[Management of acute coronary syndromes 2023 European Society of Cardiology guidelines]. / Prise en charge du syndrome coronarien aigu. Recommandations 2023 de la Société européenne de cardiologie.

For the first time, the European Society of Cardiology has drafted guidelines which encompass the management of the entire spectrum of patients with acute coronary syndrome, ranging from cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest to ST-segment as well as non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, to unstable angina. Some of the modified, as well as new recommendations include cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, diagnostic workup, antithrombotic therapy, timing of invasive strategy, intravascular imaging and revascularization in multivessel coronary artery disease. In addition, and for the first time, one entire section is dedicated to the patient's perspective and shared decision.

Pour la première fois, la Société européenne de cardiologie a regroupé dans un seul document les recommandations concernant la totalité des syndromes coronariens aigus, englobant l'angor instable, l'infarctus du myocarde avec ou sans sus-décalage du segment ST à l'électrocardiogramme, le choc cardiogène ou l'arrêt cardiaque. Nous détaillons ici quelques modifications et nouvelles recommandations concernant le bilan diagnostique, le moment de la stratégie invasive, la revascularisation en cas de maladie coronarienne pluritronculaire, l'imagerie intravasculaire, l'arrêt cardiaque, le choc cardiogène et le traitement antithrombotique. De plus, pour la première fois, les perspectives des patients font partie intégrante du document, les impliquant notamment dans le processus décisionnel.

Differential impact of fentanyl and morphine doses on ticagrelor-induced platelet inhibition in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a subgroup analysis from the PERSEUS randomized trial.

Introduction: Among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), intravenous fentanyl does not enhance ticagrelor-induced platelet inhibition within 2 h compared to morphine. The impact of the total dose of fentanyl and morphine received on ticagrelor pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic responses in patients with STEMI remains however undetermined. Materials and methods: We performed a post-hoc subanalysis of the prospective, open-label, single-center, randomized PERSEUS trial (NCT02531165) that compared treatment with intravenous fentanyl vs. morphine among symptomatic patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI after ticagrelor pretreatment. Patients from the same population as PERSEUS were further stratified according to the total dose of intravenous opioids received. The primary outcome was platelet reactivity using P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) at 2 h following administration of a loading dose (LD) of ticagrelor. Secondary outcomes were platelet reactivity and peak plasma levels of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX, its active metabolite, at up to 12 h after ticagrelor LD administration. Generalized linear models for repeated measures were built to determine the relationship between raw and weight-weighted doses of fentanyl and morphine. Results: 38 patients with STEMI were included between December 18, 2015, and June 22, 2017. Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics were similar between low- and high-dose opioid subgroups. At 2 h, there was a significant correlation between PRU and both raw [regression coefficient (B), 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.02-0.99; p = 0.043] and weight-weighted (B, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.49-0.59; p < 0.001) doses of fentanyl, but not morphine. Median PRU at 2 h was significantly lower in patients receiving low, as compared to high, doses of fentanyl [147; interquartile range (IQR), 63-202; vs. 255; IQR, 183-274; p = 0.028], whereas no significant difference was found in those receiving morphine (217; IQR, 165-266; vs. 237; IQR, 165-269; p = 0.09). At 2 h, weight-weighted doses of fentanyl and morphine were significantly correlated to plasma levels of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX. Conclusion: In symptomatic patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI after ticagrelor pretreatment and who received intravenous opioids, we found a dose-dependent relationship between the administration of intravenous fentanyl, but not morphine, and ticagrelor-induced platelet inhibition.

Long-term outcomes with biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents versus durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 5-year follow-up of the BIOSTEMI randomised superiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents improve early stent-related clinical outcomes compared to durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The long-term advantages of biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents after complete degradation of its polymer coating in patients with STEMI remains however uncertain. METHODS: BIOSTEMI Extended Survival (BIOSTEMI ES) was an investigator-initiated, follow-up extension study of the BIOSTEMI prospective, multicentre, single-blind, randomised superiority trial that compared biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents with durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention at ten hospitals in Switzerland. All individuals who had provided written informed consent for participation in the BIOSTEMI trial were eligible for this follow-up study. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure, defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial re-infarction, or clinically indicated target lesion revascularisation, at 5 years. Superiority of biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents over durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents was declared if the Bayesian posterior probability for a rate ratio (RR) of less than 1 was greater than 0·975. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05484310. FINDINGS: Between April 26, 2016, and March 9, 2018, 1300 patients with STEMI (1622 lesions) were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to treatment with biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (649 patients, 816 lesions) or durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents (651 patients, 806 lesions). At 5 years, the primary composite endpoint of target lesion failure occurred in 50 (8%) patients treated with biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents and in 72 (11%) patients treated with durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents (difference of -3%; RR 0·70, 95% Bayesian credible interval 0·51-0·95; Bayesian posterior probability for superiority 0·988). INTERPRETATION: In patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI, biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents were superior to durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents with respect to target lesion failure at 5 years of follow-up. The difference was driven by a numerically lower risk for ischaemia-driven target lesion revascularisation. FUNDING: Biotronik.

