Comparison of test performance profile for blood tests of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We evaluated the test performance profile (TPP) of blood tests of liver fibrosis. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty-six patients with C chronic hepatitis were included in two centers. Metavir staging of liver specimens by two independent pathologists and the following tests were evaluated: Fibrotest (FT), APRI, FibroMeter (FM), and Hepascore (HS). RESULTS: Metavir stages were: F0: 4%, F1: 55%, F2: 26%, F3: 11%, and F4: 4%. The AUROCs were not significantly different, respectively, FT, FM, APRI, HS: >or=F2: 0.79, 0.78, 0.76, >or=0.76; F3: 0.81, 0.85, 0.81, 0.81; and F4: 0.86, 0.94, 0.92, 0.89. The TPP relies on the paired comparison of blood-test misclassification based on liver specimen, e.g. FT vs FM, respectively: F0+1: 18 vs 28% (p=0.0003), >or=F2: 43 vs 31% (p=0.004). There was no center effect. CONCLUSIONS: In those populations, the four blood tests had a similar performance for significant fibrosis (F>or=2), lying in the lower range of published results which is attributable to a low >or=F2 prevalence, and for >or=F3 and F4. However, FM and FT had performance profiles significantly different as a function of fibrosis stages or diagnostic target (fibrosis cut-off). This has to be considered during the interpretation process. Moreover, the performance should be reported with different diagnostic targets.

Independent prospective multicenter validation of biochemical markers (fibrotest-actitest) for the prediction of liver fibrosis and activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C: the fibropaca study.

OBJECTIVES: Fibrotest (FT) and Actitest (AT) are biochemical markers of fibrosis and activity for use as a non-invasive alternative to liver biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to perform an external validation of FT and AT and to study the discordances between FT/AT and liver biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: A total of 519 consecutive patients with chronic HCV were prospectively included in five centers, with liver biopsy and biochemical markers taken at the same day. Fifteen patients were excluded because their biopsies could not be interpreted. Diagnostic accuracies were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: Median biopsy size was 15 mm (range: 2-58), with 9 portal tracts (1-37) and 1 fragment (1-12). 46% (230/504) were classified F2-F4 in fibrosis and 39% A2-A3 in activity. FT area under ROC curve for diagnosis of activity (A2-A3), significant fibrosis (F2-F4), and severe fibrosis (F3-F4) were 0.73 [0.69-0.77], 0.79 [0.75-0.82], and 0.80 [0.76-0.83], respectively. Among the 92 patients (18%) with 2 fibrosis stages of discordance between FT and biopsy, the discordance was attributable to FT in 5% of cases, to biopsy in 4%, and undetermined in 9%. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective independent and multicenter study confirms the diagnostic value of FT and AT found in the princeps study and suggests that FT and AT can be an alternative to biopsy in most patients with chronic HCV.

Hepatic steatosis in HIV-HCV coinfected patients: analysis of risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of steatosis and possible interactions between steatosis, host factors, viral factors, and treatment for HIV infection in HIV-hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfected patients. METHODS: Steatosis was assessed among 395 HIV-HCV coinfected patients who were enrolled in the ANRS trial HC02 Ribavic and for whom histological data were available. Steatosis was graded as follows: 0 (none); 1 (< 30% hepatocytes containing fat); 2 (30-70%); 3 (> 70%). RESULTS: Steatosis was present in 241 patients (61%), of whom 149 (38%) had grade 1, 64 (16%) grade 2 and 28 (7%) grade 3. In multivariate analysis, the following five independent risk factors were associated with steatosis: HCV genotype 3 [odds ratio (OR), 3.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.91-4.79; P < 0.0001], the mean METAVIR fibrosis score (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.11-1.84; P = 0.0053), the body mass index (BMI; OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.21; P = 0.0013), HCV viral load (OR. 1.65; 95% CI, 1.22-2.23; P = 0.0012) and ferritin (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.21; P < 0.0003). As HCV genotype 3 was a risk factor for steatosis, further exploratory analyses were stratified according to the HCV genotype (1 and 3). Factors independently associated with steatosis were BMI and HCV viral load in patients with HCV genotype 3 infection and the mean METAVIR fibrosis score, the BMI and ferritin in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. CONCLUSION: Steatosis is particularly frequent in HIV-HCV coinfected patients, who appear to have the same risk factors for steatosis as HCV monoinfected patients. None of the characteristics of HIV infection, including antiretroviral therapy, was independently associated with steatosis.

