Stereo-Active Lone Pairs Induced Second Harmonic Generation Responses and Electrocatalytic Activity in Hybrid Material.

The lone pair electrons in the electronic structure of molecules have been a prominent research focus in chemistry for more than a century. Stable s2lone pair electrons significantly influence material properties, including thermoelectric properties, nonlinear optical properties, ferroelectricity, and electro(photo)catalysis.While major advances have been achieved in understanding the influence of lone pair electrons on material characteristics, research on this effect in organic-inorganic hybrid materials is in its initial stage. In this work, we successfully obtained a novel organic-inorganic hybrid material incorporating Ge with 4s2 lone pair electrons, (MeHDabco)2[GeBr3]4-H2O (MeHDabco = N-methyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) (1). Driven by the stereochemically active lone pair electrons on the Ge2+, 1 crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group P21 at room temperature and exhibits good second harmonic generation (SHG) responses. Interestingly, 1 also shows electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction due to the existence of lone pair electrons on Ge2+ cations. The electrochemical experiment combined with the DFT calculations revealed the lone pair electrons act as both an active site for proton adsorption and facilitate the ionization of water. This work not only emphasizes the important role of lone pair electrons in material properties and functions but also provides new insight for designing novel Ge-based hybrid materials.

Advances in Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Analyzing Reducing Monosaccharides and Their Phosphates in Biological Samples.

Reducing monosaccharides and their phosphates are critical metabolites in the central carbon metabolism pathway of living organisms. Variations in their content can indicate abnormalities in metabolic pathways and the onset of certain diseases, necessitating their analysis and detection. Reducing monosaccharides and their phosphates exhibit significant variations in content within biological samples and are present in many isomers, which makes the accurate quantification of reducing monosaccharides and their phosphates in biological samples a challenging task. Various analytical methods such as spectroscopy, fluorescence detection, colorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, sensor-based techniques, chromatography, and mass spectrometry are employed to detect monosaccharides and phosphates. In comparison, chromatography and mass spectrometry are highly favored for their ability to simultaneously analyze multiple components and their high sensitivity and selectivity. This review thoroughly evaluates the current chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods used for detecting reducing monosaccharides and their phosphates from 2013 to 2023, highlighting their efficacy and the advancements in these analytical technologies.

Tetramethylpyrazine alleviates ferroptosis and promotes functional recovery in spinal cord injury by regulating GPX4/ACSL4.

OBJECTIVE: Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been demonstrated to alleviate neuronal ferroptosis following spinal cord injury (SCI), thereby promoting neural repair. However, the precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS: The SCI model was established using a modified version of Allen's method. TMP (40, 80, 120, and 160 mg/kg) and ras-selective lethal 3 (RSL3) (5 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally once daily for 7 days. HE and Nissl staining were employed to examine histomorphology and neurons, respectively. Perls staining was used to identify the distribution of iron. A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the microcosmic morphology of mitochondria. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to analyze neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) surrounding injury sites. Additionally, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)/NeuN + cells and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4)/NeuN + cells were observed. RT-qPCR was conducted to examine the mRNA expression levels of GPX4 and ACSL4. ELISA were used to quantify the concentrations of GPX4, reactive oxygen species (ROS), L-glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and tissue iron. RESULTS: TMP had an inhibitory effect on the concentrations of tissue iron, ROS, GSH, MDA, and SOD. TMP improved the microcosmic morphology of mitochondria and increased GPX4 level while decreasing that of ACSL4. TMP reduced lesion sizes, enhanced neuronal survival, and inhibited glial scar formation. However, the effect of TMP can be effectively reversed by RSL3. CONCLUSION: TMP alleviates neuronal ferroptosis by regulating the GPX4/ACSL4 axis, thereby protecting the remaining neurons surrounding injury sites and reducing glial scar formation.

Simultaneous effervescence-assisted microextraction and magnetic adsorbent generation for rapid and cost-effective organochlorine pesticides analysis.

