Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for optimal immunometabolic profiling of the lifestyle-related cardiorenal risk.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to identify optimal inflammatory biomarkers involved in cardiorenal risk in response to major lifestyle factors. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-nine adults aged 35-77 years participated voluntarily from 2017 to 2019 (Córdoba, Argentina) in a cross-sectional study to collect sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data. Blood biomarkers (different cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) were measured using standard methods and then evaluated by principal component analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) according to Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity level, and waist circumference, while cardiorenal risk involved blood diastolic pressure, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, creatinine, and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS: A principal component included TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-8 (interleukin-8), IL-6 (interleukin-6), hs-CRP, and MCP-1, with absolute rotated factor loadings >0.10. SEM showed that IL-6 (ß=0.38, 95 % IC=0.08-0.68), hs-CRP (ß=0.33, 95 % IC=0.17-0.48), and TNF-α (ß=0.22, 95 % IC=0.11-0.32) were the mediators that better explained an inflammatory profile positively related to waist circumference (ß=0.77, 95 % IC=0.61-0.94). Moreover, this profile was associated with an increased cardiorenal risk (ß=0.78, 95 % IC=0.61-0.94), which was well-defined by the variable used. CONCLUSIONS: Immune mediators are key elements in profiling the cardiorenal risk associated with lifestyle factors, for which the combination of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α has emerged as a robust indicator. This work reaffirms the need for biomarker optimization for early diagnosis and risk assessment.

A geospatial analysis of cardiometabolic diseases and their risk factors considering environmental features in a midsized city in Argentina.

New approaches to the study of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) distribution include analysis of built environment (BE), with spatial tools as suitable instruments. We aimed to characterize the spatial dissemination of CMD and the associated risk factors considering the BE for people attending the Non-Invasive Cardiology Service of Hospital Nacional de Clinicas in Córdoba City, Argentina during the period 2015-2020. We carried out an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study performing non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The final sample included 345 people of both sexes older than 35 years. The CMD data were collected from medical records and validated techniques and BE information was extracted from Landsat-8 satellite products. A geographic information system (GIS) was constructed to assess the distribution of CMD and its risk factors in the area. Out of the people sampled, 41% showed the full metabolic syndrome and 22.6% only type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), a cluster of which was evidenced in north-western Córdoba. The risk of DM2 showed an association with high values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (OR= 0.81; 95% CI: - 0.30 to 1.66; p=0.05) and low normalized difference built index (NDBI) values that reduced the probability of occurrence of DM2 (OR= -1.39; 95% CI: -2.62 to -0.17; p=0.03). Considering that the results were found to be linked to the environmental indexes, the study of BE should include investigation of physical space as a fundamental part of the context in which people develop medically within society. The novel collection of satellite-generated information on BE proved efficient.

Long-term effects of different exercise training modes on cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight/obesity and cardiometabolic diseases: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.

The present study aimed to investigate the evidence on the effects of different long-term training interventions (aerobic [AeT], resistance [RT], and combined [COMB]) and spontaneous physical activity (PA) in modifying cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight or obesity with or without cardiometabolic diseases while considering potential confounders. Although exercise interventions have become a potentially effective tool for preventing and treating metabolic diseases, the evidence provided by previous systematic reviews is inconclusive since several potential confounders have yet to be addressed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search in Medline, Cochrane, and Embase databases from January 2000 to July 2022 and performed a meta-analysis. Inclusion criteria retrieved 106 full texts comprising 8,642 individuals with a range BMI of 25.1-43.8 kg m-2 . We found that independently of the training mode, exercise had a beneficial effect on diminishing Adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-18, IL-20, Leptin, sICAM, and TNF-α levels circulating levels. Furthermore, by subsequent analysis, we detected differential effects of AeT, RT, and COMB, with sex, age, body composition, and trial length acting as moderators. The comparison of training modes revealed a difference favoring COMB over AeT for regulating the increase in CRP with no differences in the remaining biomarkers. Meta-regression analysis revealed an effect of change in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) on CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, while IL-10 was influenced by the change in body fat. The results suggest that all interventions, except PA, are effective in lessening this population's inflammatory status, provided that exercise results in an increase of VO2max .

