Microwave-Assisted Atom Transfer Radical Cyclization in the Synthesis of 3,3-Dichloro-γ- and δ-Lactams from N-Alkenyl-Tethered Trichloroacetamides Catalyzed by RuCl2(PPh3)3 and Their Cytotoxic Evaluation.

An expeditious synthesis of γ- and δ-lactams from tethered alkenyl trichloroacetamides in the presence of 5% of RuCl2(PPh3)3 is reported. In this investigation we have demonstrated that microwave activation significantly enhances reaction rates, leading to the formation of the corresponding lactams in yields ranging from good to excellent. Thus, we have been able to prepare a wide range of lactams, including indole and morphan bicyclic scaffolds, where the corresponding reactions were completely diastereoselective. This process was successfully extended to α,α-dichloroamides without affecting either their yield or their diastereoselectivity. Some of the lactams prepared in this work were evaluated for their hemolytic and cytotoxic responses. All compounds were found to be non-hemolytic at the tested concentration, indicating their safety profile in terms of blood cell integrity. Meanwhile, they exhibited interesting cytotoxicity responses that depend on both their lactam structure and cell line. Among the molecules tested, γ-lactam 2a exhibited the lowest IC50 values (100-250 µg/mL) as a function of its cell line, with promising selectivity against squamous carcinoma cells (A431) in comparison with fibroblasts (3T3 cell line).

Catalyst-free photo-induced aerobic radical synthesis of lactams from N-alkenyl trichloroacetamides in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as the radical initiator under violet light.

The first violet light-mediated synthesis of γ- and δ-lactams from N-alkenyl trichloroacetamides is reported in tetrahydrofuran or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran alone. These catalyst and additive-free reactions are achieved with non-anhydrous solvents and under an air atmosphere where the solvent serves as the radical initiator.

Cytotoxic Assessment of 3,3-Dichloro-ß-Lactams Prepared through Microwave-Assisted Benzylic C-H Activation from Benzyl-Tethered Trichloroacetamides Catalyzed by RuCl2(PPh3)3.

Natural and synthetic ß-lactam derivatives constitute an interesting class of compounds due to their diverse biological activity. Mostly used as antibiotics, they were also found to have antitubercular, anticancer and antidiabetic activities, among others. In this investigation, six new 3,3-dichloro-ß-lactams prepared in a previous work were evaluated for their hemolytic and cytotoxic properties. The results showed that the proposed compounds have non-hemolytic properties and exhibited an interesting cytotoxic activity toward squamous cell carcinoma (A431 cell line), which was highly dependent on the structure and concentration of these ß-lactams. Among the molecules tested, 2b was the most cytotoxic, with the lowest IC50 values (30-47 µg/mL) and a promising selectivity against the tumor cells compared with non-tumoral cells.

Synthesis of the ABC Ring of Calyciphylline A-Type Alkaloids by a Stereocontrolled Aldol Cyclization: Formal Synthesis of (±)-Himalensine A.

A synthetic approach to a functionalized ABC-tricyclic framework of calyciphilline A-type alkaloids, a building block toward this class of alkaloids, is reported. The key synthetic steps involve a radical cyclization to form the hydroindole system and piperidine ring closure through a stereocontrolled aldol cyclization. The resulting alcohol allows the methyl group to be installed in the bowl-shaped azatricyclic structure; this crucial reaction takes place with configuration retention. The synthesis of azatricyclic compound I constitutes a formal synthesis of himalensine A.

Photoredox catalysis in the synthesis of γ- and δ-lactams from N-alkenyl trichloro- and dichloroacetamides.

The first blue light-mediated synthesis of γ- and δ-lactams from trichloroacetamides is reported in the presence of fac-Ir(ppy)3. Unlike previous works, these reactions are achieved under an air atmosphere with non-anhydrous solvents and even in water. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the solvent can be the hydrogen donor in the radical process which opens up new insights into these radical transformations and the reaction mechanisms involved.

Synthesis and reactivity of hydroindole enelactams leading to densely functionalized scaffolds.

The 5-endo-trig radical cyclization of N-benzyl-N-[(2-substituted)cycloalkenyl] trichloroacetamides (tetrasubstituted enamides) using Bu3SnH and AIBN is a reliable synthetic procedure giving access to 3a-methyl- and 3a-methoxycarbonyl enelactams. The substrate-controlled diastereoselective enolate alkylation of these enelactams resulted in the synthesis of a set of 3-substituted derivatives that upon reduction furnished polyfunctionalized cis-octahydroindoles. The latter building blocks, which embody three consecutive stereocenters at C-3, C-3a, and C-7a, were also synthesized through an initial reductive radical cyclization using (carbo-substituted)dichloroacetamides.

Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the Daphenylline Pentacyclic ACDEF Ring System.

An azapentacyclic compound with the daphenylline ACDEF ring framework was synthesized from a benzo[e]indole intermediate efficiently obtained by a 5-endo-trig radical cyclization of a bicyclic trichloroenamide. Stereocontrolled processes were used to generate the three stereogenic methine carbons in the pyrrolidine C ring including the all-carbon quaternary stereocenter at C5. Ring closure to build both seven- and five-membered rings was achieved by Friedel-Crafts reactions.

Intramolecular radical non-reductive alkylation of ketones via transient enamines.

