Autonomy, independence, and participation of nursing home habitants addressed by assistive technology: a scoping review.

CONTEXT: Assistive technologies have been identified by researchers and public policies of the Western world to be promising tools to face the challenge of maintaining quality of life of older people, and especially for nursing home habitants. Independence, autonomy, and participation are major determinants of quality of life of nursing homes habitants. Maintaining quality of life is nowadays a priority for public health policies and institutions of the where the population is growing older every year. METHOD: This PRISMA-ScR review aims to determine which assistive technologies are used to promote autonomy, independence, and social participation of nursing home habitants. An electronic search was conducted for English, French articles to identify research studies using CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Googlescholar. RESULTS: 12 papers published between 2009 and 2023 described 6 assistive technologies: technologies integrated into the environment, monitoring technologies, surveillance technologies, information and communication technology, social assistance robots, virtual reality. Six types of AT are currently used worldwide to maintain autonomy, independence and participation of people living in nursing homes. Their use is mainly perceived as positive by habitants, care and non-care staff, next of kin, and experts despite some concerns regarding ethical, financial, consideration. DISCUSSION: Nevertheless, their impact on habitant's autonomy, independence and participation still needs to be measured using suitable tools to understand their real impact on the quality of life of the elderly.

Autonomy is a determinant of Quality of life of nursing home habitants that is well identified by habitants, professionals, relatives and public health policies as a major challenge that can be supported by assistive technology (AT).Various technologies are used for which it is assumed that they have an impact on the user autonomy in the context of nursing home. Nevertheless, their impact on habitant's autonomy, independence and participation is not clear yet because the concepts are not precisely defined leading to a difficulty to assess the phenomenon. It is still needed to define and measure AT impact on autonomy, independence, and participation by using suitable tools that will help to understand their real impact on the elderly's' quality of life.There is a lack of knowledge regarding AT effectiveness is lacking in the context of nursing home but in the context of aging in general. Strong methodologies with mixed-method approaches might be relevant to address this gap of knowledge, particularly on elderly level of autonomy, independence of participation.Determinants of AT acceptability by all users (habitants themselves, relatives, care and non-care staff) are largely explored, revealing 3 categories: 1-General principles that can be considered by developers and institution while developing, choosing and deploying AT (affordability, ethical consideration, social Justice); 2-Characteristics that has to be considered during AT conception regarding suitable design and technical reliability (no bugs, failure); 3- Individual anticipated implementation principles taking in account 4 main elements: Considering individual relationship with AT; A space for exchange on representations and fears around AT; Support to learn how to use AT; and Perceived effectiveness of AT.Regarding the complexity of AT acceptation in the context of nursing homes, it seems essential to use collaborative approaches to design and develop AT, bringing diverse stakeholders together who have the same goal: maintaining quality of life of nursing home habitants.

Experimental manipulation of uncanny feeling does not increase adherence to conspiracy theories.

Research over the past decade has shown that endorsement of conspiracy theories (CTs) is shaped by motivated cognition processes. Accordingly, CTs are theorized to stem from compensatory processes, as individuals attempt to cope with existential threats (i.e., uncertainty, loss of control). Based on the meaning maintenance model, we investigated whether this compensatory effect could follow from epistemic threats in domains unrelated to CTs in the form of uncanniness. Feelings of uncanniness were experimentally manipulated through exposure to absurdist art and literature in a set of five studies, followed by a mini meta-analysis (Ntotal = 1,041). We conducted a final, preregistered sixth study (N = 266) manipulating uncanniness through autobiographical recall. No robust evidence for a compensatory effect was found. We discussed methodological and conceptual limitations of the meaning maintenance model, as well as boundary conditions under which conspiracy theories could have a compensatory function to deal with threats.

Attitudes, Knowledge, Risk Perception of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Use Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Survey in a Young Adult Population.

Background: The emergence and spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a major threat to global public health. There is strong evidence that the general public plays a role in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Objective: In this study, the impact of attitudes, knowledge, and risk perception of antimicrobial resistance on students' antibiotic use behaviors was investigated. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire with a sample of 279 young adults. Descriptive analysis and hierarchical regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that positive attitudes, a minimal level of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance, and awareness of the seriousness of this phenomenon have a positive influence on the appropriate use of antibiotics. Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study highlight the need for awareness campaigns that provide the public with accurate information about the risks associated with antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use.