This study introduced an innovative magnetic effervescence-assisted microextraction method, streamlining the preparation of effervescent tablets through a one-pot method that blends a CO2 donor (Na2CO3) and an H+ donor (NaH2PO4) with bare magnetic particles (Fe3O4) and an adsorbent (hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes), followed by pressing. During the extraction process, the bare magnetic particles and adsorbent undergo in-situ self-assembly to create a magnetic adsorbent. The effervescence generates bubbles that enhance effective extraction and magnetism facilitates the easy separation of the magnetic adsorbent from the sample solution, completing the process within 4 min. Applied to organochlorine pesticide analysis in fruit juices and herbal extracts, the method exhibits excellent linearity (R2 > 0.993), sensitivity (detection limits: 0.010-0.125 ng/mL), accuracy (recoveries: 85.8-99.9%), and precision (RSDs < 9.7%) with GC-ECD. Overall, this approach stands out for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for on-site analysis, owing to its operational ease and independence from specialized equipment.

Rechargeable Zn-H2O hydrolysis battery for hydrogen storage and production.

Reactive metals hydrolysis offers significant advantages for hydrogen storage and production. However, the regeneration of common reactive metals (e.g., Mg, Al, etc.) is energy-intensive and produces unwanted byproducts such as CO2 and Cl2. Herein, we employ Zn as a reactive mediator that can be easily regenerated by electrolysis of ZnO in an alkaline solution with a Faradaic efficiency of >99.9 %. H2 is produced in the same electrolyte by constructing a Zn-H2O hydrolysis battery consisting of a Zn anode and a Raney-Ni cathode to unlock the Zn-H2O reaction. The entire two-step water splitting reaction with a net energy efficiency of 70.4 % at 80 °C and 50 mA cm-2. Additionally, the Zn-H2O system can be charged using renewable energy to produce H2 on demand and runs for 600 cycles only sacrificing 3.76 % energy efficiency. DFT calculations reveal that the desorption of H* on Raney-Ni (-0.30 eV) is closer to zero compared with that on Zn (-0.87 eV), indicating a faster desorption of H* at low overpotential. Further, a 24 Ah electrolyzer is demonstrated to produce H2 with a net energy efficiency of 65.5 %, which holds promise for its real application.

Conditional chemoconnectomics (cCCTomics) as a strategy for efficient and conditional targeting of chemical transmission.

Dissection of neural circuitry underlying behaviors is a central theme in neurobiology. We have previously proposed the concept of chemoconnectome (CCT) to cover the entire chemical transmission between neurons and target cells in an organism and created tools for studying it (CCTomics) by targeting all genes related to the CCT in Drosophila. Here we have created lines targeting the CCT in a conditional manner after modifying GFP RNA interference, Flp-out, and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies. All three strategies have been validated to be highly effective, with the best using chromatin-peptide fused Cas9 variants and scaffold optimized sgRNAs. As a proof of principle, we conducted a comprehensive intersection analysis of CCT genes expression profiles in the clock neurons, uncovering 43 CCT genes present in clock neurons. Specific elimination of each from clock neurons revealed that loss of the neuropeptide CNMa in two posterior dorsal clock neurons (DN1ps) or its receptor (CNMaR) caused advanced morning activity, indicating a suppressive role of CNMa-CNMaR on morning anticipation, opposite to the promoting role of PDF-PDFR on morning anticipation. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of conditional CCTomics and its tools created here and establish an antagonistic relationship between CNMa-CNMaR and PDF-PDFR signaling in regulating morning anticipation.

Tetramethylpyrazine-loaded electroconductive hydrogels promote tissue repair after spinal cord injury by protecting the blood-spinal cord barrier and neurons.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) usually induces profound microvascular dysfunction. It disrupts the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), which could trigger a cascade of secondary pathological events that manifest as neuronal apoptosis and axonal demyelination. These events can further lead to irreversible neurological impairments. Thus, reducing the permeability of the BSCB and maintaining its substructural integrity are essential to promote neuronal survival following SCI. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has emerged as a potential protective agent for treating the BSCB after SCI. However, its therapeutic potential is hindered by challenges in the administration route and suboptimal bioavailability, leading to attenuated clinical outcomes. To address this challenge, traditional Chinese medicine, TMP, was used in this study to construct a drug-loaded electroconductive hydrogel for synergistic treatment of SCI. A conductive hydrogel combined with TMP demonstrates good electrical and mechanical properties as well as superior biocompatibility. Furthermore, it also facilitates sustained local release of TMP at the implantation site. Furthermore, the TMP-loaded electroconductive hydrogel could suppress oxidative stress responses, thereby diminishing endothelial cell apoptosis and the breakdown of tight junction proteins. This concerted action repairs BSCB integrity. Concurrently, myelin-associated axons and neurons are protected against death, which meaningfully restore neurological functions post spinal cord injury. Hence, these findings indicate that combining the electroconductive hydrogel with TMP presents a promising avenue for potentiating drug efficacy and synergistic repair following SCI.

Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Shanlan Landrace Rice for GWAS of Cooking and Eating Quality Traits.

The Shanlan landrace rice in Hainan Province, China, is a unique upland rice germplasm that holds significant value as a genetic resource for rice breeding. However, its genetic diversity and its usefulness in rice breeding have not been fully explored. In this study, a total of eighty-four Shanlan rice, three typical japonica rice cultivars, and three typical indica rice cultivars were subjected to resequencing of their genomes. As a result, 11.2 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1.6 million insertion/deletions (InDels) were detected. Population structure analysis showed all the rice accessions could be divided into three main groups, i.e., Geng/japonica 1 (GJ1), GJ2, and Xian/indica (XI). However, the GJ1 group only had seven accessions including three typical japonica cultivars, indicating that most Shanlan landrace rice are different from the modern japonica rice. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first three principal components explained 60.7% of the genetic variation. Wide genetic diversity in starch physicochemical parameters, such as apparent amylose content (AAC), pasting viscosity, texture properties, thermal properties, and retrogradation representing the cooking and eating quality was also revealed among all accessions. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) for these traits was conducted and identified 32 marker trait associations in the entire population. Notably, the well-known gene Waxy (Wx) was identified for AAC, breakdown viscosity, and gumminess of the gel texture, and SSIIa was identified for percentage of retrogradation and peak gelatinization temperature. Upon further analysis of nucleotide diversity in Wx, six different alleles, wx, Wxa, Wxb, Wxin, Wxla/mw, and Wxlv in Shanlan landrace rice were identified, indicating rich gene resources in Shanlan rice for quality rice breeding. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of new rice with premium quality.

Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits the inflammatory response by downregulating the TNFR1/IκB-α/NF-κB p65 pathway after spinal cord injury.

Previous studies have demonstrated that tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) can enhance the recovery of motor function in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. However, the underlying mechanism involved in this therapeutic effect remains to be elucidated. We conducted RNA sequencing with a network pharmacology strategy to predict the targets and mechanism of TMP for SCI. The modified Allen's weight-drop method was used to construct an SCI rat model. The results indicated that the nuclear transfer factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was identified through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and an inflammatory response was identified through the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was identified as a crucial target. Western blotting revealed that TMP decreased the protein expression of TNF superfamily receptor 1 (TNFR1), inhibitor κB-α (IκB-α), and NF-κB p65 in spinal cord tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated that TMP inhibited TNF-α, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) expression and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression. Histopathological observation and behavior assessments showed that TMP improved morphology and motor function. In conclusion, TMP inhibits inflammatory response and oxidative stress, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect that may be related to the regulation of the TNFR1/IκB-α/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

[Experimental study of tetramethylpyrazine-loaded electroconductive hydrogel on angiogenesis and neuroprotection after spinal cord injury].