Liver gene expression signature of mild fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma have been studied, but little is known of the changes in liver gene expression during the different stages of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in particular the transition from mild to moderate fibrosis. METHODS: We used real-time quantitative RT PCR to study the messenger RNA expression of 240 selected genes in 2 pools of liver specimens according to the stages of fibrosis (Metavir score; mild fibrosis = F1 and septal fibrosis = F2). Genes whose expression differed between pools (F2 vs F1) by at least 2-fold were selected. In addition, the expression level of these selected genes then was assessed in each of the 62 individual samples (F4, n = 6; F3, n = 17; F2, n = 21; vs F1, n = 18). RESULTS: The 22 genes that were up-regulated in the 21 F2 samples relative to the 18 F1 samples mainly encoded genes involved in cytoskeleton (KRT 19 and SCG 10), growth factors/cytokines (CXCL6, interleukin 8 [IL8], IL1A, IL2, and CXCL10), or growth factor receptors (CCR2, CXCR3, and CXCR4), or were involved in extracellular matrix production (COL1A1, CHI3L, and SPP1), in extracellular matrix remodeling (TIMP1, MMP7, and MMP9), and in cell junction (ITGA2 and CLDN 4). When hierarchically clustering the F2 and F1 samples according to the expression of the 11 most discriminatory genes (KRT 19, COL1A1, STMN2, CXCL6, CCR2, TIMP1, IL8, IL1A, ITGA2, CLDN 4, and IL2), the patient population was categorized into 2 subgroups: F1 and F2. Specifically, 15 of 18 F1 (83%) and 19 of 21 F2 (90%) were classified correctly (P < 10(-5)). We also studied the messenger RNA expression of these 240 selected genes in normal liver in comparison with F1. Genes dysregulated in the transition from normal liver to F1 mainly were interferon-inducible genes, and therefore were very different from those dysregulated in the transition from F1 to F2. CONCLUSIONS: Genes involved in extracellular matrix turnover and immune response are implicated in the transition from mild to moderate fibrosis. Eleven of the genes could form the basis for the gene expression signature of mild versus moderate fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Analysis of the different histologic lesions observed in transbronchial biopsy for the diagnosis of acute rejection. Clinicopathologic correlations during the first 6 months after lung transplantation.

Acute rejection is an extremely common complication of lung transplantation. (1) To appreciate the interobserver variation in the interpretation of histologic findings and (2) to assess the efficacy of transbronchial biopsy (TBB) for acute rejection diagnosis and associated diseases, particularly infection, we performed a retrospective study including 53 consecutive patients who underwent at least one clinically indicated TBB during the first 6 months after lung transplantation. A total of 94 TBB was obtained. The following histologic features observed in TBB specimens-perivascular mononuclear infiltrates, lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis, and alveolar lesions, were reliably reproduced by 2 pathologists from the same transplant center, with kappa values ranging from 0.79 to 0.82. For identifying perivascular mononuclear infiltrates, discordance between the 2 observers was significantly associated with moderate/severe alveolar lesions. For the diagnosis of acute rejection, perivascular mononuclear infiltrates had a specificity of 96.5%, a positive predictive value of 97.5%, and a sensitivity of 67.7%, whereas lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis had a specificity of 56.3% and a sensitivity of 19.4%. Interestingly, there was a positive independent correlation between infection and moderate/severe alveolar histologic lesions ( P < .01). In conclusion, the interobserver agreement between experienced pathologists in TBB interpretation is good. Perivascular mononuclear infiltrates remain the cornerstone for acute rejection diagnosis. The presence of moderate/severe alveolar lesions should prompt to search for infection.

[Osteoclastic giant cell tumour of the pancreas]. / Tumeur à cellules géantes ostéoclastiques du pancréas.

