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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among household contacts of people with tuberculosis. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. We searched Medline, Embase and the Global Index Medicus from inception to 16 May 2023. We included studies that assessed for at least one non-communicable disease among household contacts of people with clinical tuberculosis. We estimated the non-communicable disease prevalence through mixed effects logistic regression for studies providing individual participant data, and compared it with estimates from aggregated data meta-analyses. Furthermore, we compared age and sex-standardised non-communicable disease prevalence with national-level estimates standardised for age and sex. RESULTS: We identified 39 eligible studies, of which 14 provided individual participant data (29,194 contacts). Of the remaining 25 studies, 18 studies reported aggregated data suitable for aggregated data meta-analysis. In individual participant data analysis, the pooled prevalence of diabetes in studies that undertook biochemical testing was 8.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.1%-14.9%, four studies). Age-and sex-standardised prevalence was higher in two studies (10.4% vs. 6.9% and 11.5% vs. 8.4%) than the corresponding national estimates and similar in two studies. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus based on self-report or medical records was 3.4% (95% CI 2.6%-4.6%, 14 studies). Prevalence did not significantly differ compared to estimates from aggregated data meta-analysis. There were limited data for other non-communicable diseases. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus among household contacts was high while that of known diabetes was substantially lower, suggesting the underdiagnosis. tuberculosis household contact investigation offers opportunities to deliver multifaceted interventions to identify tuberculosis infection and disease, screen for non-communicable diseases and address shared risk factors.
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OBJECTIVE: This study focuses on dose-response investigation using a codon-optimized and de novo -synthesized E-Selectin/AAV2 (E-Sel/AAV2) vector in preparation for Investigational New Drug (IND)-enabling of subsequent clinical studies. BACKGROUND: Gene therapy is a potential solution for patients suffering from chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Understanding the dose for effective gene delivery is crucial for future IND-enabling studies. METHODS: Expression of the codon-optimized E-Selectin gene was assessed by flow cytometry following in vitro cell transfection assay and RT-qPCR for murine limbs injected in vivo with AAV-m-E-Selectin (E-Sel/AAV2). Dose-response studies involved three cohorts of FVB/NJ mice (n=6/group) with escalating log doses of E-Selectin/AAV2 injected intramuscularly (IM) in divided aliquots, ranging from 2×10 9 VG to 2×10 11 VG, into ischemic limbs created by left femoral artery/vein ligation/excision and administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. Limb perfusion, extent of gangrene free limb, functional limb recovery and therapeutic angiogenesis were assessed. RESULTS: Codon-optimized E-Sel/AAV2 gene therapy exhibits superior expression level than WT E-Sel/AAV2 gene therapy both in vitro and in vivo . Mice treated with a high dose (2×10 11 VG) of E-Sel/AAV2 showed significantly improved perfusion indices, lower Faber's scores, increased running stamina and neovascularization compared with lower doses tested with control groups, indicating a distinct dose-dependent response. No toxicity was detected in any of the animal groups studied. CONCLUSION: E-Sel/AAV2 Vascular Regeneration Gene Therapy (VRGT) holds promise for enhancing the recovery of ischemic hindlimb perfusion and function, with the effective dose identified in this study as 2×10 11 VG aliquots injected IM.
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Background: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation (ISCH) is a rare condition that is characterized by ventral herniation of the spinal cord through a defect in the dura mater into the epidural space, with no identifiable cause. ISCH is frequently underdiagnosed, and the information available in case reports is limited. To provide an overview of the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of this condition, this study aims to conduct a review of reported cases of ISCH. Methods: A literature review was carried out using seven databases. The search was conducted using the keywords "Idiopathic spinal cord herniation" OR "Idiopathic Ventral Spinal Cord Herniation" AND "Case report" OR "case series." Results: A total of 92 relevant papers reporting 224 cases, besides the index case, were determined. Of the cases, 58.5% were females and the mean age was 50.7 (SD 13.2) years. Symptoms, diagnoses, and outcomes were similar between genders. The most common clinical signs included motor symptoms (82.6%), instability (61.3%), hypoesthesia (59.2%), and disturbance of thermal sensitivity (47.3%). Brown-Séquard syndrome was observed in 27.2% of the cases, and surgical treatment was employed in 89.7% of the cases. Conclusions: ISCH is a pathology that is principally treated with surgical approach. This study provides valuable insights into the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of ISCH, which can aid in the early recognition and treatment of this rare condition.