Objective: To explore the mechanisms for repairing spinal cord injury (SCI) with tetramethylpyrazine-loaded electroconductive hydrogel (hereinafter referred to as "TGTP"). Mehtods: A total of 72 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham operation group (group A), SCI group (group B), SCI+electroconductive hydrogel group (group C), and SCI+TGTP group (group D). Only the vertebral plate was removed in group A, while the remaining groups were subjected to a whole transection model of spinal cord with a 2 mm gap in the lesions. The recovery of hindlimb motor function was evaluated by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score and modified Rivlin-Tator inclined plate test before operation and at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after operation, respectively. Animals were sacrificed at 7 days and 28 days after modeling. Neovascularisation was observed by immunofluorescence staining of CD31 and the expression levels of angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1) and Tie-2 were assessed by Western blot assay. At 28 days postoperatively, the expression levels of pro-angiogenic related proteins, including platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B), PDGF receptor ß (PDGFR-ß), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), were also assessed by Western blot. The fibrous scar in the injured area was assessed using Masson staining, while neuronal survival was observed through Nissl staining. Furthermore, LFB staining was utilized to detect myelin distribution and regeneration. Immunofluorescence and Western blot assay were employed to evaluate the expression of neurofilament 200 (NF200). Results: The hindlimb motor function of rats in each group gradually recovered from the 3rd day after operation. The BBB score and climbing angle in group D were significantly higher than those in group B from 3 to 28 days after operation, and significantly higher than those in group C at 14 days and 28 days after operation ( P<0.05). Masson staining showed that the collagen volume fraction in groups B-D were significantly higher than that in group A, and that in group D was significantly lower than that in groups B and C ( P<0.05); a small amount of black conductive particles were scattered at the broken end in group D, and the surrounding collagen fibers were less than those in group C. Nissl and LFB staining showed that the structure of neurons and myelin sheath in the injured area of spinal cord in group D was relatively complete and continuous, and the number of Nissl bodies and the positive area of myelin sheath in group D were significantly better than those in groups B and C ( P<0.05). NF200 immunofluorescence staining and Western blot assay results showed that the relative expression of NF200 protein in group D was significantly higher than that in groups B and C ( P<0.05). CD31 immunofluorescence staining showed that the fluorescence intensity of group D was better than that of groups B and C at 28 days after operation, and tubular or linear neovascularization could be seen. The relative expressions of Ang-1 and Tie-2 proteins in group D were significantly higher than those in groups B and C at 7 and 28 days after operation ( P<0.05). The relative expressions of PDGF-B and PDGFR-ß proteins in group D were significantly higher than those in groups B and C, and group B was significantly higher than group C at 28 days after operation ( P<0.05). The relative expressions of VEGF-A and VEGFR2 proteins in group D were higher than those in groups B and C, showing significant difference when compared with group B ( P<0.05), but only the expression of VEGF-A protein was significantly higher than that in group C ( P<0.05). There was significant difference only in VEGFR-2 protein between groups B and C ( P<0.05). Conclusion: TGTP may enhance the revascularization of the injured area and protect the neurons, thus alleviating the injury of spinal cord tissue structure and promoting the recovery of neurological function after SCI in rats.

Effect of use of NSAIDs or steroids during the acute phase of pain on the incidence of chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: This study is the first to summarize the evidence on how the use of anti-inflammatory drugs during acute pain has an impact on the development of chronic pain. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials retrieved from nine databases included anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs or steroids) versus non-anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with acute pain and reported the incidence of chronic pain. No specified date, age, sex, or language restrictions. Subgroup analyses were performed according to pain classification, follow-up time, and medication. The GRADE method was used to evaluate quality of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 29 trials (5220 patients) were included. Steroids or NSAIDs did not reduce the incidence of chronic nociceptive pain. Steroid use in acute phase significantly reduced the incidence of chronic neuropathic pain. In subgroup analysis, benefits were observed for methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, with some adverse effects. Steroids or NSAIDs were statistically significant in reducing pain intensity over 1 year, but the effect size was too small, and whether the long-term effect is clinically relevant needs to be further studied. CONCLUSION: Quality of the evidence was low to moderate. No drug can be recommended to prevent chronic nociceptive pain. Injections of steroids (methylprednisolone or dexamethasone) during the acute phase reduce the incidence of chronic neuropathic pain, but most included studies also used local anesthetics. The results are indirect and need to be interpreted with caution. The pooled data effect sizes for pain intensity were small, so the clinical relevance was unclear. Study registration PROSPERO (CRD42022367030).

Temporal profiling and validation of oxidative stress-related genes in spinal cord injury.

Oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI), yet its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we explored the OS phenotype in a rat model of SCI. Subsequently, comprehensive bioinformatic analyses were conducted on microarray data pertaining to SCI (GSE45006). Notably, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a pronounced enrichment of pivotal pathways, namely MAPK, FoxO, Apoptosis, NF-κB, TNF, HIF-1, and Chemokine across distinct phases of SCI. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis highlighted the significance of biological processes including response to hypoxia, response to decrease oxygen levels, response to reactive oxygen species, cellular response to oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, and regulation of neuron death in the context of OS following SCI. Notably, our study underscores the prominence of nine genes, namely Itgb1, Itgam, Fn1, Icam1, Cd44, Cxcr4, Ptprc, Tlr4, and Tlr2 as OS key genes in SCI, consistently expressed in both the acute phase (1, 3, 7 days) and sub-acute phase (14 days). Subsequently, the relative mRNA expression of these key genes in different time points (1, 3, 7, 14 days) post-SCI. Finally, leveraging the DsigDB database, we predicted ten potential compounds potentially targeting OS and facilitating the repair of SCI, thus providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying OS and identifying potential therapeutic targets for SCI.