Social representations of the coronavirus and causal perception of its origin: The role of reasons for fear.

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic (between 26 March and 2 April 2020), we analysed (n = 1144) the social representations of the coronavirus and the differentiated perceptions according to the origins attributed to the appearance of the virus (Human vs Non-Human and Intentional vs Unintentional) in a French population. The results show that the social representation is organized around five potentially central descriptive, anxiety-provoking and globally negative elements. But death and contagion are the only stable and structuring elements. The other elements vary according to the reason attributed to the object of fear. Depending on how individuals attribute the origin of the virus, social representations of it vary not only in terms of their content but also in terms of their structure. These results indicate how important it is to consider the perceptions that individuals share about the human (vs non-human) and intentional (vs unintentional) origin of an object of fear in the analysis of their representation of that object.

Awake together: Sociopsychological processes of engagement in conspiracist communities.

Research on conspiracy theories tends to frame conspiracy believers as isolated individuals falling prey to irrational beliefs caused by a variety of pathological traits and cognitive shortcomings. But evidence is accumulating that conspiracy theory believers are also linked together in social movements capable of effectively coordinated collective action. We propose that conspiracy theory beliefs evolve over time, as part of a process of increasing disengagement from mainstream groups, and concomitant engagement in a community of like-minded individuals, capable of coordinated collective action. This approach allows portraying extreme conspiracism as attractive not despite its apparent irrationality, but precisely because of it. As such, conspiracy theories could not only be conceived as "beliefs" but also as "social signals" advertising a subversive "counter-elite" posture.

Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries.

People differ in their general tendency to endorse conspiracy theories (that is, conspiracy mentality). Previous research yielded inconsistent findings on the relationship between conspiracy mentality and political orientation, showing a greater conspiracy mentality either among the political right (a linear relation) or amongst both the left and right extremes (a curvilinear relation). We revisited this relationship across two studies spanning 26 countries (combined N = 104,253) and found overall evidence for both linear and quadratic relations, albeit small and heterogeneous across countries. We also observed stronger support for conspiracy mentality among voters of opposition parties (that is, those deprived of political control). Nonetheless, the quadratic effect of political orientation remained significant when adjusting for political control deprivation. We conclude that conspiracy mentality is associated with extreme left- and especially extreme right-wing beliefs, and that this non-linear relation may be strengthened by, but is not reducible to, deprivation of political control.

National identification, a social cure for COVID-19? Evidence from 67 countries.

BACKGROUND: Social distancing and mass quarantines were implemented worldwide in response to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Prior research has shown that such measures bear negative consequences for population mental health and well-being. Conversely, a growing body of evidence suggests that feeling positively identified with a group is associated with physical and mental health benefits. AIMS: This study tested whether national identification could promote wellbeing and physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: We used survey data conducted among 67 countries (N = 46,450). RESULTS: Mixed-model analyses revealed that national identity was associated with wellbeing - despite adjustment on social belonging, COVID-19 perceived risk, exposure and ideology. This effect did not extend to physical health. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the mere feeling of belonging to a national group may have mental health benefits. We discuss the implications of our findings within the social cure framework and their relevance for population mental health under COVID-19.

Step In, Step Out from the First Lockdown: An Exploration of COVID-19 Perceptions in France and Quebec.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to describe and analyze the role of psychological and behavioral factors on perceptions of COVID-19 in France and Quebec at three different times during the pandemic. DESIGN: We conducted three qualitative and quantitative studies (Study 1 N = 255, Study 2 N = 230, Study 3 N = 143). Participants were asked to evaluate psychological and behavioral measures: at the beginning of lockdown (Study 1), during lockdown (Study 2), and during lockdown exit (Study 3). RESULTS: Results of Study 1 show that perceptions of COVID-19 are organized around fear and a sense of threat. During the lockdown, participants mentioned for the first time the health practices to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (Study 2). Psychological and social impacts constitute a central theme in participants' discourse (Study 2 and 3). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that perceptions of risk during a pandemic are socially constructed. Perceptions seem to be influenced by the political and health management of a territory and by the evolution of behavioral and psychological responses.