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BACKGROUND: Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the end stage of peripheral artery disease (PAD), and around 30% of CLI patients are ineligible for current treatments. The angiogenic benefits of c-Kit have been reported in the ischemia scenario; however, the present study demonstrates the effects of specific endothelial c-Kit signaling in arteriogenesis during hindlimb ischemia. METHODS: We created conditional knockout mouse models that decrease c-Kit (c-Kit VE-Cadherin CreERT2-c-Kit) or its ligand (SCF VE-Cadherin CreERT2-SCF) specifically in endothelial cells (ECs) after tamoxifen treatment. These mice and a control group (wild-type VE-Cadherin CreERT2-WT) were subjected to hindlimb ischemia or aortic crush to evaluate perfusion/arteriogenesis and endothelial barrier permeability, respectively. RESULTS: Our data confirmed the lower gene expression of c-Kit and SCF in the ECs of c-Kit and SCF mice, respectively. In addition, we confirmed the lower percentage of ECs positive for c-Kit in c-Kit mice. Further, we found that c-Kit and SCF mice had better limb perfusion and arteriogenesis compared to WT mice. We also demonstrated that c-Kit and SCF mice had a preserved endothelial barrier after aortic crush compared to WT. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate the deleterious effects of endothelial SCF/c-Kit signaling on arteriogenesis and endothelial barrier integrity.
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Understanding the relationship between blood nutrients and neurodegeneration could contribute to devising strategies for preventing Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the associations between fatty acids, vitamins D, B6, B12, folate, homocysteine, and the cerebral load of amyloid ß (Aß). This cross-sectional study included 177 older adults (70-96 years, 65% female) with objective cognitive impairment, prefrail, or frail. Cerebral Aß load was determined using positron emission tomography Standardized Uptake Value ratios. Fatty acids were assessed in erythrocytes, vitamins D and homocysteine in serum, and the other vitamins in plasma. Linear regression models corrected for multiple comparisons evaluated the associations between each nutrient and Aß. The principal component factor followed by linear regression grouped the fatty acids strongly correlated (factor) and associated with Aß. Higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): clupanodonic acid (22:5n-3; ß: -0.13; pâ =â .001), mead acid (20:3n-9; ß: -0.07; pâ =â .036), and adrenic acid (22:4n-6; ß: -0.05; pâ =â .031) were associated with lower global Aß load, whereas linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was associated with higher global Aß load (ß: 0.18; pâ =â .042). Clupanodonic acid was inversely associated with Aß in all cerebral regions except the thalamus. The factor composed of mead, clupanodonic, and arachidonic (20:4n-6) acids was associated with a lower global Aß load (ß: -0.02; pâ =â .002). Some erythrocyte PUFAs were inversely associated with Aß load in the brain, and most of them were metabolites of the essential fatty acids linoleic and α-linolenic. Given the cross-sectional design, these results must be carefully interpreted, and longitudinal studies are needed.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Péptidos beta-Amiloides , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Homocisteína , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , VitaminasRESUMEN
Introduction: Contact investigation is a proven intervention for tuberculosis (TB) case finding and prevention. Although widely endorsed by national public health authorities and the World Health Organization, many countries struggle to implement it effectively. The objective of the study is to describe and characterize the barriers and facilitators of TB contact investigation in Cali, Colombia from the perspective and experience of the key stakeholders involved. Methods: We collected data from group discussions during two workshop sessions with clinic and public health staff involved in TB contact investigation (June 2019 and March 2020 respectively) and semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts (July 2019 to April 2020). We undertook an inductive thematic analysis with the RADaR technique to characterize the barriers and facilitators of the TB contact investigation process. Results: The two workshops included 21 clinics and 12 public health staff. We also conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts. Using thematic analysis, we identified four common themes: Healthcare Operations, Essential Knowledge, Time Limitations and Competing Responsibilities, and Interpersonal Interactions. The main barriers to conducting household visits were low data quality, stigma and mistrust, safety concerns for health workers, and limited resources. The main barriers to TB uptake by contacts were competing responsibilities, low TB risk perceptions among contacts, and difficulty accessing diagnostic tests for contacts. In contrast, good communication and social skills among health workers and accurate TB knowledge facilitated successful household visits and TB test uptake, according to key stakeholders. Conclusion: This study provides a deeper understanding of TB contact investigation barriers and facilitators in a high-prevalence urban setting in a middle-income country from the perspective and experience of key stakeholders. The study shed light on the barriers that hinder household contacts engagement and TB test uptake such as issues of systemic capacity and TB knowledge. Also, highlighted facilitators such as the importance of interpersonal communication skills among health workers in the public and private sector. The insights from this study can serve as a valuable resource for public health organizations seeking to enhance their contact investigation efforts and improve TB control in similar settings.