Unraveling the role of substrate materials in governing the carbon/carbide growth of molten carbonate electrolysis of CO2.

The interface interaction between deposited carbon and metallic electrode substrates in tuning the growth of CO2-derived products (e.g., amorphous carbon, graphite, carbide) is mostly unexplored for the high-temperature molten-salt electrolysis of CO2. Herein, the carbon deposition on different transition-metal cathodes was performed to reveal the role of substrate materials in the growth of cathodic products. At the initial stage of electrolysis, transition metals (e.g., Cr, Fe, Ni, and Co) that exhibit appropriate carbon-binding ability (in range of -30 to 60 kJ mol-1) allow carbon diffusing into and then dissociating from metal to form graphite, as the carbon-binding ability can be determined by the Gibbs free energy of formation of metallic carbides. The catalytic cathodes showing super strong (e.g., Ti, V, Mo, and W) or weak (e.g., Cu) carbon-binding ability produce stable carbides or amorphous carbon, respectively. However, the subsequent deposited carbon is immune to the catalysis of the substrate, forming amorphous carbon nanoparticles and nanofibers on the surface of carbides and graphite, respectively. This paper not only highlights the role of the catalytic cathodes for carbon deposition, but also offers a material selection principle for the controllable growth of CO2-derived products in molten salts.

A neural pathway underlying hunger modulation of sexual receptivity in Drosophila females.

Accepting or rejecting a mate is one of the most crucial decisions a female will make, especially when faced with food shortage. Previous studies have identified the core neural circuity from sensing male courtship or mating status to decision-making for sexual receptivity in Drosophila females, but how hunger and satiety states modulate female receptivity is poorly understood. Here, we identify the neural circuit and its neuromodulation underlying the hunger modulation of female receptivity. We find that adipokinetic hormone receptor (AkhR)-expressing neurons inhibit sexual receptivity in a starvation-dependent manner. AkhR neurons are octopaminergic and act on a subset of Octß1R-expressing LH421 neurons. Knocking down Octß1R expression in LH421 neurons eliminates starvation-induced suppression of female receptivity. We further find that LH421 neurons inhibit the sex-promoting pC1 neurons via GABA-resistant to dieldrin (Rdl) signaling. pC1 neurons also integrate courtship stimulation and mating status and thus serve as a common integrator of multiple internal and external cues for decision-making.

Multifunctional Motion Sensing Enabled by Laser-Induced Graphene.

The development of flexible sensors based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) has recently attracted much attention. It was commonly generated by laser-ablating commercial polyimide (PI). However, the weak mechanical extensibility of PI limits the development and diversified applications of LIG-based sensors. In this work, we adopted medical polyurethane (PU) tapes to peel off the LIG generated on PI and developed flexible and wearable sensors based on the proposed LIG/PU composite structure. Compared with other methods for LIG transfer, PU tape has many advantages, including a simplified process and being less time-consuming. We characterized the LIG samples generated under different laser powers and analyzed the property differences introduced by the transfer operation. We then studied the impact of fabrication mode on the strain sensitivity of the LIG/PU and optimized the design of a LIG/PU-based strain sensor, which possessed a gauge factor (GF) of up to 263.6 in the strain range of 75-90%. In addition, we designed a capacitive pressure sensor for tactile sensing, which is composed of two LIG/PU composite structures and a PI space layer. These LIG flexible devices can be used for human motion monitoring and tactile perception in sports events. This work provides a simple, fast, and low-cost way for the preparation of multifunctional sensor systems with good performance, which has a broad application prospect in human motion monitoring.

Printable and low-cost perfect terahertz absorber realized by a laser-induced graphene metasurface.