Osteoclast giant cell tumours are bone tumours that occur in adults, and that are considered benign by WHO but locally aggressive. Strictly identical tumours are described in the pancreas, without simultaneous bone localization. We report the case of a 62-year woman with an osteoclast giant cell tumour of the distal pancreas, without any epithelial component, which was diagnosed after pancreatic resection and with no signs of recurrence after a 24-month follow-up. These pancreatic tumours are rare, with a very poor prognosis, an unclear histogenesis; they are often confused with pleomorphic or undifferentiated pancreatic carcinomas including a component of osteoclast giant cell. These osteoclast giant cell tumours of the pancreas usually present as large cystic tumours. In certain cases, complete resection can result in long-term survival.

Identification of a new marker of hepatocellular carcinoma by serum protein profiling of patients with chronic liver diseases.

Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) is a proteomic technique that enables the profiling of proteins present in any biological material studied. We used this approach to identify new biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the sera of patients with cirrhosis. Sera from 82 patients with cirrhosis, either without (n = 38) or with (n = 44) HCC, were analyzed by SELDI-TOF MS, and the results of the two groups were compared. The most efficient protein peaks leading to discrimination of patients with HCC were selected (receiver operative characteristic curves). The highest-scoring peak combination was established in a first group of serum samples (multinomial regression) and was tested in an independent group. The protein corresponding to the highest discrimination was purified and characterized further. The intensity of 30 protein peaks significantly differed between cirrhotic patients with and without HCC. An algorithm including the six highest-scoring peaks allowed correct classification (presence or absence of HCC) of 92.5% of patients in the test sample set and 90% in the validation sample set. The highest discriminating peak (8900 Da) was purified further and was characterized as the C-terminal part of the V10 fragment of vitronectin. An in vitro study suggested that the increase of the 8900-Da fragment in the serum of patients with HCC may proceed from the cleavage of native vitronectin with metalloproteases, a family of enzymes whose activity is enhanced in HCC. In conclusion, global protein profiling is an efficient approach that enabled us to identify a catalytic fragment ofvitronectin as a new serum marker of HCC in patients with chronic liver diseases.

[Lipomatous meningioma: two case reports]. / Méningiome lipomateux: à propos de deux cas.

Lipomatous meningiomas are rarely encountered and are included in the World Health Organization's (WHO) group of metaplastic meningiomas. We report two cases of these tumors. The presenting symptoms were headaches in one case and seizure in the other. Radiologically, these tumors were extra-axial and unique. One tumor displayed fat accumulation, while the other had the appearance of a conventional meningioma. Microscopically, these tumors corresponded to meningothelial and transitional meningiomas containing a variable proportion of adipose tissue composed of mature adipocytes or lipoblasts. Fat content was high in one case and moderate in the other, thus explaining the radiological findings. Expression of epithelial membrane antigen and progesterone receptors was present in meningothelial, adipocyte-like, and lipoblast-like cells. These immunohistochemical results suggest that lipid accumulation in meningioma should be considered a transformation of meningothelial cells rather than a true metaplasia.

Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is a growing concern. Most data on the virologic efficacy and safety of the combination of peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin in coinfected patients come from uncontrolled studies. OBJECTIVE: To study the safety and efficacy of peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin vs standard interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in HIV-HCV coinfected patients. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: A multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, open-label trial. Patients were enrolled from February 2000 to February 2002 and followed up for 72 weeks. PATIENTS: Four hundred twelve HIV-HCV coinfected patients with detectable serum HCV-RNA, abnormal liver histology, a CD4 cell count of at least 200 x 10(6)/L, and stable plasma HIV-RNA. INTERVENTION: Treatment with ribavirin 400 mg twice a day, orally, plus either peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 microg/kg subcutaneous injection once a week) or standard interferon alfa-2b (3 million units of subcutaneous injection 3 times a week) for 48 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sustained virologic response, defined by undetectable serum HCV-RNA at week 72. RESULTS: More patients had sustained virologic responses in the peginterferon group than in the standard interferon group (27% vs 20%, P = .047). This difference between the treatments was found in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 infection (17% for peginterferon vs 6% for standard interferon, P = .006) but was not found in patients with HCV genotype 2, 3, or 5 (44% for peginterferon vs 43% for standard interferon, P = .88). Together, a decline in HCV-RNA of less than 2 log10 from baseline and detectable serum HCV-RNA at week 12 predicted 99% of treatment failures. Histologic activity diminished and fibrosis stabilized in virologic responders. The 2 regimens showed similar tolerability although dose modifications for clinical and biological events were more frequent with peginterferon. Eleven cases of pancreatitis or symptomatic hyperlactatemia were observed, all in patients receiving didanosine-containing antiretroviral regimens. CONCLUSION: In combination with ribavirin, treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b is more effective than standard interferon alfa-2b for HCV infection in HIV-infected patients.