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Trazado de Contacto , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Colombia , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/prevención & control , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Investigación Cualitativa , Instituciones de Atención AmbulatoriaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop a novel clinical approach to predict intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including adults ≥ 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19 in the emergency department and admitted to the ICU between March and July 2020 in an academic hospital. The outcome variables were mortality and ICU admission. Additional variables that were collected included sex, age, comorbidities, symptom phenotype, and laboratory (lymphopenia) and imaging findings. A logistic regression model was used to construct and validate the risk models. RESULTS: A total of 808 patients were included in the study; 61.9% were men. The mean age was 57.8 ± 15.9 years, and high blood pressure (HBP) was the most prevalent comorbidity (31.8%). Seventy-six (9.4%) patients were admitted to the ICU. Age ≥ 60 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lymphopenia, and imaging findings correlated with mortality. Age ≥ 60 years, lymphopenia (<1,000 cells per microliter), and hypothyroidism correlated with ICU admission. These variables were incorporated into a scoring system (Comorbidities, Radiographic findings, Age, and Lymphopenia (CORAL) tool) to predict mortality and ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: Our Comorbidities, Radiographic findings, Age, and Lymphopenia (CORAL) tool is a practical tool for different clinical settings independent of access to advanced medical resources or technologies. CORAL is suitable for emergency physicians in low- and middle-income countries.
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BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with critical illness. The nutrition status of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging to assess. The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) is a novel framework used for the diagnosis of malnutrition. However, its efficacy in patients with critical illness in the ICU has not been validated. AIM: To investigate the use and validity of the GLIM criteria in adult patients admitted to the ICU. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed, and seven databases were searched for relevant studies. The selection criteria included studies that used the GLIM in adult patients admitted to the ICU. Quality assessment was performed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. RESULTS: Five studies were included in the analysis. Approximately 15%-68% of patients were diagnosed with malnutrition using the GLIM criteria. Meanwhile, 48%-75% of patients with malnutrition were identified with the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). The inflammation criterion was easily adjudicated due to critical status, and three studies compared the GLIM and the SGA. According to the QUADAS-2 tool, the nutritional assessment process was not explicit in the studies. The meta-analysis had an overall sensitivity of 65.3% (95% CI: 34.9%-86.9%) and an overall specificity of 88.8% (95% CI: 58.1%-97.8%). In the prospective validation, malnutrition assessed by the GLIM criteria, and the SGA was associated with mortality. However, the association between length of hospital stay and mechanical ventilation was unclear. CONCLUSIONS: The use and validity of the GLIM criteria among patients admitted to the ICU is still limited. Moreover, some concurrent and predictive validation studies have methodological limitations. Further studies must be performed to validate the use of the GLIM criteria in the ICU.