Skepticism and defiance: Assessing credibility and representations of science.

Since the 1970s, there has been a growing interest in how individuals appropriate scientific knowledge, which has recently been reinforced by societal issues such as vaccine releases and skepticism about global warming. Faced with the health and social consequences of the mistrust of scientific knowledge, there is an urgent need for tools to measure the acceptance or rejection of scientific knowledge, while at the same time gaining a more detailed understanding of the processes involved. This is the purpose of this article. Thus, we conducted 4 empirical studies to provide a validation of the Credibility of Science Scale from the perspective of a French population, which aims to assess the credibility that individuals attribute to science and to empirically evaluate the link that may exist between the different levels of credibility attributed to science and the social representations of science. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrated good structural validity, the good fidelity (homogeneity and temporal stability), and the good criterion validity of the French version of the scale. In Study 2, we observed the same psychometric qualities of the French version of the scale. We also noted a structuring of the social representation of science based on age (Factor 1) and on the credibility attributed to science (Factor 2). Our results also raise the question of possible means of intervention to promote a better perception of science.

Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Social Representations of a University Community in Endemic Outbreaks.

(1) Background: Studying social representations as lay theories allows for a better understanding of the common sense knowledge constructed around mosquito-borne diseases and the impact this may have on attitudes and behaviors. (2) Methods: A hierarchical evocation questionnaire was circulated through an Australian academic community and analyzed by prototypical analysis and correspondence factor analysis. (3) Results: Representational areas are regulated by participant age and whether or not they had contracted a mosquito-borne disease. (4) Conclusions: Collecting and understanding social representations has the potential to help social actors implement strategies that encourage people to access information and adopt behaviors in line with the scientific reality of the phenomenon, rather than limiting lay theories.

Identification with all humanity-A test of the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the scale in five countries.

Identification with all humanity measured as an individual characteristic is an important factor related to social and international relations, such as concern for global issues and human rights, prosocial attitudes, intergroup forgiveness, attitudes toward immigrants, solving global problems, reactions to hate crimes and dehumanisation. We examine the factorial structure, psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Identification with All Humanity (IWAH) scale in student samples from five countries (the United States, Poland, France, Mexico and Chile; N = 1930). Separate confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) for each country showed a second-order model of one superordinate factor with two subfactors. The cross-country validation of the scale, based on multigroup CFA, confirmed configural and metric invariance between countries for raw scores, and full metric invariance for "pure" scores. This study showed that the IWAH scale can be successfully used for cross-country research and the results from different countries can be compared and integrated.

Antibiotic Use in Relation with Psychological Profiles of Farmers of a French Pig Cooperative.

(1) Background: We focus on the psychological factors that influence pig farmers' antibiotic use, which is not exclusively determined by the technical, health and structural factors of livestock farming. (2) Methods: We visited farming sites and asked 91 pig farmers about various psychosocial dimensions that could be considered relevant in explaining antibiotic use. (3) Results: The results indicate the existence of three livestock-farmer sub-profiles, each of which is associated with distinct psychological characteristics and antibiotic use levels. (4) Conclusions: We discuss the implications of antibiotic use for livestock in terms of communication and support.

Conspiracy Beliefs, Rejection of Vaccination, and Support for hydroxychloroquine: A Conceptual Replication-Extension in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context.

Many conspiracy theories appeared along with the COVID-19 pandemic. Since it is documented that conspiracy theories negatively affect vaccination intentions, these beliefs might become a crucial matter in the near future. We conducted two cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, vaccine attitudes, and the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 when a vaccine becomes available. We also examined how these beliefs predicted support for a controversial medical treatment, namely, chloroquine. In an exploratory study 1 (N = 409), two subdimensions of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs were associated with negative attitudes toward vaccine science. These results were partly replicated and extended in a pre-registered study 2 (N = 396). Moreover, we found that COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs (among which, conspiracy beliefs about chloroquine), as well as a conspiracy mentality (i.e., predisposition to believe in conspiracy theories) negatively predicted participants' intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in the future. Lastly, conspiracy beliefs predicted support for chloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19. Interestingly, none of the conspiracy beliefs referred to the dangers of the vaccines. Implications for the pandemic and potential responses are discussed.