[Nutrigenetics: potentials and applications in cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors]. / Potenciales de la nutrigenética en el abordaje y tratamiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares y factores de riesgo asociados.

Introduction: From nutrigenetics, the genetic variation to dietary response, it is possible to understand and modulate the clinical response conditioned by the genotype by the diet. Objetive: to explore the bibliographic evidence on the potential of nutrigenetics in the approach and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and associated risk factors. Materials and methods: a systematic search was carried out in the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Those articles that contained the keywords or a combination of them, during 1990-2019, from both experimental and observational studies, were included. Results: 49 articles were included, classified according to the main molecular pathways involved in the etiopathogenesis of CVD. Although a wide diversity of genetic variants was found that confer susceptibility to CVD and risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension, there is little consistency in the publication of replication studies. Conclusions: the knowledge of genetic variants allows the personalization of the diet, which can be complemented with other healthy recommendations associated with the lifestyle. More studies in large populations and meta-analyzes are necessary to unequivocally show the gene-nutrient relationship.

Introducción: A partir de la nutrigenética, estudio del efecto que la variación genética tiene sobre la respuesta individual a la dieta, es posible comprender y modular la respuesta clínica condicionada por el genotipo por la dieta. Objetivo: explorar la evidencia bibliográfica sobre los potenciales de la nutrigenética en el abordaje y tratamiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y factores de riesgo asociados. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de publicaciones en bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE, EMBASE y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que contenían las palabras claves o una combinación de ellas, durante 1990-2019, tanto de estudios experimentales como observacionales. Resultados: 49 artículos fueron incluidos, clasificados de acuerdo a las principales vías moleculares involucradas en la etiopatogenia de las ECV. Si bien se encontró una amplia diversidad de variantes genéticas que confieren susceptibilidad para las ECV y factores de riesgo como obesidad, dislipemia e hipertensión arterial, se observó poca consistencia en la publicación de estudios de replicación. Conclusiones: el conocimiento de variantes genéticas permite la personalización de la dieta, que puede complementarse con otras recomendaciones saludables asociadas al estilo de vida. Son necesarios más estudios en grandes poblaciones y metaanálisis que muestren de manera inequívoca la relación gen-nutriente.

[Evolution of nutritional status, immunological and virological parameters in children with vertically transmitted HIV under antiretroviral treatment] / Evolución del estado nutricional, parámetros inmunológicos y virológicos en niños con VIH de transmisión vertical bajo tratamiento antirretroviral.

Introduction: continuous growth monitoring allows the identification of anthropometric and metabolic disorders as an integral part of HIV treatment. It was proposed to analyze the evolution of nutritional status, with the immunological and virological parameters in children infected with vertically transmitted HIV and its association with highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Material and Methods: were included 56 children aged 0 to 12 years, attending the Hospital Materno Neonatal of Córdoba, Argentina between 1998-2014. Anthropometric and biochemical, immunological, virological nutritional status and clinical manifestations were evaluated by age group (younger or older than 6 years) and HAART administered in three medical controls. Results: in the third control the analysis of the anthropometric nutritional status according to the body mass index (BMI) diagnosed 47 children (83.93%) with a normal BMI and 6 (10.71%) overweight/obesity, without statistically significant difference by age group (p=0.10). Thirty six children (64.29%) presented hypertriglyceridemia, with higher concentrations at the second (p=0.003) and third control (p=0.06) in those treated with scheme II and III with protease inhibitors (PI), unlike scheme I without IP. Normoglycemia prevailed in 54 children (96.43%) and anemia in 29 (51.79%). The clinical manifestations decreased in the successive controls and in the last one, 3 children (5.36%) older than 6 years, had pneumonia and one (1.79%) severe immunosuppression. Conclusions: hypertriglyceridemia was the main adverse effect of the medication, which, added to the high prevalence of anemia, constitute important parameters for interdisciplinary treatment