ECMELLA as a bridge to heart transplantation in refractory ventricular fibrillation: A case report.

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an effective cardiorespiratory support technique in refractory cardiac arrest (CA). In patients under veno-arterial ECMO, the use of an Impella device, a microaxial pump inserted percutaneously, is a valuable strategy through a left ventricular unloading approach. ECMELLA, a combination of ECMO with Impella, seems to be a promising method to support end-organ perfusion while unloading the left ventricle. Case summary: The present case report describes the clinical course of a patient with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy who presented with refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF) leading to CA in the late postmyocardial infarction (MI) period, and who was successfully treated with ECMO and IMPELLA as a bridge to heart transplantation. Discussion: In the case of CA on VF refractory to conventional resuscitation maneuvers, early extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) associated with an Impella seems to be the best strategy. It provides organ perfusion, left ventricular unloading, and ability for neurological evaluation and VF catheter ablation before allowing heart transplantation. It is the treatment of choice in cases of end-stage ischaemic cardiomyopathy and recurrent malignant arrhythmias.

Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio: Novel Adenosine-Free Method to Assess Intracoronary Physiology.

Fractional flow reserve assessment was accepted as a crucial strategy in stable patients undergoing coronary angiography without prior noninvasive evaluation in the presence of borderline lesions and in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Instantaneous wave-free ratio, measured during a specific diastolic interval, emerged as a nonhyperemic pressure ratio. Due to its advantages such as not requiring a vasodilating agent, rapidity of procedure, pullback phenomena for the assessment of individual stenosis in tandem lesions or diffusely infiltrated vessels, and virtual percutaneous coronary intervention which allows the assessment and justification 'of' optimal coronary revascularization, instantaneous wave-free ratio became a valuable option in the field of coronary physiology. This review aims to address coronary physiological concept with fractional flow reserve and emergence of instantaneous wave-free ratio through cornerstone studies as well as the use of instantaneous wave-free ratio in different clinical scenarios.

Comparative effects of fentanyl versus morphine on platelet inhibition induced by ticagrelor in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Full results of the PERSEUS randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Morphine reduces absorption and delays action onset of potent oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We sought to determine the differential effects of fentanyl compared to morphine on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: PERSEUS (NCT02531165) was a prospective, single-center, open-label, randomized controlled study. Patients with STEMI who required analgesia were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to treatment with intravenous fentanyl or morphine after ticagrelor loading dose (LD) administration. The primary endpoint was platelet reactivity at 2 hours after ticagrelor LD assessed by P2Y12 reaction units (PRU). RESULTS: The study was prematurely stopped in June 2017 after enrolment of 38 out of 56 planned patients. PRU at 2 hours following ticagrelor LD was 173.3 ± 89.7 in the fentanyl group and 210.3 ± 76.4 in the morphine group (p = 0.179). At 4 hours, PRU was significantly lower among patients treated with fentanyl as compared to those treated with morphine (90.1 ± 97.4 vs. 168.0 ± 72.2; p = 0.011). Maximal plasma concentrations of ticagrelor and its active metabolite AR-C124910XX tended to be delayed and numerically lower among patients treated with morphine compared to fentanyl. Total exposures to ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX within 6 hours after ticagrelor LD were numerically greater among patients treated with fentanyl compared to those treated with morphine. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI, fentanyl did not improve platelet inhibition at 2 hours after ticagrelor pre-treatment compared with morphine. Fentanyl may, however, accelerate ticagrelor absorption and increase platelet inhibition at 4 hours compared to morphine.

Distal Versus Conventional Radial Access for Coronary Angiography and Intervention: The DISCO RADIAL Trial.