Radical cyclization of dichloroacetamide-tethered ketones using pyrrolidine, AIBN and TTMSS under microwave activation gave 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3,6-diones. In a five-minute one-pot process, after the generation of an enamine, intramolecular addition of a carbamoylchloromethyl radical, and oxidation of the α-aminoalkyl radical intermediate, the resulting iminium salt evolved to the corresponding enamine and, after a workup, to the alkylated ketone.

Synthesis of Normorphans through an Efficient Intramolecular Carbamoylation of Ketones.

An unexpected C-C bond cleavage was observed in trichloroacetamide-tethered ketones under amine treatment and exploited to develop a new synthesis of normophans from 4-amidocyclohexanones. The reaction involves an unprecedented intramolecular haloform-type reaction of trichloroacetamides promoted by enamines (generated in situ from ketones) as counter-reagents. The methodology was applied to the synthesis of compounds embodying the 6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane framework.

Synthesis of the tetracyclic ABCD ring systems of madangamines D-F.

Synthesis of the tetracyclic cores of madangamines D-F was achieved, featuring a reductive radical process from an ethoxycarbonyldichloroacetamide to build the morphan nucleus, a Mitsunobu-type aminocyclization toward the common diazatricyclic intermediate, and ring-closing metathesis reactions for the macrocyclization step leading to the 13- to 15-membered rings.

Atom transfer radical cyclization of trichloroacetamides to electron-rich acceptors using Grubbs' catalysts: synthesis of the tricyclic framework of FR901483.

Intramolecular Kharasch-type additions of trichloroacetamides on anisole and enol acetates catalyzed by Grubbs' ruthenium carbenes are described. This protocol provides access to highly functionalized 2-azaspiro[4.5]decanes, morphan compounds, and the azatricyclic core of FR901483.

Cu(I)-catalyzed atom transfer radical cyclization of trichloroacetamides tethered to electron-deficient, -neutral, and -rich alkenes: synthesis of polyfunctionalized 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes.

A novel synthetic entry to 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes based on a copper(I)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling of amino-tethered trichloroacetamides and unsaturated nitriles, esters and alkenes, as well as enol acetates, is described. A study of the reaction conditions and the scope of the process is reported.

Translocation versus cyclisation in radicals derived from N-3-alkenyl trichloroacetamides.

Under radical reaction conditions, two different and competitive reaction pathways were observed for N-(α-methylbenzyl)trichloroacetamides with a N-3-cyclohexenyl substituent: 1,4-hydrogen translocation and radical addition to a double bond. However, for radicals with an acyclic alkenyl side chain, the direct cyclisation process was exclusively observed. The dichotomy between translocation and direct radical cyclisation in these substrates has been theoretically studied using density functional theory (DFT) methods at the B3LYP/6-31G** computational level.

NMR evidence of the kinetic and thermodynamic products in the NIS promoted cyclization of 1-phenyl-4-pentenylamines. Synthesis and reactivity of trans-2-phenyl-5-iodopiperidines.

The intramolecular reaction of secondary amines with tethered alkenes using NIS was studied, which gave insight into the kinetic vs. thermodynamic control of the iodoaminocyclization and the regioselectivity of the aziridinium ring-opening reactions, and led to functionalized piperidines.

Asymmetric synthesis of 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes by a microwave-assisted organocatalysed tandem desymmetrisation and intramolecular aldolisation.

The six-membered nitrogen-containing ring of the morphan scaffold, ubiquitous in natural products, is formed by an intramolecular aldol process of an aza-tethered dicarbonyl compound, leading to the first asymmetric synthesis of a morphan derivative using organocatalysis.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of gamma-carboline derivatives as potent and selective cysLT(1) antagonists.

A gamma-carboline series of cysLT(1) receptor antagonists has been prepared. Some of the compounds show good potencies both, in vitro and in vivo, compared to the standard compounds.

Synthesis of diazatricyclic core of Madangamines from cis-perhydroisoquinolines.

Synthesis of the tricyclic core of madangamine alkaloids has been achieved in a 10-step sequence starting from a 4-(aminomethyl)anisole derivative. A Birch reduction and acylation with cyanoacetic acid followed by an intramolecular Michael process renders a polyfunctionalized cis-perhydroisoquinoline. A diastereoselective allylation and reduction of amide, nitrile, and ketone groups leads to a bicyclic alcohol, which undergoes aminocyclization through the nosyl derivative to the diazatricyclic ring.

New insights into NIS-promoted aminocyclization. Synthesis of decahydroquinolines from 2-allylcyclohexylamines.

Bishomoallylic secondary amines embodying the 2-allyl-N-benzylcyclohexylamine unit react with NIS to undergo cyclization through 6-endo processes in either the cis or trans series. Nevertheless, when the resulting cis-3-iododecahydroquinolines are treated with Al2O3, the exo derivatives evolve into octahydroindoles and the endo derivatives keep the same backbone, the configuration being retained in the generated alcohols.

1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments of isoquinuclidine-3,5-dione derivatives.

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of six 5-substituted 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives were fully assigned by COSY and HSQC experiments.

Nitrogen heterocycles by palladium-catalyzed cyclization of amino-tethered vinyl halides and ketone enolates.

The scope and limitations of Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling of amino-tethered vinyl halides and ketone enolates as a methodology for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles have been studied. This reaction constitutes a synthetic procedure to obtain bridged, condensed, and monocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds.