Novel Cyclopenta[c]pyridine Derivatives Based on Natural Cerbinal as Potential Agrochemical Anti-TMV Agents and Insecticides.

Based on natural cerbinal, a series of novel 4-bit modified cyclopenta[c]pyridine derivatives containing a substituted amide or ester moiety were designed and synthesized for the first time. Their structures were systematically characterized by NMR and high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS). The anti-TMV activities, such as protection, inactivation, and curative effects in vivo, were evaluated methodically. The lethal activities of the target compounds against the agriculturally common pests Plutella xylostella larvae and Aphis laburni kaltenbach were evaluated by the immersion method. The bioassay results indicated that most of the target compounds exhibited good to excellent anti-TMV activity levels, good lethal activity against P. xylostella larvae at 600 µg/mL, and greater insecticidal activities against A. laburni Kaltenbach compared to the plant-derived insecticide rotenone. The binding mode of cerbinal and cyclopenta[c]pyridine derivatives 4b, 4p, and 4v with the TMV protein was studied with a molecular docking method, which indicated that the functional group of the 2- and 4-positions is vital for anti-TMV activity. The systematic research provides strong evidence that these novel 4-bit modified cyclopenta[c]pyridine derivatives could become potential agrochemical insecticides and anti-TMV agents.

Preparation and Anti-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Activities of Crocetin Diesters.

The development of antiviral agents with an original structure and noticeable effect is always in great need. Natural products are important lead compounds in the development of new pesticides. Crocin-1 and crocin-2 were effectively isolated from Gardeniae fructus and found to have higher anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activity levels than ribavirin. A series of the crocetin diester derivatives were synthesized with separated crocetin-1 as material and evaluated for their anti-TMV activities. They could be dissolved in common organic solvents as dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and methanol. Compounds 5, 9, 13, 14, and 15 displayed higher activities in vivo than ribavirin. Compound 14 with significantly higher antiviral activities than lead compounds (crocin-1 and crocin-2) emerged as a new antiviral candidate.

Natural Product Cerbinal and Its Analogues Cyclopenta[c]pyridines: Synthesis and Discovery as Novel Pest Control Agents.

Owing to the changing needs of agriculture, the exploration of new pest control agents remains as critical as ever. The analogues 3a-3v of the natural product cerbinal were synthesized from genipin by an efficient and practical method under additive-free conditions. The antiviral and insecticidal effects of cerbinal and these cyclopenta[c]pyridines (3a-3v) were evaluated systematically. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited higher anti-TMV activities than the lead compound cerbinal. Compound 3s (2-(4-methoxyphenyl)) had the most promising inhibitory activities against TMV (inactivation effect 49.0 ± 0.8%, curative effect 41.2 ± 4.3%, and protection effect 51.5 ± 2.7% at 500 µg/mL). Among the synthesized compounds, only 3v (2-(2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)) reached the activity level of cerbinal against Plutella xylostella. This suggested that the cyclopenta[c]pyridines obtained by modifications of cerbinal at position 2 are very significant for the anti-TMV activity, and yet were exceptionally less active for the insecticidal activities.

Ascites-derived IL-6 and IL-10 synergistically expand CD14+HLA-DR-/low myeloid-derived suppressor cells in ovarian cancer patients.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play a key immunosuppressive role in various types of cancer, including ovarian cancer (OC). In this study, we characterized CD14+HLA-DR-/lo MDSC with a typical monocytic phenotype (M-MDSC) in the peripheral blood (PB) and ascites from OC patients. Compared to healthy donors, OC patients had a significantly increased abundance of M-MDSC in both PB and ascites; importantly, their abundance in both compartments was inversely associated with the prognosis where OC patients with higher level of M-MDSC having a shorter relapse-free survival. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that M-MDSC could be readily induced by ascitic fluids (AF) from OC patients, which was predominantly dependent on IL-6, IL-10 and STAT3 activation as neutralization of IL-6 and/or IL-10 or inhibition of STAT3 abrogated MDSC's expansion while recombinant IL-6 and IL-10 recapitulated the expansive effect of AF; furthermore, predominantly elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-10 has been noted in the AF which was positively correlated with the abundance of M-MDSC as well as poor prognosis of OC patients. As expected, we observed that AF-driven STAT3 activation upregulated the expression of arginase (ARG1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in induced M-MDSC through which these MDSC executed the immunosuppressive activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that abundant M-MDSC are present in both periphery and ascites of OC patients whose accumulation and suppressive activity is critically attributable to ascites-derived IL-6 and IL-10 and their downstream STAT3 signal, thus providing a potentially novel therapeutic option by locally targeting MDSC to improve antitumor efficacy.