Introducción: la vigilancia del crecimiento de manera continua permite la identificación de alteraciones antropométricas y metabólicas como parte integral del tratamiento en VIH. Se propuso analizar la evolución del estado nutricional, con los parámetros inmunológicos y virológicos en niños infectados con VIH de transmisión vertical y su asociación con el tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA). Material y Métodos: se incluyeron 56 niños de 0-12 años, asistentes al Hospital Materno Neonatal de Córdoba, Argentina entre 1998-2014. Se evaluó, por grupo etario (menor o mayor de 6 años) y TARGA administrado, el estado nutricional antropométrico y bioquímico, inmunológico, virológico y manifestaciones clínicas en tres controles médicos. Resultados: en el tercer control el análisis del estado nutricional antropométrico según el índice de masa corporal (IMC) diagnosticó 47 niños (83,93%) con un IMC normal y 6 (10,71%) sobrepeso/obesidad, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa por grupo etario (p=0,10). Treinta y seis niños (64,29%) presentaron hipertrigliceridemia, siendo mayores las concentraciones al segundo (p=0,003) y tercer control (p=0,06) en los tratados con esquema II y III con inhibidores de proteasa (IP), a diferencia del esquema I sin IP. La normoglucemia prevaleció en 54 niños (96,43%) y la anemia en 29 (51,79%). Las manifestaciones clínicas disminuyeron en los sucesivos controles y en el último, 3 niños (5,36%) mayores de 6 años, tuvieron neumonía y uno (1,79%) inmunosupresión grave. Conclusiones: la hipertrigliceridemia fue el principal efecto adverso de la medicación que, sumados a la alta prevalencia de anemia, constituyen parámetros importantes para el tratamiento de manera interdisciplinaria.

[Validation, reproducibility, and reliability of food photographic record for food intake assessment]. / Validación, reproducibilidad y confiabIlidad del registro dietético fotográfico para la valoración de la ingesta alimentaria.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: food intake records are a useful resource for diet assessment, as well as for self-evaluation, self-control, and self-motivation to change an eating behavior. New technologies based on mobile phones permit a different way of recording food intake. Objective: to validate and assess food photographic record (FPR) as a useful instrument in professional practice for assessing food intake. Methodology: forty nutrition professionals participated. In a first stage, food variables obtained through FPR were analyzed and correlated with data from the frequency of food consumption questionnaire (FFQ) and a 24-hour recall (24HR). In a second stage, FPR was applied again to evaluate temporal stability (FPR 1 versus FPR 2). Wilcoxon's test and Spearman's correlation test were applied. Results: a moderate and significant positive association was found for total caloric intake (TCI) and total fat between FPR and 24HR (r = 0.68, p = 0.0008, and r = 0.52, p = 0.01, respectively). In addition, a positive and moderate association was found for TCI, proteins and fats between FPR 1 and FPR 2 (r = 0.61, p = 0.0004; r = 0.60, p = 0.0005; r = 0.64, p = 0.0002, respectively). Conclusion: FPR is a valid method for professional practice to estimate dietary intake, with greater consistency with 24HR data than FFQ, and presents temporal stability for TCI, protein and fat recordings. In addition, FPR may facilitate the adoption of positive eating habits such as more conscious intakes, among other benefits.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: registrar la ingesta alimentaria permite valorar la dieta y facilita el proceso de autoevaluación, autocontrol y motivación al cambio del comportamiento alimentario. Las nuevas tecnologías y el uso de los teléfonos móviles permiten otra forma de registrar la ingesta. Objetivo: validar y valorar el registro dietético fotográfico (RDF) como instrumento de utilidad en la práctica profesional. Metodología: participaron 40 licenciados en Nutrición. En una primera etapa, se analizaron y correlacionaron las variables alimentarias obtenidas a través de los instrumentos RDF frente a un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo alimentario (CFCA) y un recordatorio de 24 horas (R24hs). En una segunda etapa se aplicó nuevamente el RDF y se valoró su estabilidad temporal en los registros obtenidos (RDF 1 y RDF 2). Se aplicaron el test de Wilcoxon y el test de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: se encontró una asociación positiva moderada y estadísticamente significativa para el VET y las grasas totales entre el RDF y el R24hs (r = 0,68, p = 0,0008 y r = 0,52, p = 0,01, respectivamente). Además, se observó una asociación positiva de intensidad moderada y estadísticamente significativa para el VET, las proteínas y las grasas entre el RDF 1 y el RDF 2 (r = 0,61, p = 0,0004; r = 0,60, p = 0,0005; r = 0,64, p = 0,0002, respectivamente). Conclusión: el RDF es un método válido en la práctica profesional para la estimación de la ingesta alimentaria, en mayor consonancia con los datos obtenidos con el R24hs, y presenta estabilidad temporal para los registros de VET, proteínas y grasas. Además, colabora en la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios positivos como son las ingestas más conscientes, entre otros beneficios.

