Determining orbital volumes of sheep, goats and gazelles via computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Orbital volume refers to the sum of bulbus oculi volume and orbital cavity volume. Scientists use orbital volume as a guide to diagnose, treat and prognose various eye diseases such as thyroid eye disease and enophthalmos. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the orbital volumes of sheep, goats and gazelles to demonstrate homotypic variations and interspecific differences between them. METHODS: Crania of six male tuj sheep, five male hair goats and five male gazelle were used in this study. The crania were scanned using a 64-detector multi-detector computed tomography with a slice thickness of 0.625 mm at 80 kV, 200 MA and 639 mGy. The cross-sectional images were stored in DICOM format and then transferred to MIMICS 20.1 software. Afterwards, models were made by establishing the orbital borders on the cross-sections. Volume values were calculated based on the models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No homotypic variation was found between the right and left volumes within the species (p > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed in terms of interspecific right and left orbital volumes between sheep and gazelles (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the orbital parameters of the sheep, goats and gazelles in the same family help reveal their differences in the visual anatomy of these species and provide reference data for clinical diagnosis, treatment and the prognosis follow-up of ocular diseases in animals.

Examination of 3D sella turcica models in three species of ruminants.

Sella turcica is an important anatomical structure that contains the pituitary gland. Changes observed on the sella turcica facilitate the identification of diseases such as Down syndrome, Seckel syndrome and tuberculum sellae meningioma in humans. Therefore, studies in this region are critical for a better understanding of sella turcica. The crania of six adult male tuj sheep, five adult male hair goats and five adult male gazelles were used in the study. Cross-sectional images of the cranium were captured using computed tomography. Cross-sectional images were used to model the sella turcica region in 3D, and the region was analysed morphologically and morphometrically. It was observed in the study that fossa hypophysialis, dorsum sella and processus clinoideus caudalis were clearly observed on the sella turcica. The processus clinoideus caudalis in some animals was not split into two. In morphometric analysis, the sella turcica length and sella turcica height (rostral border) parameters were statistically significant between the groups (p < 0.05). Consequently, this study morphological and morphometric examinations were carried out on the sella turcica of different ruminant species, and the differences between the groups were discussed. This study is expected to contribute to the very limited number of related studies, taxonomy and clinical studies in this field.

Cadaver preservative properties of a solution composed of honey, ethyl alcohol, liquid paraffin, distilled water and citric acid: Experiments on rabbit cadavers.

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a solution including honey, ethyl alcohol, liquid paraffin, distilled water and citric acid (HEFS) as a preservative for rabbit cadavers, serving as a potential substitute for formaldehyde. The cadavers underwent preservation using three distinct solutions: 10% formalin, 35% alcohol and HEFS. The cadavers were subjected to a total of four sampling events, occurring at 4-month intervals, in order to collect specimens for microanatomical, histological, microbiological, mycological, colourimetric, texture and odour analysis. In terms of hardness, suitability for dissection and joint mobility metrics, the cadavers fixed with HEFS had superior qualities to those fixed with formalin. The fixation quality of HEFS for histological analyses was deemed acceptable, except kidney and intestinal tissues. In texture analysis, differences only in the elasticity parameter (p < 0.05) in the same sampling period. A total of 10 (13.9) bacteria isolates were identified among which, Metasolibacillus meyeri 3 (30%) was predominantly followed by Staphylococcus aureus 2 (20%), Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudarthrobacter oxydans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis with a proportion of 1 (10%), respectively, by both microbiological and molecular analysis. However, no anaerobic bacteria and fungi were isolated. A considerable percentage of the students had the perception that HEFS was appropriate for utilization in laboratory settings due to its absence of unpleasant odours and detrimental impact on ocular and respiratory functions. In conclusion, we consider that HEFS may serve as a viable substitute for formalin solution in the preservation of rabbit cadavers.

Orbital shape in goat and sheep: Symmetric analysis.

The aim of this study is to evaluate orbital symmetry in goat and sheep skulls. For this purpose, a total of 83 skulls, including 50 sheep and 33 goat skulls, were used in the study. Geometric morphometry method was applied. For symmetric analysis, one side of each orbit was photographed twice and mirror images were created. There were 36 landmards marked to determine the outer limit of the orbita. As a result of the study, asymmetric components (fluctuating asymmetry and directional asymmetry) for shape were statistically significant in both goats and sheep (p < 0.0001). The first three principal components explained 52.558% of the total shape variation in goats and 61.245% in sheep. This value for symmetric components was 59.095% and 67.742% for goats and sheep, respectively, and 66.791% and 71.154% for asymmetric components. As a result of discriminant function analysis, right and left orbital shapes showed grouping characteristics with similar success rates according to species. Although limited, the right orbit in goats (100%) and the left orbit in sheep (96.5%) were grouped more accurately.

Macroanatomic and morphometric analysis of the brown bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) mandible / Análisis macro anatómico y morfométrico de la mandíbula del oso pardo (Ursus arctos horribilis)

SUMMARY: Brown bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) is a wild animal from the bear (Ursidae) family. In this study, it was aimed to determine the morphometric values and anatomical structure of the brown bear mandible. After the superficial muscles of the mandible were dissected, the muscles were completely separated from the bones by boiling. 17 morphometric measurements were taken from the right and left mandible of each animal with the help of digital calipers. The mean and standard deviation values of the taken morphometric measurements were analyzed in the SPSS (20.0 version) package program. The mandible length was measured as 250.37 ± 9.75 mm on the right side and 246.83 ± 5.92 mm on the left side. The mandible height was determined as 105.76 ± 4.18 mm on the right and 108.62 ± 3.33 mm on the left. Consequently, the mandible was submitted to the results of the brown bear in the diversity of wildlife found in Turkey. We believe that the presented results will contribute to anatomical, surgical and archaeological studies.

RESUMEN: El oso pardo (Ursus arctos horribilis) es un animal salvaje de la familia de los osos (Ursidae). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los valores morfométricos y la estructura anatómica de la mandíbula del oso pardo, luego de la disección de los músculos superficiales de la mandíbula. Los músculos fueron separados por completo de los huesos mediante ebullición. Se tomaron 17 medidas morfométricas de la mandíbula derecha e izquierda de cada animal con la ayuda de calibradores digitales. Los valores de desviación estándar y media de las medidas morfométricas tomadas se anali- zaron en el programa SPSS (versión 20.0). El largo determiando de la mandíbula fue de 250,37 ± 9,75 mm en el lado derecho y 246,83 ± 5,92 mm en el lado izquierdo; la altura de la mandíbula era de 105,76 ± 4,18 mm en el lado derecho y 108,62 ± 3,33 mm en el izquierdo. Los resultados morfométricos obtenidos de la mandíbula del oso pardo en la diversidad de vida silvestre que se encuentra en Turquía contribuirán con el conocimiento anatómico y para los estudios quirúrgicos y arqueológicos.