Design and assessment of a wide FOV and high-resolution optical tiled head-mounted display.

It has always been a challenge to break the resolution/field-of-view (FOV) invariant to design a large FOV and high-resolution optical system, especially for a head-mounted display (HMD) system. In this study, a tiled HMD using two compact rotationally symmetrical eyepieces was designed and developed. Some issues on exit pupil and eye relief were analyzed in detail and taken into consideration during the design procedure. The overall optical system is compact with high performance. The system volume is smaller than 30 mm×35 mm×30 mm. Based on two 0.61 in. microdisplay devices, the overall tiled system demonstrates an FOV of 66°(H)×32°(V) with a 7.5 mm exit pupil diameter and a 15.7 mm eye relief.

[Exogenous hydrogen sulfide protects against myocardial injury after skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the protective effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) against myocardial injury after skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in rats and explore the mechanism. METHODS: Thirty-one Wistar rats were randomized into normal control (n=8), IR group (n=8, with a 4-h reperfusion following a 4-h ischemia of the bilateral hindlimbs induced using a tourniquet), NaHS group (n=8, with IR and intraperitoneal injection of 14 µmol/kg NaHS), and DL-propargylglycine (PPG) group (n=7, with IR and intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg PPG). The plasma levels of CK-MB and the levels of MPO, TNF-α, MDA, T-SOD, and CuZn-SOD in the plasma and myocardial tissues were measured. The expression of TNF-α in the myocardium was examined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Skeletal muscle IR induced significantly increased plasma CK-MB level (P<0.05) and the levels of MPO, TNF-α, and MDA in the plasma and myocardium, and significantly decreased plasma and myocardial levels of T-SOD and CuZn-SOD (P<0.05). NaHS treatment significantly decreased plasma CK-MB level (P<0.05), reduced plasma and myocardial levels of MPO, TNF-α, and MDA, and increased plasma and myocardial T-SOD and CuZn-SOD in rats with IR (P<0.05), whereas PPG treatment did not produce any obvious responses (P>0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed an obviously reduced expression of TNF-α in the myocardium in rats with NaHS treatment compared with those in IR group. CONCLUSION: H2S treatment can alleviate myocardial injury induced by skeletal muscle IR in rats by inhibiting the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.

[Changes of systemic and local myeloperoxidase and tumor necrosis factor-α in rats with myocardial injury induced by hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in myocardial injury induced by hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats. METHODS: Rat models of bilateral hindlimb IR established using a tourniquet were randomized into 9 groups, including a normal control group normal, 2 ischemic groups with hindlimb ischemia for 2 and 4 h, and 6 IR groups with a 4-h ischemia followed by reperfusion for 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h. The plasma and myocardial levels of MPO and TNF-α in each group were measured, and the myocardial expression of TNF-α was determined with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the rats with a 2-h ischemia showed significantly increased levels of MPO and TNF-α in the plasma and myocardium. Compared with those in rats with a 4-h ischemia, the plasma and myocardial MPO levels increased significantly at 0.5 and 2 h of reperfusion, respectively; the plasma TNF-α level increased significantly at 4 h of reperfusion and myocardial TNF-α level decreased obviously at 12 h; plasma levels of MPO and TNF-α both significantly decreased at 24 h. The plasma MPO and TNF-α and myocardial TNF-α reached the peak levels at 4 h of reperfusion, and the peak myocardial MPO level occurred at 6 h. Immunohistochemistry showed that TNF-α positivity moderately increased after hindlimb ischemia, and further increased at 4 h of reperfusion but obviously reduced at 24 h. CONCLUSION: The activation of systemic and local neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines may play an important role in myocardial injury induced by hindlimb IR in rats.