De nutrientes a patrones alimentarios: cambio de paradigma en el abordaje nutricional de las enfermedades cardiovasculares / From Nutrients to Eating Patterns: A Paradigm Shift in the Nutritional Approach to Cardiovascular Diseases

Resumen Antecedentes: en la actualidad, existen controversias sobre las recomendaciones nutricionales en las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: se propuso analizar, en una línea temporal, la tran sición histórica y los cambios de paradigmas en el estudio de la alimentación y de la enfermedad cardiovascular a fin de avanzar en el campo de la epidemiología nutricional, contemplando el patrón alimentario y del estilo de vida. Reflexión: históricamente, los estudios que investigaron la asocia ción entre alimentación y riesgo cardiovascular se centraron en calorías o nutrientes como factores aislados; sin embargo, esto ha sido problemático para el abordaje del fenómeno multidimensional de las enfermedades crónicas. En los últimos años, se ha propuesto el análisis de los patrones alimentarios y el grado de procesamiento de alimentos, que incluye la combinación global de alimentos y el efecto sinérgico de ciertos nutrientes. Conclusión: la epidemiología nutricional evidenció que el enfoque en calorías y nutrientes no es suficiente en el análisis de las enfermedades crónicas, y que las enfermedades cardiovasculares -fenómeno multicausal y complejo- están influenciadas por los efectos sinérgicos de alimentos y nutrientes, la calidad de los alimentos consumidos, el grado de procesamiento industrial, los entornos alimentarios y los patrones dietarios en general.

Abstract Background: At present, controversies exist around nutrition recommendations for cardiovascular diseases. Objective : We proposed to analyze over time the historical transition and paradigm shifts in the study of diet and cardiovascular disease in order to advance the field of nutritional epidemiology, considering dietary patterns and lifestyles. Reflection: Historically, studies that investigate the association between diet and cardiovascular risk have centered on calories or nutrients as isolated factors. However, this has been problematic in addressing the multidi mensional phenomenon of chronic diseases. In the last few years, the analysis of dietary patterns has been proposed along with the degree of food processing, which includes the global combination of foods and the synergistic effects of certain nutrients. Conclusion: Nutritional epidemiology has evidenced that the focus on calories and nutrients is not sufficient for the analysis of chronic diseases. It's also been shown that cardiovascular diseases - both multicausal and complex - are influenced by: synergistic effects of food and nutrients; the quality of foods consumed; the degree of industrial processing; food environments; and dietary patterns in general.

Los efectos de la cuarentena por coronavirus (COVID-19) en los hábitos alimentarios en Argentina / Impact of the quarantine by coronaviruses (covid-19) on food habits in Argentina

Resumen Introducción: debido a la pandemia del coronavirus humano COVID-19, se implementaron estrategias preventivas basadas en el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio (cuarentena) para reducir la transmisión en la comunidad, lo cual ha impactado en el estilo de vida y en los hábitos alimentarios. Objetivo: analizar el consumo alimentario durante el período de cuarentena en Argentina. Materiales y método: se desarrolló un estudio observacional, exploratorio, de corte transversal. Se diseñaron dos cuestionarios de encuesta para ser completados en formato online, uno para la población que consume carnes (PC) y otro para la población veg(etari)ana (PV). Se incluyeron preguntas de opción múltiple sobre características sociodemográficas, peso y talla autoreferidos, antecedentes de enfermedades crónicas, ingesta habitual de alimentos y su percepción de modificación durante el período de aislamiento social. A 12 días de decretada la cuarentena, se hizo un primer corte en el relevamiento de datos para realizar un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: la muestra quedó conformada por 2518 personas que contestaron el formulario (2201 PC y 317 PV). Se observó una modificación en los hábitos alimentarios en el período de encierro en ambos grupos, caracterizada principalmente por un descenso en el consumo de alimentos con potencial inmunomodulador como frutas y verduras y un aumento en la ingesta de alimentos desaconsejados como panificados, golosinas, bebidas azucaradas y alcohólicas. Conclusiones: es fundamental considerar el impacto acontecido en el estilo de vida y específicamente en la alimentación, ya que dietas poco saludables podrían aumentar la susceptibilidad a COVID-19 y afectar la recuperación.

