Application of multi-omics techniques to androgenetic alopecia: Current status and perspectives.

The rapid advancement of sequencing technologies has enabled the generation of vast datasets, allowing for the in-depth analysis of sequencing data. This analysis has facilitated the validation of novel pathogenesis hypotheses for understanding and treating diseases through ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a common hair loss disorder, has been a key focus of investigators attempting to uncover its underlying mechanisms. Abnormal changes in mRNA, proteins, and metabolites have been identified in individuals with AGA, and future developments in sequencing technologies may reveal new biomarkers for AGA. By integrating multiple omics analysis datasets such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-along with clinical phenotype data-we can achieve a comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of AGA. This review summarizes the data-mining studies conducted on various omics analysis datasets as related to AGA that have been adopted to interpret the biological data obtained from different omics layers. We herein discuss the challenges of integrative omics analyses, and suggest that collaborative multi-omics studies can enhance the understanding of the complete pathomechanism(s) of AGA by focusing on the interaction networks comprising DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites.

Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of female pattern hair loss.

BACKGROUND: Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is the most prevalent type of alopecia among adult women. Presently, topical minoxidil stands as the sole treatment endorsed by the FDA. Addressing cases of FPHL in individuals who develop contact dermatitis in response to minoxidil can pose a challenge for dermatologists. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous injections of Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTA) in treating FPHL. METHODS: Enrolled outpatients with FPHL who exhibited an allergic reaction to minoxidil solution. Diagnosis of FPHL was established through clinical examination and trichoscopy. Inclusion criteria involved patients with no prior treatment within the last year and without any comorbidities. BTA, specifically 100 units, was mixed with 2 mL of 0.9% normal saline. Twenty injection target sites, spaced 2-3 cm apart, were symmetrically marked on the hairless area of the scalp. A dosage of five units was intradermally injected at each target site. Representative photographs and dermoscopic images of the scalp were captured before and after 3 months of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 10 FPHL, aged between 26 and 40 years, were included. The average age was 30.3 ± 4.64 years, and all patients had a positive family history of Androgenetic Alopecia. The average duration of the disease was 3.70 ± 1.42 years. According to patients' self-assessment, after 1 month of treatment, 10 FPHL patients reported experiencing moderate to marked improvement in symptoms related to scalp oil secretion. Three months later, dermatological assessments showed that three had mild improvement, six had no change, and one had a worsening condition. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the effectiveness of BTA for FPHL is limited to 3 months. However, it can be considered for tentative use after effective communication with patients. The long-term efficacy and safety of BTA in treating FPHL require further observation and study.

Efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of alopecia areata in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-scarring hair loss mediated by T lymphocytes. Recently, a growing number of studies have shown that Janus kinase inhibitors are effective in the treatment of AA in children. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Good response was defined as more than 50% decrease in Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score or complete regrowth or more than 50% regrowth. Partial response was defined as 5-50% decrease in SALT score. Any response to treatment was defined as more than 5% in SALT score decrease. RESULTS: There were 81.9% responders, 68.5% good responders, and 7.7% partial responders among the 10 included studies. The treatment duration was longer in good responders than in partial responders (p = .009). Oral route was linked to a better response to topical medication, with an odds ratio of 7.8 (95%CI 1.655-36.76). In terms of toxicity, reported adverse events included only mild symptoms. Liver transaminase elevation, upper respiratory tract infection, and eosinophilia were the most common adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Janus kinase inhibitors demonstrated promise in the treatment of AA in children, with the most common side effects being minor and reversible.

The application of electrolysis of depigmented hair using a trichiasis electrolyzer combined with single hair follicle transplantation for the treatment of vitiligo-associated leukotrichia.

Leukotrichia is one of the difficulties of vitiligo treatment. Hair follicle transplantation is an efficient method to treat vitiligo-associated leukotrichia. A trichiasis electrolyzer, commonly used for treating trichiasis, can be used to damage and remove the depigmented hair follicles. To evaluate the efficacy of the electrolysis of depigmented hair using a trichiasis electrolyzer combined with single hair follicle transplantation for the treatment of vitiligo-associated leukotrichia. A total of 15 patients with stable vitiligo-associated eyebrow and eyelash leukotrichia were enrolled from Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital between January 2020 and January 2021. All patients were treated using a trichiasis electrolyzer combined with single hair follicle transplantation. The patients were followed up at the first week, the first month, the third month, and the sixth month after surgery. The texture and growth state of the transplanted hair were observed, and the number of surviving transplanted follicles and regenerating depigmented follicles were recorded. The transplanted hair grew as expected with natural shape. No local infection or obvious scar was observed. Most of the depigmented hair in the lesion area re-pigmented and only a few depigmented hairs regenerated. The average survival rate of the transplanted hair follicles was 71.6%, and the average regeneration rate of the depigmented hair was 11.6%. The electrolysis of depigmented hair using a trichiasis electrolyzer combined with single hair follicle transplantation was an effective and safe method to treat vitiligo-associated leukotrichia.

Multiple abscesses in the lower extremities caused by Trichophyton rubrum.