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Enfermedad Crítica , Desnutrición , Adulto , Humanos , Liderazgo , Hospitalización , Desnutrición/diagnóstico , Estado Nutricional , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Evaluación NutricionalRESUMEN
Amyloid beta (Aß) is a peptide and a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence suggests that Aß levels could be influenced by diet. However, the evidence is sparse and for some nutrients, controversial. The aim of this narrative review is to gather the findings of observational and clinical trials involving human participants on the relationships between nutrients and brain Aß status. Some dietary patterns are associated to reduced levels of Aß in the brain, such as the Mediterranean diet, ketogenic diet as well as low intake of saturated fat, high-glycemic-index food, sodium, and junk/fast food. Low Aß status in the brain was also associated with higher density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption. Data on alcohol intake is not conclusive. On the contrary, high Aß levels in the brain were related to a higher intake of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, saturated fat, sucrose, and fructose. Folic acid, cobalamin, vitamin E, and vitamin D were not associated to Aß status, while high blood concentrations of Calcium, Aluminum, Zinc, Copper, and Manganese were associated with decreased Aß blood levels but were not associated with Aß cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) concentrations. In conclusion, certain dietary patterns and nutrients are associated to brain Aß status. Further research on the association between nutrients and brain Aß status is needed in order to pave the way to use nutritional interventions as efficacious strategies to prevent Aß disturbance and potentially AD.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Dieta Mediterránea , Aluminio , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Calcio , Colesterol , Cobre , Ácidos Grasos , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados , Ácido Fólico , Fructosa , Humanos , Lipoproteínas LDL , Manganeso , Sodio , Sacarosa , Triglicéridos , Vitamina B 12 , Vitamina D , Vitamina E , Vitaminas , ZincRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To measure the score and variation in the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire at 3 and 6 months of evaluation in military personnel with a history of chest trauma in combat. METHOD: Comparative study between military with chest trauma and healthy military personnel from 2011 to 2016, evaluating the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. RESULTS: 45 subjects were analyzed, 25 with a history of chest trauma and 10 healthy controls with combat experience. 25 of the cases were evaluated at 3 months and 11 at 6 months. The average age was 28.2 years (standard deviation: 7.22), and 76% had projectile wounds with a high-speed firearm. 44 % (11/25) of the subjects with chest trauma at three months of assessment presented a lot of limitation for the performance of moderate activities (p < 0.001) and only 5% (1/20) of the controls reported a lot of limitation (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant deterioration in the quality of life in all domains through the SF-36 questionnaire in patients with chest trauma at 3 and 6 months after the evaluation.
OBJETIVO: Medir el puntaje y la variación en el cuestionario de calidad de vida SF-36 a los 3 y 6 meses de valoración en militares con antecedente de trauma de tórax en combate. MÉTODO: Estudio comparativo entre militares con trauma de tórax y militares sanos entre los años 2011 y 2016, evaluando el cuestionario de calidad de vida SF-36. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 45 sujetos, 25 con antecedente de trauma de tórax y 10 controles sanos con experiencia en combate. De los sujetos con trauma, 25 se evaluaron a los 3 meses y 11 a los 6 meses. El promedio de edad fue de 28.2 años (desviación estándar: 7.22). El 76% tuvieron heridas por proyectil con arma de fuego de alta velocidad. El 44% (11/25) de los sujetos con trauma de tórax, a los 3 meses de valoración, presentaba mucha limitación para la realización de actividades moderadas (p < 0.001) y solo el 5% (1/20) de los controles referían mucha limitación (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: Hay un deterioro significativo en la calidad de vida en todos los dominios del cuestionario SF-36 en pacientes con trauma de tórax a los 3 y 6 meses de la valoración.
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Personal Militar , Traumatismos Torácicos , Adulto , Humanos , Calidad de Vida , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Traumatismos Torácicos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Addressing the high prevalence of disease-related malnutrition (DRM) requires political will. The aim of this study is to define DRM as a health public policy issue from the point of view of the stakeholders. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study consisting of grey data search and individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with stakeholders (policy-makers, academics, and civil society organization representatives) from 17 Latin American countries. The analyzed themes reflected ideas repeatedly found across the interviews. RESULTS: 26 respondents were interviewed (5 policy-makers, 18 academics, 3 civil society organizations representatives). The grey data research and interviews showed that Brazil and Costa Rica were the only countries in the Region that had developed a specific public health policy addressing DRM and nutrition care issues. The rest of the Latin American countries had a nutrition policy which neither addressed DRM specifically nor included nutrition care, with important heterogeneity existing in terms of national regulation of selected nutritional care categories. Stakeholder opinions allowed to identify heterogeneity in the understanding of the nature and causes of DRM, confusing DRM with malnutrition caused by food insecurity and lack of food availability. Policy in the field of clinical nutrition can be addresses from two approaches: interdisciplinarity and a human rights-based approach. CONCLUSION: DRM is an unaddressed problem by health policy. Due to internal and external factor related to the health systems DRM has not been able to become a public policy issue. The study highlights the need for the development of public policy in clinical nutrition aimed at improving access to nutrition care.