Abstract Introduction: due to the pandemic of the human coronavirus COVID-19, preventive strategies based on preventive and mandatory social isolation (quarantine) were implemented to reduce transmission in the community, and this has impacted on lifestyle and eating habits. Objective: to analyze food intake during the quarantine period in Argentina. Materials and Method: an observational, exploratory, cross-sectional study was carried out. Two survey questionnaires were designed to be completed online, one for the meat-consuming population (MP) and the other for the vegan/vegetarian population (VP). Multiple-choice questions on sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported weight and height, history of chronic diseases, habitual food intake and perception of modification during the period of social isolation were included. 12 days after the quarantine was decreed, a first cut was made in the data survey to carry out a descriptive analysis. Results: the sample was made up of 2518 people who answered the form (2201 MP and 317 VP). A change in dietary habits was observed in the period of confinement, in both groups, characterized mainly by a decrease in the consumption of immunomodulatory potential food such as fruits and vegetables, and an increased intake of bakery products, sweets, sugary drinks and alcoholic beverages. Conclusions the quarantine impact due to COVID-19 on lifestyle and specifically on unhealthy diet could increase susceptibility to COVID-19 and affect recovery.

Stress, Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease: A Mini-Review.

According to the World Health Organization, an unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity are the leading global risks to health. Dietary behavior is a modifiable factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Furthermore, the fact that cardiovascular events and stress-related emotional disorders share a common epidemiology may indicate the existence of pathways linking these two diseases (Chauvet-Gelinier and Bonin, 2017). Psychosocial stress can lead to changes in dietary patterns (DP) and under chronic stress conditions, high caloric and hyperpalatable foods are preferred. The interplay between these two factors impacts on several biological pathways: for example, it can prime the hippocampus to produce a potentiated neuroinflammatory response, generating memory deficits; it can also affect gut microbiota composition, ultimately influencing behavior and brain health and creating a predisposition to the development of diseases such as obesity, CVD, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Though both cognition and emotion can be heavily affected by caloric intake, diet composition and stress, the molecular pathways involved remain elusive (Spencer et al., 2017). In this review, we describe the interplay between stress and DP at a molecular level, and how these factors relate to brain health and mental fitness. Finally, we show how these findings could give rise to novel therapeutic targets for chronic diseases.

Associations between major dietary patterns and biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in two urban midsized cities in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether dietary patterns (DPS) are associated with endothelial dysfunction (ED) markers in an Argentinian population. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: The sample in this cross-sectional study was derived from 1,983 subjects from two mid-sized cities in Argentina who were involved in the CESCAS I Study. To define DP, a food-frequency questionnaire was applied. In a subsample randomly selected from the primary cohort, serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble E selectin (sSELE) were determined. Correlations and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the relation between each quartile of DP adherence score and ED markers (Q1 lowest adherence; Q4 highest adherence). RESULTS: Three DPs were identified: Traditional (TDP), Prudent (PDP), and Convenience and processed (CDP). TDP was characterized by higher intake of refined grains, red meat, whole fat dairy products, vegetable oils, and "mate", a traditional South American infused drink; PDP was characterized by higher intake of vegetables, fruit, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, and legumes; and CDP consisted mainly of processed meat, snacks, pizza, and "empanadas", a stuffed bread served baked or fried. Lower scores (Q2, Q3) in TDP were inversely associated with concentrations of sSELE (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively). In PDP, higher scores were inversely associated with hs-CRP, whereas lower scores showed a positive relation with sSELE (P < 0.05). Contrariwise, higher scores in CDP were directly associated with sSELE concentrations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Adherence for each DP identified is differentially related to ED markers in the studied population.