[An unusual cause of multiple hepatic cysts]. / Kystes multiples du foie: une étiologie inhabituelle.

A metastatic hepatic process, generally arising from a primary tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, is a common cause of multinodular and/or multicystic liver. If the primary tumor remains unknown in spite of complete and exhaustive explorations, it might be useful to re-evaluate the benign nature of previously resected tumors. We report the case of a 37 year-old woman who presented a multicystic metastatic liver related to a nasal cylindrical cell carcinoma resected 4 years earlier and diagnosed initially "inverted papilloma". Cylindrical cell carcinoma also called "transitional carcinoma" or "schneiderian carcinoma" is rare with only a few cases reported in the literature. Metastases occur generally in the lungs and no previous reported cases mention secondary hepatic location.

[Malignant biliary papillomatosis: analysis of p53 expression]. / Papillomatose maligne des voies biliaires et expression de la protéine p53.

Biliary papillomatosis is a papillary adenomatosis of the biliary mucosa of the extra- and the intrahepatic biliary tree. It is a rare neoplasm difficult to manage, characterized by extensive lesions and a great potential for malignant transformation. We report a case of a 75 year-old man, who presented with malignant papillomatosis of the common bile duct without involvement of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. Duodenopancreatectomy enabled the diagnosis of papillomatosis lined 5.5 cm of the common bile duct which displayed an invasive 1.5 cm papillary carcinoma located in the distal portion of the choledocus. Immunohistochemistry showed strong expression of p53 in the distally located invasive carcinoma and in distant dysplastic lesions. MUC5AC was exclusively detected in both malignant and dysplastic lesions without detection of MUC1 or MUC2. Detection of p53 expression on biliary brush samples could be interesting for the follow-up and the prediction of malignant progression in multifocal biliary papillomatosis.

Early expression of adhesion molecules after lung transplantation: evidence for a role of aggregated P-selectin-positive platelets in human primary graft failure.

BACKGROUND: Primary graft failure (PGF) secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of death in the first month after lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to identify early cellular and immunologic events associated with PGF in human lung transplants. METHODS: Induction of P-selectin, E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and evaluation of leukocytes and platelets accumulation were investigated in 18 post-reperfusion surgical specimens of lung allografts by an immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: Selectins were restricted to the venular plexus after reperfusion as in the normal lung, whereas ICAM-1 was induced in all cases on alveolar capillaries. Numerous polymorphonuclear cells (18 of 18 cases) and aggregated platelets (7 of 18 cases) were identified along the venular plexus after reperfusion. Compared with the other patients, those with aggregated P-selectin-positive platelets were characterized by a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (p < 0.01), a lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio (p < 0.01) and the presence of radiologic edema (p < 0.05) within the first 3 post-operative days. CONCLUSIONS: We showed in the reperfused lung a distinct expression of adhesion molecules on venous and capillary pulmonary endothelia that may influence the role of leukocytes and platelets during the early course of transplantation. Furthermore, the knowledge of an association between the presence of P-selectin-positive platelet aggregates and PGF criteria might have implications for graft management and therapeutic strategies.

