiro semestre de uma Universidade Pública. Materiais e métodos: Pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, trans-versal. O tamanho da amostra foi de 113 alunos matriculados no período acadêmico 2020-1. Utilizou-se um formulário estruturado criado pelo projeto institucional Universidade saudáv-el. Os dados foram processados no Excel e no programa SPSS versão 22, realizando-se uma analise univariada de frequência e tabelas de contingência. Resultados: A maioria dos alunos não faz exercício físico (70%), o 51% não realiza nenhum tipo de atividade física. O consumo de tabaco é alto e mais da metade são consumidores regulares de álcool, mais da metade pre-senta angustia e quase a metade ansiedade. A qualidade da dieta, a metade a consideram ruim com baixo consumo de frutas. O consumo de sal adicionada aos alimentos é referida pelo 82% dos alunos. 28% presenta sobrepeso e obesidade. A maioria desconhece os seus níveis de colesterol e triglicerídeos. Em quase a metade deles não existe rede de apoio entre colegas ou familiares. Conclusões: Encontrou-se que o perfil do estilo de vida dos alunos de primeiro período de uma Universidade Pública caracteriza-se pelo sedentarismo, o consumo regular de cerveja e cigarro, a má alimentação, o sobrepeso e obesidade, a ansiedade e angustia.

¿Qué hacer en el postconflicto para alcanzar la paz en el seno de la familia colombiana? / What to do in the post-conflict period to achieve peace within the colombian family? / O que fazer no postconflicto para alcançar a paz na grande família colombiana?

El artículo de reflexión analiza la violencia en el seno de la familia, si se quiere lograr una paz real en Colombia en el postconflicto. La violencia en Colombia tiene un fuerte acervo cultural en el modelo patriarcal, donde el hombre posee el poder absoluto; él es dueño de la mujer y de los niños. Este acervo cultural es fuente de violencia en la familia y la ejerce el hombre hacia los demás miembros de la familia. La familia perdura en el tiempo, se configura de diversas maneras, pero se encuentra permeada por la violencia. Así, el espacio familiar es el más peligroso para mujeres y niños. Y por los altos índices de violencia en el seno de la familia, esta se convierte en un problema de salud pública. Los altos costos de la violencia en familia empobrece al pueblo colombiano. Aunque se han hecho proyectos para disminuir la violencia en familia, el hombre se adapta a las nuevas exigencias y situaciones sociales y presenta resistencia al cambio, él mantiene el poder sobre la mujer y los niños. En este contexto de violencia en el seno de la familia, el Estado debe garantizar la formación familiar, para recuperar a cada miembro de la familia, su interioridad, sus valores morales, el buen vivir, el bien actuar, la ética de la virtud, la prudencia. Es la posibilidad de ir progresivamente transformando la cultura, de una violenta hacia una de paz y felicidad en familia.

The article of reflection analyzes the violence within the family if we want to achieve a real peace in Colombia in the post-conflict. Violence in Colombia has a strong cultural heritage in the patriarchal model where man possesses absolute power, he is owner of the woman and the children. This cultural heritage is a source of violence in the family and it is exercised by the man towards the other members of the family. The family lasts over time, it is configured in different ways, but it is permeated by violence. Thus, the family space is the most dangerous for women and children. And because of the high rates of violence within the family, this becomes a public health problem. The high costs of family violence impoverish the Colombian people. Although projects have been made to reduce family violence, the man adapts to new demands and social situations and he is resistant to change, he maintains power over woman and children. In this context of violence within the family, the State must guarantee family formation, to recover each member of the family, their interiority, their moral values, good living, good acting, virtue ethics, and prudence. It is the possibility to be transforming progressively the culture, from a violent towards one of peace and happiness as a family.

O artigo de reflexão analisa a violência dentro da família se quisermos alcançar uma paz real na Colômbia no pós-conflito. A violência na Colômbia tem uma forte herança cultural no modelo patriarcal onde o homem tem poder absoluto, ele é o dono de mulheres e crianças. Esta herança cultural é uma fonte de violência na família e é exercida pelos homens em relação aos outros membros da família. A família dura com o tempo, se configura de maneiras diferentes, mas é permeada pela violência. Assim, o espaço familiar é o mais perigoso para mulheres e crianças. E por causa das altas taxas de violência dentro da família, isso se torna um problema de saúde pública. Os altos custos da violência familiar empobrecem o povo colombiano. Embora projetos tenham sido feitos para reduzir a violência familiar, o homem se adapta a novas demandas e situações sociais e é resistente à mudança, ele mantém o poder sobre as mulheres e crianças. Neste contexto de violência dentro da família, o Estado deve garantir a formação da família, recuperar cada membro da família, sua interioridade, seus valores morais, boa vivência, boa atuação, ética da virtude, prudência É a possibilidade de transformar progressivamente a cultura, de violenta para a paz e a felicidade como família.