Omega-3 and Omega-6 salivary fatty acids as markers of dietary fat quality: a cross-sectional study in Argentina

The use of saliva for analyzing biological compounds has recently been expanded. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between specific dietary sources of n3 and n6 fatty acids (FA) and their salivary levels to evaluate their role as intake markers. Seventynine healthy volunteers were included. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used for data collection and Interfood v.1.3 software was employed to quantify food intake. Salivary samples were collected following international standards and FA profile was determined by gas liquidchromatography. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for dependent variables (salivary FA profile) to detect independent associations with n3 and n6 FA food source intake, adjusted by age, gender, bodymass index, total energy intake, regular exercise, alcohol intake and smoking. Salivary concentrations of alphalinolenic acid (ALA) 18:3 n3 were significantly associated with nuts intake (ß=0.05, 95% CI 0.020.07, p=0.04). Salivary concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) 18:2 n6 and arachidonic acid (AA) 20:4 n6 were associated with the intake of n6 vegetable oils and red meat, cold meat and viscera (ß=0.80, 95% CI 0.060.09 p=0.03; ß=0.40, 95% CI 0.300.50, p=0.02, respectively). This study supports the hypothesis that salivary concentrations of n3 and n6 FA are related to food intake. Monitoring dietary FA though salivary markers is relevant for nutrition epidemiology and for prevention and management of several diseases related to fat intake (AU)

El uso de biomarcadores salivales está en continua expansión. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre fuentes alimentarias de ácidos grasos (AG) n3 y n6 y sus concentraciones salivales como marcador de ingesta. Parti ci paron 79 voluntarios sanos. Se aplicó un cuestionario validado de frecuencia de consumo alimentario y el software Interfood v.1.3 para su procesa miento. Las muestras saliva les se recogieron según estándares internacionales y se determinó el perfil de AG salivales por cromatografía gaseosa. Se desarrolló un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple ajustado por sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, valor energético total, actividad física, consumo de tabaco y alcohol para analizar la asociación entre el perfil de AG salivales y la ingesta de alimentos fuente de AG n3 y n6. Las concentraciones salivales del AG alfalinolénico (ALA) 18:3 n3 se asociaron positivamente con la ingesta de nueces (ß=0.05, IC 95% 0.020.07, p=0.04), mientras que las concentraciones salivales de ácido linoleico (AL) 18:2 n6 y araquidónico (AA) 20:4 n6 se asociaron con el consumo de aceites ricos en n6 (ß=0.80, 95% IC 0.060.09 p=0.03) y de carnes rojas, fiambres y embutidos y vísceras, (ß=0.40, IC 95% 0.300.50, p=0.02). De acuerdo a estos resultados, las concen traciones salivales de AG n3 y n6 se relacionan a la ingesta de sus alimentos fuente. El monitoreo de la ingesta lipídica a través de biomarcadores salivales constituye un aporte a la epidemiología nutricional y a la prevención y tratamiento de patologías vinculadas a la ingesta de grasas (AU)

Una mirada global sobre la influencia de los patrones alimentarios en las enfermedades cardiovasculares / A Global Look at Nutritional Patterns Influencing Cardiovascular Disease