Clinical and molecular analysis of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) show dual hepatocellular and biliary epithelial differentiation. To better understand the relations between cholangiocarcinoma (CC), HCC-CC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we screened for genetic alterations. METHODS: A series of nine CC, 15 HCC-CC and three separated HCC and CC lesions ('collision tumors') were screened for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using 400 microsatellite markers and for p53 and beta-catenin mutations. A comparison with a previously characterized series of 137 HCC was performed. RESULTS: In six cases of CC and HCC-CC, we identified TP53 gene mutations. A CTNNB1/beta-catenin was identified in two patients presenting collision tumors, but no mutations were found in CC or in HCC-CC. A high level of chromosome instability in both CC and HCC-CC was found. Recurrent specific LOH were identified at 3p and 14q in more than 50% of the CC and the HCC-CC cases, whereas these chromosomal regions were deleted in less than 10% of the HCC cases (P<10(-5)). Minimal common regions of deletion (MCRD) were defined at 3p24-p14 and 14q24-q32, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that combined HCC-CC are genetically closer to CC than HCC and common carcinogenesis pathways may be altered in HCC-CC and CC.

Human chorionic gonadotrophin beta expression in malignant Barrett's oesophagus.

BACKGROUND: Human chorionic gonadotrophin beta (hCGbeta) is expressed in several non-trophoblastic tumours, and this is usually associated with aggressive behaviour. Little is known about hCGbeta expression in Barrett's adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the hCGbeta profile in a large series of surgically resected Barrett's adenocarcinoma (a) at mRNA level using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and (b) at protein level using immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody and with a monoclonal antibody specific for free hCGbeta. We then sought links between the hCGbeta protein expression pattern and clinical and pathological parameters, including patient outcome as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. RESULTS: hCGbeta protein expression was observed in 43 of 76 (57%) Barrett's adenocarcinomas. We showed a strong correlation between hCGbeta protein abundance and CGB mRNA level. We observed a statistical link between hCGbeta protein expression and infiltrative tumour type ( P=0.023), perineural neoplastic invasion ( P=0.007) and VEGF protein expression ( P=0.016). hCGbeta expression tended to be associated with a poor outcome (16% versus 36% survival 8 years after resection). CONCLUSION: Expression of hCGbeta correlates with specific infiltrative characteristics and is associated with higher VEGF expression. Both molecules may play a co-ordinated role in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinomas.

Role of replicative senescence in the progression of fibrosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence is almost universal after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the impact of viral infection on liver graft is highly variable and difficult to predict. Because of the possible relationship between replicative senescence (RS) and the accelerated development of liver fibrosis, we aimed to assess the potential role of RS in the severity of HCV-related chronic hepatitis recurrence after OLT. METHODS: One hundred three liver biopsies from 56 patients receiving transplants for HCV-related cirrhosis were studied, including 30 revascularization biopsies and 52 and 21 biopsies performed during and beyond the first year of OLT, respectively. The presence of senescent cells in liver grafts was assessed by the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) staining method. Chronic hepatitis was defined by fibrosis stage and necrotico-inflammatory activity grade using the METAVIR score. RESULTS: A total of 34 of the 103 (33%) frozen liver biopsies displayed SA-beta-Gal-positive cells, including 6 (20%) of the revascularization biopsies, 14 (34%) of the biopsies performed within the first year, and 10 (46%) of the biopsies performed beyond 1 year of follow-up. The presence of senescent cells in revascularization biopsies was significantly associated with the degree of ischemic necrosis at time of OLT (P = 0.01) and hepatitis C recurrence in the first year after OLT (P = 0.05). Furthermore, the presence of RS in the biopsy performed within the first year was associated with further development of fibrosis (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that RS has a significant impact upon the course of liver transplantation, especially in the long-term progression of fibrosis observed in HCV-infected patients.

Mucinous cystadenoma with mesenchymal over-growth: a new variant among pancreatic mucinous cystadenomas?

We report an unusual type of mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas, characterised by a predominantly solid gross appearance due to the presence of an abundant ovarian-type stroma. The tumour, located in the body of the pancreas, was discovered after episodes of acute pancreatitis. It was composed of several mucus-secreting benign cysts placed within a highly cellular ovarian-type stroma, composed of undifferentiated spindle cells with mild atypia but without any increase of mitotic activity and with a low proliferative index. These cells expressed oestrogen and progesterone receptors, but they did not express CD34, CD117, p53 protein or bcl-2. Recognition of this peculiar mainly solid mucinous cystadenoma containing an abundant ovarian-type stroma is difficult. It is conceivable that the mesenchymal component described in our case could represent an early stage in the development of sarcoma in mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas.

Telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia: a variant of hepatocellular adenoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: "Telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia" designate atypical lesions considered as variants of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). However, because "telangiectatic FNH" share several morphologic patterns with hepatocellular adenomas, classification of such lesions deserve further clarification. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reconsider the classification of telangiectatic FNH with the help of a molecular approach. METHODS: Ten telangiectatic FNH, 6 typical FNH, and 6 hepatocellular adenomas were studied. DNA, RNA, and protein from each lesion were extracted. Clonality was assessed by the study of the X chromosome inactivation pattern (HUMARA assay). Angiopoietin (ANGPT-1 and ANGPT-2) mRNA, genes the expression of which is typically modified in FNH, were quantified by a real-time RT-PCR procedure. Protein profiles were analyzed by SELDI-TOF PROTEINCHIP (Cyphergen Biosystem, Inc., Fremont, CA) technology. RESULTS: Although all informative cases of FNH (5 of 6) and hepatocellular adenomas (6 of 6) were polyclonal and monoclonal, respectively, clonal analysis showed a nonrandom pattern of X chromosome inactivation consistent with a monoclonal lesion in 6 of 8 cases of telangiectatic FNH. The mean value of the ANGPT-1/ANGPT-2 mRNA ratio was 21.4 in FNH, 2.6 in adenomas, and 2.1 in telangiectatic FNH (P

Congenital hepatic fibrosis: CT findings in 18 adults.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the computed tomographic (CT) findings in adult patients with pathologically proved congenital hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective review of congenital hepatic fibrosis cases identified at two institutions over the course of 8 years. Eight men and 10 women with an age range of 22-72 years (mean age, 39 years) were included. Contrast material-enhanced and unenhanced CT scans were obtained through the liver in all patients. Two radiologists evaluated size of and morphologic findings (atrophy or hypertrophy localized according to hepatic segments) in the liver; increased diameter or number of hepatic arteries at the hilum; presence of hepatic nodules, varices, spontaneous splenorenal shunts, and splenomegaly; and association with other hepatic ductal plate malformations and renal abnormalities. RESULTS: Sixteen patients had morphologic abnormalities in the liver, 15 had splenomegaly (three underwent splenectomy for portal hypertension), and 14 had varices or spontaneous splenorenal shunts. An enlarged hepatic artery and a tangle of abnormally enlarged arterial vessels were identified in five and four patients, respectively, and four of these nine patients had large benign regenerative nodules. Ten patients had renal abnormalities and nine had an associated ductal plate malformation. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study shows that certain findings (ie, liver morphologic and associated ductal plate abnormalities, varices, splenomegaly, and renal abnormalities) are frequently observed in combination in patients with congenital hepatic fibrosis.

Correlation between patterns of DNA mismatch repair hmlh1 and hmsh2 protein expression and progression of dysplasia in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas.

Defective DNA mismatch repair results from genetic or epigenetic alterations that most frequently inactivate the genes hMLH1 and hMSH2. This is thought to promote tumourigenesis by accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. This pathway, first reported in colon cancer, has been recently demonstrated in a subgroup of sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas are a special type of pancreatic tumours, characterised by a spectrum of morphological changes from mild to moderate and to non-invasive, and they may associate with adenocarcinoma. An immunohistochemical study of hmlh1 and hmsh2 protein expression was performed on 26 intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms. All tumours showed nuclear expression of hmlh1 and hmsh2 proteins. There were two distinctive patterns of protein expression on the basis of the location of cells expressing these markers: the "normal" pattern, observed mainly in adenoma and rarely in intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms with moderate dysplasia and the "dysplastic" pattern, frequently encountered in moderate dysplasia neoplasms, non-invasive and invasive carcinomas. These findings suggest that defective DNA mismatch repair, due to inactivation of hMLH1 and hMSH2, does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Two patterns of protein expression were observed and were correlated with the progression of dysplasia in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.