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Política de Salud , Desnutrición , Terapia Nutricional , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Desnutrición/prevención & control , Política Nutricional , Formulación de Políticas , Investigación CualitativaRESUMEN
We present a laboratory study of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) anthracoronene (AntCor, C36H18) in simulated interstellar ices in order to determine its possible contribution to the broad infrared absorption bands in the 5-8 µm wavelength interval. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of AntCor, codeposited with water ice, was collected. The FTIR spectrum of the sample irradiated with ultraviolet photons was also collected. Unirradiated and UV-irradiated AntCor embedded in water ice have not been studied before; therefore, the molecule's band positions and intensities were compared to published data on AntCor in an argon matrix and theoretical calculations (DFT), as well as the published results of its parent molecules, coronene and anthracene, in water ice. The experimental band strengths for unirradiated AntCor exhibit variability as a function of PAH:H2O concentration, with two distinct groupings of band intensities. AntCor clustering occurs for all concentrations and has a significant effect on PAH degradation rates and photoproduct variability. Near-IR spectra of irradiated AntCor samples show that AntCor+ production increases as the concentration of AntCor in water ice decreases. Photoproduct bands are assigned to AntCor+, cationic alcohols, protonated AntCor, and ketones. We report the rate constants of the photoproduct production for the 1:1280 AntCor:H2O concentration. CO2 production from AntCor is much less than what was previously reported for Ant and Cor and exhibits two distinct regimes as a function of AntCor:H2O concentration. The contribution of AntCor photoproducts to astronomical spectra can be estimated by comparison with the observed intensities in the 7.4-8.0 µm range.
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OBJECTIVE: Monocytes, which play an important role in arteriogenesis, can build immunologic memory by a functional reprogramming that modifies their response to a second challenge. This process, called trained immunity, is evoked by insults that shift monocyte metabolism, increasing HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1α levels. Since ischemia enhances HIF-1α, we evaluate whether ischemia can lead to a functional reprogramming of monocytes, which would contribute to arteriogenesis after hindlimb ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mice exposed to ischemia by 24 hours (24h) of femoral artery occlusion (24h trained) or sham were subjected to hindlimb ischemia one week later; the 24h trained mice showed significant improvement in blood flow recovery and arteriogenesis after hindlimb ischemia. Adoptive transfer using bone marrow-derived monocytes (BM-Mono) from 24h trained or sham donor mice, demonstrated that recipients subjected to hindlimb ischemia who received 24h ischemic-trained monocytes had remarkable blood flow recovery and arteriogenesis. Further, ischemic-trained BM-Mono had increased HIF-1α and GLUT-1 (glucose transporter-1) gene expression during femoral artery occlusion. Circulating cytokines and GLUT-1 were also upregulated during femoral artery occlusion.Transcriptomic analysis and confirmatory qPCR performed in 24h trained and sham BM-Mono revealed that among the 15 top differentially expressed genes, 4 were involved in lipid metabolism in the ischemic-trained monocytes. Lipidomic analysis confirmed that ischemia training altered the cholesterol metabolism of these monocytes. Further, several histone-modifying epigenetic enzymes measured by qPCR were altered in mouse BM-Mono exposed to 24h hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemia training in BM-Mono leads to a unique gene profile and improves blood flow and arteriogenesis after hindlimb ischemia.
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Traslado Adoptivo , Miembro Posterior/irrigación sanguínea , Isquemia/terapia , Monocitos/trasplante , Neovascularización Fisiológica , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Miembro Posterior/inmunología , Miembro Posterior/fisiopatología , Isquemia/inmunología , Isquemia/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Monocitos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The gap between the nutrition education provided to medical students and the nutrition competencies and attitudes needed for physicians to provide adequate nutrition care is a global concern. There is no universally accepted benchmark on nutrition competencies for doctors. The objective of this study was to establish, by expert consensus, the objectives of undergraduate nutrition medial education, the nutrition core competencies, and strategies for curriculum development in medical nutrition education. METHODS: We administered a Delphi survey to systematically gather the opinion of a panel of Latin American experts in nutrition. The survey questionnaire was constructed considering scientific literature by using a 5-point Likert scale. Consensus was defined as >70% agreement on the importance of an item (Likert scale 4 and 5). RESULTS: A four-round Delphi survey was conducted for this research. In the second, third, and fourth rounds, we validated a total of 130 competencies by consensus, which were distributed into four different thematic areas: (1) basic nutrition concepts, (2) public nutrition and nutrition prevention throughout the life cycle, (3) nutrition status and disease, and (4) nutrition care process. CONCLUSION: The curricula for general physician education in medical school must include health promotion, prevention, and treatment of diseases related to nutrition. This goal can be reached by integrating ≤130 competencies into four different fundamental areas.