Resumen Antecedentes: las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte a nivel global. Si bien alimentos y nutrientes han sido relacionados con la promoción o prevención de estas enfermedades, analizar los componentes dietarios en forma aislada genera resultados parciales y descontextualizados. Objetivo: analizar el concepto y surgimiento del patrón alimentario y la evidencia científica sobre su influencia en enfermedades cardiovasculares. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de publicaciones en bases de datos electrónicas como Medline, Embase, Lilacs y SciELO. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que contenían las palabras clave, o una combinación de ellas, durante 2000-2016. Resultados y Conclusiones: independientemente de la región geográfica estudiada, un patrón alimentario saludable, prudente o mediterráneo, rico en frutas, verduras, granos enteros, legumbres y pescado, se asoció a un menor riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, mientras que un patrón alimentario occidentalizado o de alimentos procesados, abundante en carnes rojas y procesadas, granos refinados, frituras y dulces, se correlacionó positivamente con mayor riesgo de mortalidad por estas enfermedades, infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y cardiopatías isquémicas. El análisis de patrón alimentario constituye una herramienta eficaz para formular recomendaciones alimentarias acordes a la cultura alimentaria.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Food and nutrients have been linked to the promotion or prevention of CVD, but analyzing isolated dietary components generates partial results. Objective: To analyze the concept of dietary pattern (DP) as well as the scientific evidence about the relationship between different DP and promotion/protection of cardiovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: A search of the publications listed in the electronic databases Medline, Embase, Lilacs and SciELO, between 2000-2016 was performed. Articles containing keywords or a combination of them were included. Results and Conclusions: Regardless of geographic region, healthy, prudent or Mediterranean DP, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes and fish, were associated with a lower risk of CVD. Westernized or processed food DP, characterized by red and processed meats, refined grains, fried foods and sweets were correlated positively with risk of mortality from CVD, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and ischemic heart disease. DP analysis is a tool that can be used for formulating dietary recommendations based on food culture.

Polimorfismo C677T de la enzima 5, 10-metilenetetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) y enfermedad cardiovascular / C677T polymorphism of 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and cardiovascular disease

Introducción: existe evidencia sobre la relación entre niveles elevados de homocisteína (Hcy) en plasma y riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). El polimorfismo C677T del gen que codifica la enzima 5,10-metilenetetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) es considerado un determinante genético para la concentración de homocisteína. Vitaminas como el ácido fólico, B12, B2 y B6 participan en el metabolismo de este aminoácido. Objetivo: explorar la evidencia bibliográfica sobre el polimorfismo C677T, el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y aquellos nutrientes que puedan prevenirla.Materiales y Método: se realizó una búsqueda de publicaciones en bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE, EMBASE y Google académico. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que contenían las palabras claves o una combinación de ellas, durante 1994-2015. Resultados: 15 artículos fueron incluidos. Se evidenció un aumento del riesgo de ECV en portadores del polimorfismo C677T. El ácido fólico es un importante determinante de la concentración de Hcy en plasma. Portadores homocigotos TT mostraron una disminución del nivel de Hcy en respuesta a la suplementación con vitaminas B12, B2 y B6.Conclusión: los trabajos analizados mostraron la relación entre la menor actividad de la enzima MTHFR, el incremento de Hcy y el riesgo de ECV. Los valores de Hcy en plasma se vieron influenciados por deficiencias de vitaminas del grupo B, siendo éstas un importante determinante de su concentración plasmática en el genotipo TT.

Influence of food patterns on endothelial biomarkers: a systematic review.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the association of food patterns (FPs) and endothelial biomarkers. An electronic literature search from 1990 to 2012 was conducted and reference lists and experts were consulted. Studies without dietary intervention and without language restrictions were considered. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were employed. Methodological quality was assessed by Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A total of 546 references were identified, of which 8 were finally included. Several FPs were identified. Healthy FPs (abundant in fruits and vegetables) had a beneficial impact on endothelial function as estimated by circulating levels of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule 1, and E-selectin molecules. Westernized patterns (higher intakes of processed meats, sweets, fried foods, and refined grains) were positively associated with inflammation molecules and atherogenic promoters. The study of FPs in relation to endothelial function contributes to the development of dietary recommendations for improved cardiovascular health and therefore a better lifestyle.

Common genetic variants in the endothelial system predict blood pressure response to sodium intake: the GenSalt study.

