Cortical and subcortical structural changes in pediatric patients with infratentorial tumors.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to detect supratentorial cortical and subcortical morphological changes in pediatric patients with infratentorial tumors. METHODS: The study included 24 patients aged 4-18 years who were diagnosed with primary infratentorial tumors and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Synthetic magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo images of brain magnetic resonance imaging were generated using deep learning algorithms applied to T2-axial images. The cortical thickness, surface area, volume, and local gyrification index (LGI), as well as subcortical gray matter volumes, were automatically calculated. Surface-based morphometry parameters for the patient and control groups were compared using the general linear model, and volumes between subcortical structures were compared using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: In the patient group, cortical thinning was observed in the left supramarginal, and cortical thickening was observed in the left caudal middle frontal (CMF), left fusiform, left lateral orbitofrontal, left lingual gyrus, right CMF, right posterior cingulate, and right superior frontal (P < 0.050). The patient group showed a volume reduction in the pars triangularis, paracentral, precentral, and supramarginal gyri of the left hemisphere (P < 0.05). A decreased surface area was observed in the bilateral superior frontal and cingulate gyri (P < 0.05). The patient group exhibited a decreased LGI in the right precentral and superior temporal gyri, left supramarginal, and posterior cingulate gyri and showed an increased volume in the bilateral caudate nucleus and hippocampus, while a volume reduction was observed in the bilateral putamen, pallidum, and amygdala (P < 0.05). The ventricular volume and tumor volume showed a positive correlation with the cortical thickness in the bilateral CMF while demonstrating a negative correlation with areas exhibiting a decreased LGI (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Posterior fossa tumors lead to widespread morphological changes in cortical structures, with the most prominent pattern being hypogyria. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study illuminates the neurological impacts of infratentorial tumors in children, providing a foundation for future therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating these adverse cortical and subcortical changes and improving patient outcomes.

Paediatric supratentorial tumours do not cause microstructural alterations in contralateral white matter: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial tumours in children can exhibit different characteristics compared to those in adults. Understanding the microstructural changes in the contralateral normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in children with primary intracranial masses is essential for optimizing treatment strategies. This study aimed to investigate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes in contralateral NAWM using fully automated methods and deep learning algorithms. METHODS: We included 22 paediatric patients with primary supratentorial intracranial masses (23% high-grade) in the study. ADC values of the contralateral NAWM in the patient group were compared to those of a control group. Deep learning algorithms were utilized to analyse diffusion changes in NAWM. RESULTS: The mean ADC values of contralateral NAWM in the patient group were 0.80 ± 0.03 × 10-3 mm2/s, while the control group had a mean ADC value of 0.81 ± 0.03 × 10-3 mm2/s. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.39). Our findings indicate that there are no significant diffusion changes in the contralateral white matter of children with supratentorial intracranial masses. CONCLUSION: Primary supratentorial intracranial masses in children do not cause microstructural changes in contralateral normal-appearing white matter. This could be attributed to the less infiltrative nature and different biochemical profile of these tumour groups in the paediatric population. Further studies using advanced imaging techniques could provide additional insights into the distinct characteristics of paediatric intracranial tumours and improve patient management.

Shear wave velocity of the healthy thyroid gland in children with acoustic radiation force impulse elastography.

PURPOSE: Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging is a kind of shear wave elastography that can be used in children for differentiating thyroid pathologies. Possible changes in the healthy thyroid gland in children may create difficulties in the use of shear wave velocities (SWV) in thyroid pathologies. The aim of this study was to define the normal values of SWV for the healthy thyroid gland in children, elucidate the correlation of the SWV values with potential influencing factors, and evaluate intra-operator reproducibility of the SWV. METHODS: Between January 2015 and December 2015, a total of 145 healthy children (81 girls, 64 boys; mean age, 10.5 ± 3.14 years; range 6-17 years) were enrolled in the study. The SWV and volume of the thyroid gland were determined. RESULTS: The mean shear wave velocity of the thyroid gland was 1.22 ± 0.20 m/s. There was no correlation between age and the mean SWV of the thyroid gland (Spearman Rho = 0.049, p = 0.556). There was also no correlation between the thyroid gland volume or BSA and the mean SWV. The only correlation detected was between BSA and total thyroid gland volume (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In the present study, the SWV of the healthy thyroid gland in children was determined. There was no correlation between the SWV of the thyroid gland and age, BSA, or thyroid gland volume.