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Educación de Pregrado en Medicina , Competencia Clínica , Consenso , Curriculum , Técnica Delphi , Humanos , Estado NutricionalRESUMEN
RATIONALE: The gap between the nutrition education provided to medical students and the nutrition competences and attitudes needed for doctors to provide effective nutrition care is a global concern. The goal of this study was to investigate the curricular content on nutrition education in Latin American medical schools and to evaluate the self-perceived knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to nutrition practice of final-year medical students. METHODS: Eighty-five public and private medical schools from 17 Latin American countries were invited to participate in the study. Two close-ended online questionnaires consisting of 25 and 43 questions were sent to medical school directors. Quantitative variables were expressed as frequencies, percentages, mean ± standard deviation, medians, and ranges. RESULTS: A total of 22 (26%) medical school directors responded, of which 11 schools (50%) offered stand-alone mandatory nutrition courses in preclinical and 8 (36%) in clinical years. The mean hours dedicated to nutrition education was 47 (range: 0-150). A total of 1530 of 1630 (94%) students from 12 countries responded. Students' average age was 25 ± 3 years, and 59% were female. Most students agreed that improving patients' health through nutrition (91%) is important and that nutrition counseling and assessment should be part of routine care provided by all physicians (89%), but they lack the level of education and training required to address nutrition-related issues. CONCLUSIONS: Positive attitude and interest in nutrition among final-year medical students is high, but nutrition education is not perceived as sufficient to adequately prepare doctors in the field of nutrition.
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Curriculum , Educación Médica , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , América Latina , Facultades de Medicina , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Monitoring of adequate food intake is not a priority in hospital patients' care. The present study aimed to examine selective data from the nutritionDay survey to determine the impact of food intake during hospitalization on outcomes according to the nutrition risk status. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive analysis of selected data from 7 consecutive, annual, and cross-sectional nutritionDay samples from 2009 to 2015. The impact of food intake on outcomes was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox models controlling for PANDORA scores. RESULTS: A total of 7994 adult patients from Colombia, 7243 patients from 9 Latin American countries, and 155,524 patients worldwid were included. Less than half of the patients worldwide consumed their entire meal on nutritionDay (41%). The number of reduced eaters is larger in the "no nutrition risk group" than in the "nutrition risk group" (30% vs 25%). Reduced eating is associated with higher mortality and delayed discharge in patients, regardless of the nutrition risk status. Patients without nutrition risk at the screening who ate "nothing, but were allowed to eat" had 6 times more risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 6.48; 95% CI, 3.5311.87). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale study evaluating the relationship of food intake on clinical outcomes showing an increase of in-hospital mortality rates and a reduction in the probability of being discharged home regardless of the nutrition risk status. Traditional screening tools may not identify a group of patients who will become at risk because of reduced intake while in the hospital.
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Desnutrición , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Ingestión de Alimentos , Hospitales , Humanos , Desnutrición/diagnóstico , Estado NutricionalRESUMEN
El tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica, con oxigenación mediante cánula nasal de alto flujo CNAF, tiene muchas ventajas. El sistema de humidificación caliente mejora la función mucociliar y la movilización de secreciones. En segundo lugar, el alto flujo logrado por la cánula nasal, puede mejorar la oxigenación, generar una presión positiva de bajo nivel, (efecto PEEP) en las vías respiratorias, reducir la frecuencia respiratoria, atenuar la resistencia inspiratoria y asegurar una FiO2 constante. Tercero, la CNAF permite que el paciente se alimente por vía oral, hable y tosa, lo que hace que sea mucho más cómodo que la oxigenación por mascara (1). Por último, no aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones propias de la ventilación mecánica invasiva, como la neumonía, barotrauma o traqueítis.
Treatment of hypoxemic respiratory failure with high-flow nasal cannula oxygenation has many advantages. The heated humidification system improves mucociliary function and secretion mobilization. Second, the high flow achieved by the nasal cannula can improve oxygenation, generate a low-level positive pressure (PEEP effect) in the airways, reduce respiratory rate, attenuate inspiratory resistance, and ensure constant FiO2. Third, HFNC allows the patient to feed orally, talk, and cough, making it much more comfortable than mask oxygenation (1). Lastly, it does not increase the risk of complications typical of invasive mechanical ventilation, such as pneumonia, barotrauma or tracheitis.