BACKGROUND We examined the association between 14 endothelial system genes and salt-sensitivity of blood pressure (BP). METHODS After a 3-day baseline examination, during which time the usual diet was consumed, 1,906 Chinese participants received a 7-day low-sodium diet (51.3 mmol of sodium/day) followed by a 7-day high-sodium diet (307.8 mmol of sodium/day). BP measurements were obtained at baseline and at the end of each intervention using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. RESULTS The DDAH1 rs11161637 variant was associated with reduced BP salt sensitivity, conferring attenuated systolic BP (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreases from baseline to the low-sodium intervention (both P = 2×10(-4)). Examination of genotype-sex interactions revealed that this relation was driven by the strong associations observed in men (P for interactions = 1.10×10(-4) and 0.008, respectively). When switching from the low- to high-sodium intervention, increases in diastolic BP (DBP) and MAP were attenuated by the COL18A1 rs2838944 minor A allele (P = 1.41×10(-4) and 1.55×10(-4), respectively). Conversely, the VWF rs2239153 C variant was associated with increased salt sensitivity, conferring larger DBP and MAP reductions during low-sodium intervention (P = 1.22×10(-4) and 4.44×10(-5), respectively). Ten variants from 3 independent SELE loci displayed significant genotype-sex interactions on DBP and MAP responses to low-sodium (P for interaction = 1.56×10(-3) to 1.00×10(-4)). Among men, minor alleles of 4 correlated markers attenuated BP responses to low-sodium intake, whereas minor alleles of another 4 correlated markers increased BP responses. No associations were observed in women for these variants. Further, qualitative interactions were shown for 2 correlated SELE markers. CONCLUSIONS These data support a role for the endothelial system genes in salt sensitivity.

Lipid characterization of human saliva.

Salivary lipids have been scarcely studied, and the reported results present disparities. This literature review is presented based on the importance of saliva as a diagnostic and/or prognostic medium for various diseases, its lipid content, and on its potential use for the analysis of nutritional markers that contribute to the study of diseases related to lipid consumption and metabolism.

Perfil Lipídico de saliva humana según hábitos alimentarios: un posible indicador de riesgo para el desarrollo de tumores salivales, mamarios y prostásticos / Lipid profile human saliva by eating habits: a possible risk indicator for the development of salivary and mammary tumors prostásticos

Introducción y objetivo: se estima que un alto porcentaje de los casos de cáncer se relaciona con la dieta, ya que los alimentos proporcionan nutrientes -como ácidos grasos (AG)- que pueden actuar como protectores o promotores en el proceso tumoral. Por otro lado, el uso de biomarcadores nutricionales en fluidos biológicos permite enriquecer y complementar los estudios epidemiológicos de consumo alimentario. En base a ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre el perfil de AG salival según hábitos alimentarios y el riesgo de desarrollar tumores de glándulas salivales (TGS), mamaria (TGM) y prostática (TGP). Materiales y métodos: participaron 131 personas, 53 con diagnóstico reciente de TGS, TGM o TGP y 78 controles distribuidos en tres grupos (CGS, CGM y CGP, respectivamente) provenientes de los hospitales Privado y Córdoba, de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, durante los años 2006-2008. Su participación fue voluntaria y los aspectos éticos del estudio fueron aprobados por los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Salud hospitalarios. El consumo de AG y colesterol (COL) fue obtenido mediante encuestas validadas de frecuencia de consumo alimentario cuali-cuantitativo y procesadas con el programa Interfood v.1.3. Las muestras de saliva total no estimulada fueron obtenidas por los pacientes según normas internacionales y las muestras de sangre fueron extraídas en condiciones de ayuno por personal de laboratorio de los hospitales participantes. Los AG salivales y séricos fueron analizados por cromatografía de gas. El COL salival y sérico fue determinado mediante kits enzimáticos.

SUMMARY: Introduction: it has been estimated that a high percentage of cancer cases is related to diet since some nutrients -like fatty acids (FA)- may act as promoters or protectors in the tumorigenesis process. On the other hand, the nutritional biomarkers may significantly contribute to the epidemiological studies based on food intake. The aim of this work was to analyse the relationship between the salivary FA profile and the risk of salivary (SGT), mammary (MGT) and prostate (PGT) tumors. Materials and methods: 131 subjects, 53 with SGT, MGT or PGT diagnosis and 78 controls, divided into three groups (SGC, MGC and PGC, respectively), attended in Privado and Córdoba hospitals, Córdoba, Argentina, between 2006-2008, participated in the study. The participation was voluntary and the ethical aspects were considered. Data about the FA and cholesterol (COL) intake were obtained by means of a food frequency questionnaire and the food data were processed by a software package called Interfood v.1.3. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected by the patients according to the international standards. Fasting blood samples were extracted by laboratory technicians. The presence of the salivary and serum FA was determined by gas chromatography. Salivary and serum COL was determined by enzymatic kits.