BACKGROUND: Currently, transradial access (TRA) is the recommended access for coronary procedures because of increased safety, with radial artery occlusion (RAO) being its most frequent complication, which will increasingly affect patients undergoing multiple procedures during their lifetimes. Recently, distal radial access (DRA) has emerged as a promising alternative access to minimize RAO risk. A large-scale, international, randomized trial comparing RAO with TRA and DRA is lacking. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the superiority of DRA compared with conventional TRA with respect to forearm RAO. METHODS: DISCO RADIAL (Distal vs Conventional Radial Access) was an international, multicenter, randomized controlled trial in which patients with indications for percutaneous coronary procedure using a 6-F Slender sheath were randomized to DRA or TRA with systematic implementation of best practices to reduce RAO. The primary endpoint was the incidence of forearm RAO assessed by vascular ultrasound at discharge. Secondary endpoints include crossover, hemostasis time, and access site-related complications. RESULTS: Overall, 657 patients underwent TRA, and 650 patients underwent DRA. Forearm RAO did not differ between groups (0.91% vs 0.31%; P = 0.29). Patent hemostasis was achieved in 94.4% of TRA patients. Crossover rates were higher with DRA (3.5% vs 7.4%; P = 0.002), and median hemostasis time was shorter (180 vs 153 minutes; P < 0.001). Radial artery spasm occurred more with DRA (2.7% vs 5.4%; P = 0.015). Overall bleeding events and vascular complications did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: With the implementation of a rigorous hemostasis protocol, DRA and TRA have equally low RAO rates. DRA is associated with a higher crossover rate but a shorter hemostasis time.

Complexity assessment and technical aspect of coronary angiogram and percutaneous coronary intervention following transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

BACKGROUND: Performing selective coronary angiogram (CA) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) post transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) may be challenging with various success rates of coronary ostia engagement. METHODS: Among all patients who underwent CA and/or PCI after TAVI from our single center TAVI registry, ostia cannulation success was reported according to the quality of ostia engagement and artery opacification, and was classified as either selective, partially selective or non-selective but sufficient for diagnosis. RESULTS: Among the 424 consecutive TAVI procedures performed at the aforementioned institution, 20 (4.7%) CA were performed in 19 (4.5%) patients at a median time of 464 days post TAVI (25-75% IQ: 213-634 days). CA were performed in 7 CoreValve, 9 Evolut R, 1 Evolut PRO and 2 Edwards Sapien 3 devices. Transradial vascular approach was attempted in 9 procedures (45%, right n = 6 and left n = 3) and was successful in 8 (40%) patients. A total of 20 left main artery ostium cannulation were attempted leading to a diagnostic CA in all of them with selective engagement in 65%. Engagement of the right coronary artery in 2 out of 15 attempted cases failed due to a low ostium in conjunction with a high implantation of a CoreValve prosthesis. 11 PCI (55% of CA) including 2 left main lesions were performed. In 4 patients (36.4% of the PCI), an extension catheter was required to engage the left main. All planned PCI were successful. CONCLUSIONS: Post TAVI CA and PCI are challenging but feasible even after supra-annular self-expandable valve implantation.

Five-Year Outcomes With Biodegradable-Polymer Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Versus Durable-Polymer Everolimus-Eluting Stents in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Subgroup Analysis of the BIOSCIENCE Trial.

BACKGROUND: Thin-strut biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (BP-SES) have been shown to reduce target lesion failure (TLF) at one-year follow-up compared with durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents (DP-EES) among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The long-term clinical benefits of thin-strut BP-SES over DP-EES in ACS patients after complete degradation of the polymer coating remain uncertain. METHODS: We performed a post-hoc subgroup analysis of ACS patients included into the BIOSCIENCE randomized trial (NCT01443104). The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction or clinically indicated target lesion revascularization, at 5 years. RESULTS: Among 2119 patients enrolled between March 2012 and May 2013, 1131 (53%) presented with ACS. The 5-year cumulative incidence of TLF was significantly lower in patients with ACS compared to chronic coronary syndrome [16.5% vs. 22.9%; rate ratio (RR), 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-0.85; p < 0.001]. At 5 years, TLF occurred similarly in ACS patients treated with BP-SES and DP-EES (16.9% vs. 16.0%; RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.78-1.41; p = 0.78). The individual components of the primary endpoint did not differ between ACS patients treated with BP-SES or DP-EES at 5 years. Overall, there was no interaction between clinical presentation and treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS: In a subgroup analysis of the BIOSCIENCE trial, we found no difference in long-term outcomes between ACS patients treated with BP-SES or DP-EES at 5 years.

Differential Effects of Newer-Generation Ultrathin-Strut Versus Thicker-Strut Drug-Eluting Stents in Chronic and Acute Coronary Syndromes.

OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to compare the differential effects of ultrathin-strut and thicker-strut drug-eluting stents (DES) in patients with chronic (CCS) versus acute (ACS) coronary syndromes. BACKGROUND: Newest-generation ultrathin-strut DES reduce target lesion failure (TLF) compared with thicker-strut second-generation DES in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing newer-generation ultrathin-strut (<70 µm) versus thicker-strut (≥70 µm) DES. Patients were divided based on baseline clinical presentation (CCS versus ACS). The primary endpoint was TLF, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or clinically indicated target lesion revascularization (TLR). RESULTS: A total of 22,766 patients from 16 randomized controlled trials were included, of which 9 trials reported TLF rates in ACS patients. At a mean follow-up of 12.2 months, the risk of TLF was lower among patients treated with ultrathin-strut compared with thicker-strut DES (risk ratio [RR]: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75-0.95; P = 0.006). The difference was driven by a lower risk of clinically-indicated TLR (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63-0.89; P < 0.001) among patients treated with ultrathin-strut DES. The treatment effect was consistent between patients presenting with CCS and ACS (relative RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.73-1.31; P for interaction = 0.854). In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, TLF risk was lower among those treated with ultrathin- compared with thicker-strut DES (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.54-0.99; P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrathin-strut DES reduce the risk of TLF compared with thicker-strut second-generation DES in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, a difference caused by a lower risk of ischemia-driven TLR. The treatment effect was consistent among patients with CCS and ACS.

Combined Cardiac PET-CT and Transcatheter Closure for Left Internal Mammary Artery Side Branch Steal Syndrome.

We report on a patient with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) side branch steal syndrome and refractory angina who underwent successful transcatheter LIMA side branch closure after cardiac positron emission tomography-computed tomography assessment. The procedure resulted in improved myocardial ischemia, hyperemic blood flow, coronary flow reserve, and anginal symptoms. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

[Psychological health and cardiovascular disease : interdependency and therapeutic opportunities]. / Corpus sanum in mente sana : stratégies de promotion de la santé psychique en cas de pathologie cardiovas.

Despite progress in primary and secondary prevention, pharmacological and device-based therapies, cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The specifics of cardiac disorders being in the spotlight, less attention has been given to psychological health and its interdependent relation to cardiovascular disease. Psychological health issues can contribute to increase cardiovascular disease risk, and cardiovascular disease itself can promote development of mental health issues. Psychological health in patients with cardiovascular disease represents an underexplored opportunity for intervention, an endeavour that could be designed as behavioural cardiology, which would be synergistic with efforts aimed at primary and secondary prevention.

Malgré les progrès réalisés en prévention primaire et secondaire ainsi qu'en termes de traitements pharmacologiques et de dispositifs médicaux, les pathologies cardiovasculaires restent la cause principale de morbidité et de mortalité à travers le monde. L'attention médicale portant particulièrement sur les pathologies cardiaques elles-mêmes, la santé mentale du patient peut être l'objet d'une attention insuffisante. Les souffrances psychiques contribuent à une augmentation du risque de pathologie cardiovasculaire et, réciproquement, une pathologie cardiovasculaire rend vulnérable et peut favoriser l'apparition d'un trouble psychique. La prise en charge globale du sujet cardiopathe, en particulier de son vécu intrapsychique, représente une opportunité d'intervention largement sous-exploitée. Cette discipline, nommons-la cardiologie comportementale, pourrait être menée en parallèle des mesures de prévention primaire et secondaire.

The dynamic effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on the instantaneous wave-free ratio in the collateral donor artery of a patient with chronic total occlusion.

Physiological assessment is challenging in patients with multivessel disease (MVD) with a chronic total occlusion (CTO) and may result in inappropriate treatment decisions. We report herein, for the first time to our knowledge, on the dynamic changes of the instantaneous wave-free ratio in the CTO collateral donor artery before and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Our case highlights the paramount importance of collateral circulation when interpreting invasive indices of coronary stenosis severity to guide decision-making for CABG in MVD patients with a CTO. This may be particularly relevant to reduce the risk of early graft failure in patients with MVD undergoing CABG.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes.

AIM: To assess the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes and on the delay from symptom onset to first medical contact among patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), as well as to investigate whether there were patient-related reasons related to COVID-19 for delaying first medical contact. METHODS AND RESULTS: All patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at the Geneva University Hospitals for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) during the first COVID-19 wave were compared with a control group consisting of all ACS patients who underwent PCI during the same period in 2019 and those treated in the period immediately preceding the pandemic. The primary outcome measure was the difference in the delay from symptom onset to first medical contact in the setting of STEMI between the COVID-19 period and the control period. Secondary outcome measures were the difference in ACS incidence and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients’ decisions to call the emergency services, assessed using a questionnaire. Delay from symptom onset to first medical contact was longer among patients suffering from STEMI in the COVID-19 period compared with the control period (112 min vs 60 min, p = 0.049). The incidence rate of ACS was lower during the COVID-19 period (incidence rate ratio 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.449–0.905). ACS patients delayed their call to the emergency services mainly because of fear of contracting or spreading COVID-19 following hospital admission, as well as of adding burden to the healthcare system. CONCLUSION: We observed prolonged delays from symptom onset to first medical contact and a decline in overall ACS incidence during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a higher threshold to call for help among ACS patients.