Looking out for myself: Exploring the relationship between conspiracy mentality, perceived personal risk, and COVID-19 prevention measures.

OBJECTIVES: This research examined how conspiracy mentality may affect compliance with preventive health measures necessary to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, and the underlying motivations to comply. DESIGN AND METHOD: We conducted two cross-sectional studies (Study 1 N = 762, Study 2 N = 229) on a French population, measuring conspiracy mentality, compliance with preventive health measures, and perceived risks related to COVID-19. We also measured motivations to comply with preventive measures in Study 2. RESULTS: We show that people high in conspiracy mentality are likely to engage in non-normative prevention behaviours (Study 1), but are less willing to comply with extreme preventive behaviours that are government-driven (Study 2). However, we demonstrate that a perceived risk to oneself (risk of death) and a motivation to protect oneself can act as a suppressor: Conspiracy mentality is linked with an increase in the perception of risk to oneself, which, in turn, is associated with normative compliance. We also find that perceived risk of death explains the relationship between conspiracy mentality and non-normative prevention behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies showcase how people high in conspiracy theorizing may (dis)engage with prevention behaviours, but that perceived risk and motivation to protect oneself could increase these individuals' compliance.

Creationism and conspiracism share a common teleological bias.

Teleological thinking - the attribution of purpose and a final cause to natural events and entities - has long been identified as a cognitive hindrance to the acceptance of evolution, yet its association to beliefs other than creationism has not been investigated. Here, we show that conspiracism - the proneness to explain socio-historical events in terms of secret and malevolent conspiracies - is also associated to a teleological bias. Across three correlational studies (N > 2000), we found robust evidence of a teleological link between conspiracism and creationism, which was partly independent from religion, politics, age, education, agency detection, analytical thinking and perception of randomness. As a resilient 'default' component of early cognition, teleological thinking is thus associated with creationist as well as conspiracist beliefs, which both entail the distant and hidden involvement of a purposeful and final cause to explain complex worldly events.

Michel-Louis Rouquette et le modèle de l'architecture de la pensée sociale / Michel-Louis Rouquette and the social thinking architecture model

Si la psychologie sociale a bien permis une chose, c’est de reconnaître que l’individu humain n’est décidemment pas, du moins spontanément, ® rationnel ¼. Tout donne à penser que si les gens ne se conforment pas à la norme scientifique dans leurs raisonnements quotidiens, cen’est pas toujours qu’ils en sont incapables, mais plutôt parce que des ® préférences ¼ les conduisent à raisonner autrement. Dès 1973, Michel-Louis Rouquette propose la notion de®pensée sociale ¼ considérant que la pensée quotidienne, celle qui s’exprime dans les conversations de tous les jours, dans la transmission des rumeurs, la narration des souvenirs, ou les passions des foules, ne possède finalement aucune des spécificités et des contraintes de la pensée scientifique à laquelle on puisse la comparer mais qu’elle en a d’autres. Qu’elle possède,autrement dit, une cohérence et une logique propres qu’il revient à la psychologie sociale de comprendre et de restituer. Après l’exposition de l’architecture de la pensée sociale, les principes de régulation de ce type de pensée seront présentés à travers plusieurs illustrations empiriques.

If social psychology has made one thing possible, it was the possibility ofacknowledging that the human being is definitely not, at least spontaneously, “rational”. All leads to think that while people do not conform to the scientific norm in their everyday reasoning, it isnot always because they are incapable of doing so, but rather because some “preferences” make them think differently. From 1973, Michel-Louis Rouquette proposes the notion of “socialthinking” considering that everyday thinking, which is expressed in casual conversation, in the transmission of rumors, in the reporting of memories, or in the passion of crowds, does notpossess any of the specificities and constraints of scientific thinking that we might compare it to, but does have others. In other words, it has its own coherence and logic that must be understood and retrieved by social psychology. After the presentation of the social thinking architecture, theregulation principles of such kind of thinking are exposed through various empirical illustrations.