BACKGROUND: Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi, that usually infect the hair, stratum corneum, and nails. However, dermatophytes occasionally invade the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, and internal organs, resulting in a condition called deep dermatophytosis. We report a case of an unusual presentation of Trichophyton rubrum infection causing multiple fungal abscesses in the lower extremities of an immunocompromised patient. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old male who had been receiving immunosuppressive drugs for 7 years developed numerous subcutaneous nodules in the lower extremities. The yellow purulent fluid obtained from the cyst was positive for T. rubrum. Topical bifonazole cream was effective for tinea pedis, but oral Sporanox 400 mg/day was discontinued after 2 months because the patient died from pneumonia after hospitalization for a lumbar fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Although deep dermatophytosis is very rare, dermatomycosis should be considered in any examination of patients who are receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Fungi can enter the bloodstream and disseminate to distant major organs, including the lymph nodes, liver, brain, and bone, which often causes systemic infections that can be fatal.

A refined surgical treatment modality for bromhidrosis: Subcutaneous scissor with micropore.

Axillary bromhidrosis has a strong negative effect on one's social life. A high success rate and few complications are criteria for a surgical treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new surgical treatment modality for bromhidrosis: subcutaneous scissor with micropore. Twenty patients with bromhidrosis were treated. Patients were placed in a supine position with their treated arms abducted to 110°. After injection of 60 mL of tumescent solution into each axilla, one small incision was made at the middle axillary of the hair-bearing area. The whole hair-bearing skin was undermined at the level of the superficial fat to obtain adequate skin eversion. The flaps were everted to offer full exposure of the apocrine glands, and meticulous excision of each gland was performed. Both sides were punctured with scalpel. The micropore was used for drainage, and whose width was just 3 mm. Finally, the incisions were re-approximated, and bulky compressive dressings were applied to the area for 72 hours. Of the 40 axillae (20 patients), 34 (85.0%) showed excellent results, and six (15.0%) had good results. Malodor was significantly decreased. There were no serious complications. This technique can produce excellent results with a lower complication rate than most other surgical modalities and can be performed without costly equipment.

A Clinical Trial Using Attrition Combined with 5-Aminolevulinic Acids Based Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer, for which non- or mini-invasive treatment is of critical importance. 5-aminolevulinic acids based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is a mini-invasive approach that causes focal tumor cell injury, apoptosis, and necrosis through light sensitivity. The efficacy of combining ALA-PDT and surgery in treating SCC, however, has not been demonstrated. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 60 SCC patients were randomly assigned into attrition plus ALA-PDT group (experimental group) and single ALA-PDT treatment group (control group). Clinical efficacy, recurrence rate, and adverse effects were analyzed in conjunction with H&E staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for p53 expression. RESULTS The overall effective rate of the experimental group was 73.3%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (46.7%). The experimental group also had a lower recurrence rate (16.6% versus 30.0%, p<0.05). Similar rates of adverse effects existed between the two groups. After treatment, abnormal cells disappeared, while the p53 positive rate after treatment was elevated in the two groups (p<0.05 comparison of before and after treatment). The experimental group had a higher p53 positive rate compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Combined therapy of attrition with ALA-PDT significantly elevated the effective treatment rate and can decrease the recurrence rate with reliable safety in treating SCC, thus ALA-PDT can be used as an optimal plan for SCC treatment.

A case report of coup de sabre patient with hair transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of coup de sabre must remain conservative until the disease is no longer in an active state. When activity has ceased, some operative intervention is safe and effective for the correction of deformity. While hair transplantation showed high survival rates for the correction of cicatricial alopecia, it has rarely reported to be performed for the correction of coup de sabre. OBJECTIVE: To assess the therapeutic possibility of hair transplantation for the correction of coup de sabre. METHODS: Follicular units consisting of two to three hairs from the patient's occipital scalp were transplanted and followed-up for 12 months. RESULTS: After 12 months of follow-up, treatment outcomes showed an 86.7% survival rate and 12-16 cm (mean 14 cm) length of the transplanted hairs. CONCLUSION: When coup de sabre is no longer in an active state, hair transplantation is a useful method for cosmetic improvement of the alopecia.

[Effect of tacrolimus on the growth cycle of murine hair follicles].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of tacrolimus on murine hair follicle cycle. METHOD: Hematoxylin-eosin dyeing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain raction techniques were used. RESULTS: Five days after depilation, the hair follicles in both the tacrolimus group and the minoxidil group was in anagen V, while that in the vaseline group was in anagen III. vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were detected in back skin in both the tacrolimus group and the minoxidil group, but not in the vaseline group. CONCLUSION: Tacrolimus can promote the growth of hair by stimulating the hair follicle to enter anagen V in mice, which may be explained by the effects of VEGF and HGF.

[Effect of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha on cells of hair follicle].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of stable transfection of human hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) gene into fibroblasts cells and the effects of supernatant from the transfected cell culture on hair follicle cells. METHODS: PcDNA-HIF1alpha was stably transfected into fibroblasts cells with lipofectamine 2000. Expression of HIF-1alpha was observed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The supernatant was obtained to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by ELISA. The mRNA expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was detected by RT-PCR. MTT was used to detect the activity of fibroblasts cells and dermal sheath cells added with supernatant. RESULTS: PcDNA-HIF1alpha was successfully transfected into fibroblasts cells. HIF-1alpha could be detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. The expression of VEGF in the supernatant of cells transfected with PcDNA-HIF1alpha was detected. The mRNA expression of bFGF was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.01). MTT showed the activity of cells added with supernatant was enhanced (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PcDNA-HIF1alpha can stably transfected into fibroblasts cells, and the expressed HIF-1alpha induces the expression of VEGF and bFGF, and the expressed VEGF enhances the activity of cells.