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Humanos , Insuficiencia Respiratoria , OxigenaciónRESUMEN
RESUMEN Introducción: Las personas que forman parte de las fuerzas armadas a nivel mundial han sido susceptibles al desarrollo del trastorno de estrés postraumático, debido a la exposición a condiciones que predisponen su desarrollo. Objetivo: Establecer la frecuencia y posibles factores de riesgo asociados del trastorno de estrés postraumático en sujetos con lesiones en tórax, sufridas en combate. Métodos: Estudio comparativo entre sujetos con trauma de tórax sufrido en combate y militares sin lesión torácica con experiencia en combate, mediante la evaluación de un cuestionario diagnóstico de 24 preguntas, validado para Colombia del trastorno de estrés postraumático. Se incluyó población militar de mayores de 18 años y menores de 55 años, con trauma de tórax que tuvieron manejo médico o quirúrgico (toracotomía o laparotomía). Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 45 sujetos, 25 con antecedente de trauma de tórax y 20 sanos con experiencia en combate. De los sujetos con trauma, 25 se evaluaron a los 3 meses y 11 a los 5 meses. En los sujetos heridos en combate el promedio de edad fue de 24,1 años (DE: 4,99). A los 3 meses de valoración, el 36 % (p= 0,025) de los sujetos con antecedente de trauma de tórax cumplían criterios diagnósticos de trastorno de estrés postraumático, lo cual evidencia un aumento del 9,5 % a los 6 meses de seguimiento. Conclusión: Existe mayor frecuencia del trastorno de estrés postraumático en sujetos expuestos a eventos traumáticos de tórax en áreas de conflictos armados. La corta edad y los bajos niveles educativos podrían ser factores asociados a la aparición del trastorno.
ABSTRACT Introduction: People who are part of the armed forces worldwide have been susceptible to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, due to exposure to conditions that predispose its development. Objective: To establish the frequency and possible associated risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in subjects with chest injuries, suffered in combat. Methods: Comparative study between subjects with chest trauma suffered in combat and military without thoracic injury with experience in combat, by evaluating a 24-question diagnostic questionnaire, validated for Colombia, of post-traumatic stress disorder. Military population older than 18 years and younger than 55 years, with chest trauma who underwent medical or surgical management (thoracotomy or laparotomy) were included. Results: 45 subjects entered the study, 25 with a history of chest trauma and 20 healthy with combat experience. Of the trauma subjects, 25 were evaluated at 3 months and 11 at 5 months. In the subjects wounded in combat, the average age was 24,1 years (SD: 4,99). At the 3-month evaluation, 36 % (p = 0,025) of the subjects with a history of chest trauma met the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, which shows an increase of 9,5 % at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: There is a higher frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder in subjects exposed to traumatic chest events in areas of armed conflict. Young age and low educational levels could be factors associated with the appearance of the disorder.