Prácticas de poder en la Convención de los Derechos del Niño / Practices of power in the Children’s Rights Convention

El artículo de reflexión analiza la Convención de los Derechos del Niño desde las prácticas de poder ejercidas sobre niños y niñas. Se propone definir las prácticas de poder presentes en ella, desde la metodología de Foucault. Hipótesis: En la Convención, el niño y la niña son sujetos de derechos, se establecen unos mínimos éticos que no aseguran su calidad de vida. El interés superior del niño da continuidad histórica al concepto de objeto/niño propiedad del adulto. La Convención como mínimo ético, no establece las necesidades afectivas que requiere un niño o niña, desconoce la calidad de vida que se les ofrece. La Convención que les reconoce como sujeto de derechos, crea el estado de excepción por el interés superior del niño, los sujeta al adulto y da continuidad histórica al concepto del adulto dueño de la propiedad objeto/niño. La Convención plantea la universalidad ontológica de niños y niñas por ser seres humanos, que no se aplica. La Convención como tecnología política revela que la vida de la infancia continúa en riesgo: los mínimos éticos no impiden el maltrato infantil. La tecnología política los deja expuestos y vulnerables, establece unas prácticas de poder que controlan y niegan la vida.

The reflection’s article analyzes the Convention of the Boy’s Rights from the practices of power that it exercises on children and girls. The article intends define the practices of power present in the Convention, from the methodology of Foucault. Hypothesis: in the Convention, the boy and the girl they are subject of rights, some ethical minima that don’t assure their quality of life. The best interests of the child give historical continuity to the concept of child object / property of the adult. The Convention like ethical minimum, not know the affective necessities that it requires a boy or girl, and not count with the quality of life that is offered to them. The Convention that recognizes them as subject of rights, creates the exception state for the boy’s superior interest, the boy and girl remain subject to the adult. The Convention gives historical continuity to the concept of adult property owner object / child. The Convention outlines the ontologic universality of children and girls but this it is not applied. The Convention like political technology reveals that the life of the childhood continues in risk: the minima ethical don’t stop the infantile abuse. The political technology leaves them exposed and vulnerable, because practices of power and control established for the Convention, denied to children the life.

Concepciones bioéticas de la cultura occidental sobre la autonomía de niños y niñas: [revisión] / West cultural bioethics conceptions about the boys and girls autonomy`s: [review]

El artículo se propuso determinar el concepto de niño y niña en la cultura occidental, revisar las perspectivas de la bioética referente a la autonomía de niños y niñas menores de 12 años y establecer la relación entre el concepto de niño y niña y el proceso de toma de decisiones en la vida cotidiana. Como metodología se revisaron rigurosamente artículos, libros o fuentes primarias y páginas web. Frente a la autonomía de niños y niñas se delimitan tres conceptualizaciones: una tradicional, en donde el adulto toma las decisiones por el niño o niña. Una posición intermedia los considera con opinión en los asuntos que les afectan y autonomía en desarrollo, pero el adulto finalmente toma la decisión. Y una concepción novedosa, involucra al niño o niña en todo proceso de toma de decisiones que les afecta, toman ellos las decisiones y la comparten con el adulto. En conclusión, la concepción novedosa de niños o niñas activos, participativos, capaces de tomar decisiones, conlleva el reconocimiento de su dignidad y respeto. Este concepto rompe el tradicional propio de la cultura occidental.

Microangiopatía retiniana en el síndrome de anticuerpos antifosfolípido primario. Reporte de un caso / Primary antiphospholipid syndrome and microangiopathy. A case report

Se presenta un caso clínico de una paciente del sexo femenino de 35 años de edad con pérdida brusca de la visión de ojo derecho, sin antecedentes de colangenopatías y clínicamente sana hasta el inicio de su padecimiento. La pérdida de la visión se asoció con una hemorragia en la arteria retiniana de la región temporal, con edema papilar discreto. La fluorangiografía correlacionó con el examen del fondo del ojo. Los estudios de laboratorio mostraron títulos altos de anticuerpos antifosfolípido de clase IgG. Los anticuerpos antinucleares y los estudios de inmunoespecificidad resultaron negativos, al igual que la serología para padecimientos infecciosos. La paciente recibió esteroides y aspirina y progresivamente mejoró el cuadro y los títulos de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos decrecieron después de 45 días de tratamiento. Se presenta este caso como una manifestación del síndrome de antifosfolípido primario