Terahertz (THz) absorbers are highly desired with the rapid development of THz technology. Although metasurface-based absorbers can realize perfect absorption, their fabrication often requires complicated micro-nano-processing with a high cost. In this paper, fast printable and low-cost metasurface absorbers based on a laser-induced graphene (LIG) technique are proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that these two metasurfaces can achieve maximum absorptions of 99.3% and 99.9% at their resonant frequencies in an incident angle range of ±55°. Fabrication of a metasurface with a size of 1 × 1 cm costs only 11 s. The absorbers may be applied in THz dichroism and communications.

The efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in the treatment of uncontrolled asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Tezepelumab is a human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) antibody with effects in asthma. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the overall efficacy and safety of tezepelumab for the treatment of uncontrolled asthma. METHODS: The databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials were searched from inception to April 1, 2022. Only randomized controlled trial (RCTs) that evaluated tezepelumab and a comparator for treating uncontrolled asthma were included. Additionally, articles were limited to English. The primary outcome was clinical efficacy, and the secondary outcome was adverse events. The risk of bias and quality were assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration bias assessment tool. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Version 5.3. RESULTS: Four RCTs with a total of 1600 patients were included in the study. Pooled analysis indicated that tezepelumab had significantly decreased annualized asthma exacerbations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.57, -0.80], P < .00001) and the asthma control questionnaire score of 6 (ACQ-6) among the patients (standard mean difference [SMD] = -0.29, 95% CI = [-0.39, -0.20], P < .00001) compared to placebo. Furthermore, tezepelumab treatment significantly improved forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, SMD = 0.28, 95% CI = [0.11, 0.45], P = .001). Regarding safety, the pooled analysis indicated that patients treated with tezepelumab showed no significant difference in adverse events that led to discontinuation of the treatment, but they experienced some other (non-serious) adverse events compared to the placebo group. However, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of serious adverse events and any adverse events in the tezepelumab group. Tezepelumab use was associated with adverse events, including nasopharyngitis, headache, and bronchitis, despite effectively treating asthma. CONCLUSION: Tezepelumab effectively improved FEV1, reduced the disease symptom score, and decreased the risk of exacerbations in uncontrolled asthma patients. Tezepelumab was associated with some adverse events compared to placebo. This suggests that careful management of adverse events is required if tezepelumab is used to treat asthma patients.

Homochiral Chemistry Strategy to Trigger Second-Harmonic Generation and Dual Dielectric Switches.

Switchable materials have attracted enormous interest due to their promising applications in important fields such as sensing, electronic components, and information storage. Nevertheless, obtaining multifunctional switching materials is still a problem worth investigating. Herein, by incorporating (Rac-, L-, D-2-amino-1-propanol) as the templating cation, we have obtained (Rac-, L-, D-HTMPA)CdCl3 (HTMPA = 1-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-2-propanaminium). We have adopted a chiral chemistry strategy that causes (Rac-HTMPA)CdCl3 in the central symmetric space to crystallize in the chiral space group. Based on the modulation of the homochiral strategy, (L-, D-HTMPA)CdCl3 shows a dual phasic transition at 269 and 326 K and a switchable second-harmonic generation response. In addition, (L-, D-HTMPA)CdCl3 is chiral switchable material to exhibit stable dual dielectric and second-harmonic generation (SHG) switches. This work provides an approach to exploring multifunctional chiral switchable materials.

Deep neural network analysis models for complex random telegraph signals.

Time-fluctuating signals are ubiquitous and diverse in many physical, chemical, and biological systems, among which random telegraph signals (RTSs) refer to a series of instantaneous switching events between two discrete levels from single-particle movements. A reliable RTS analysis is a crucial prerequisite to identify underlying mechanisms related to device performance and sensitivity. When numerous levels are involved, complex patterns of multilevel RTSs occur and make their quantitative analysis exponentially difficult, hereby systematic approaches are often elusive. In this work, we present a three-step analysis protocol via progressive knowledge-transfer, where the outputs of the early step are passed onto a subsequent step. Especially, to quantify complex RTSs, we resort to three deep neural network architectures whose trained models can process raw temporal data directly. We furthermore demonstrate the model accuracy extensively with a large dataset of different RTS types in terms of additional background noise types and amplitude size. Our protocol offers structured schemes to extract the parameter values of complex RTSs as imperative information with which researchers can draw meaningful and relevant interpretations and inferences of given devices and systems.