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Introducción: El proceso de envejecimiento poblacional argentino cursa una transición demográfica avanzada que transforma los perfiles de salud, prevaleciendo enfermedades no transmisibles. En tanto la alimentación en la vejez constituye un hecho social, cultural y ambiental, que incide en la calidad de vida y la salud. Objetivo: Identificar las condiciones de vida, potencialmente asociadas al desarrollo de enfermedades no transmisibles, que intervienen en el desarrollo de las prácticas alimentarias de personas adultas mayores de la ciudad de Córdoba y Gran Córdoba, en el periodo 2017 - 2019. Métodos: Estudio analítico de corte transversal, con triangulación metodológica cuali-cuantitativa. Se diseñó una muestra no probabilística de personas adultas mayores (≥ 60 años de edad) por cuotas según nivel de instrucción, implementando cuestionarios semiestructurados (n = 384), entrevistas (n = 12) y observaciones participantes. Resultados: En el espacio singular, emerge la presencia de enfermedades asociadas a la vejez que traen cambios alimentarios y de salud. En la dimensión particular-colectiva, se reconocen variaciones de salud a nivel de grupos; la enfermedad que individualmente se vivencia como una preocupación pasa a ser parte de la trama de vinculación social. El análisis multivariado identificó dos modalidades con una mirada multidimensional de la salud y la alimentación contextualizadas. En el espacio general se plantea una tensión entre el nuevo paradigma sobre el envejecimiento y las condiciones materiales de vida para ello. Conclusiones: Analizar la salud y alimentación de personas adultas mayores en su contexto, permite reconocer puntos de encuentro entre modos predominantes de envejecer, visibilizando el principio de un cambio social(AU)
Introduction: The process of aging of the Argentine population is undergoing an advanced demographic transition that transforms health profiles, prevailing non-communicable diseases. While food in old age is a social, cultural and environmental fact, which affects the quality of life and health. Objective: Identify the living conditions, potentially associated with the development of non-communicable diseases, that impact in the development of food practices of older adults in the city of Córdoba and Gran Córdoba, in the period 2017 - 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study, with qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation. A non-probabilistic sample of older adults (≥ 60 years of age) was designed by quotes according to level of education, implementing semi-structured questionnaires (n = 384), interviews (n = 12) and participant observations. Results: In the solo space, the presence of diseases associated with old age that bring dietary and health changes emerges. In the particular-collective dimension, health variations are recognized at the group level; the disease that is individually experienced as a concern becomes part of the fabric of social bonding. The multivariate analysis identified two modalities with a contextualized multidimensional view of health and food. In the general space there is a tension between the new paradigm on aging and the material conditions of life for it. Conclusions: Analyzing the health and nutrition of older adults in their context, allows to recognize points of encounter between predominant ways of aging, and making visible the principle of a social change(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Dinámica Poblacional , Perfiles Sanitarios , Conducta Alimentaria , Enfermedades no Transmisibles/epidemiología , Argentina , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
Resumen: La pandemia por SARS-COV-2 ha generado muchos interrogantes sobre el comportamiento de enfermedades crónicas. Si bien se conoce que los pacientes con comorbilidades importantes tienen un mayor riesgo de complicaciones, no se conoce el comportamiento de enfermedades, como la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), en el período de pandemia y cuarentena por COVID-19. En este artículo, se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre los principales aspectos teóricos para entender las posibles interacciones entre la infección por SARS-COV-2 y pacientes con patología respiratoria como la EPOC. Se revisaron los principales aspectos de las infecciones virales y su fisiopatología en la exacerbación de la enfermedad, sus mecanismos inflamatorios, y las condiciones que pueden aumentar el riesgo de infección y gravedad durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Además, se exploraron los aspectos relacionados a la cuarentena y su posible influencia sobre la exacerbación de la enfermedad. Finalmente, se exploraron los aspectos económicos relacionados con la exacerbación y su manejo asociado a la pandemia.
Abstract: The SARS-COV-2 pandemic has raised many questions about the behavior of chronic diseases. Although it is known that patients with significant comorbidities have a higher risk of complications, the behavior of diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine is not known. In this article, a literature review was carried out on the main theoretical aspects to understand the possible interactions between SARS-COV-2 infection and patients with respiratory pathology such as COPD. The main aspects of viral infections and their pathophysiology in the exacerbation of the disease, their inflammatory mechanisms, and the conditions that can increase the risk of infection and severity during the COVID-19 pandemic were reviewed. In addition, aspects related to quarantine and its possible influence on the exacerbation of the disease were explored. Finally, the economic aspects related to the exacerbation and its management associated with the pandemic were explored.
Resumo: A pandemia de SARS-COV-2 tem gerado muitos questionamentos sobre o comportamento das doenças crônicas. Embora se saiba que pacientes com comorbidades significativas apresentam risco aumentado de complicações, o comportamento de doenças como a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC) não é conhecido. No período de pandemia e quarentena por COVID-19. Neste artigo, foi realizada urna revisão da literatura sobre os principais aspectos teóricos para compreender as possíveis interações entre a infecção por SARS-COV-2 e pacientes com patologia respiratória, como DPOC. Foram revisados os principais aspectos das infecções virais e sua fisiopatologia na exacerbação da doença, seus mecanismos inflamatórios e as condições que podem aumentar o risco de infecção e gravidade durante a pandemia COVID-19. Além disso, foram explorados aspectos relacionados à quarentena e sua possível influencia na exacerbação da doença. Por fim, foram explorados os aspectos económicos relacionados à exacerbação e sua gestão associada à pandemia.