Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the management of early-stage anal squamous cell carcinoma: A comparative analysis of the French cohort FFCD-ANABASE.

INTRODUCTION: Early-stage anal squamous cell carcinomas (ASCC) are usually treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT), with good outcomes. Radiotherapy (RT) alone might be sufficient while reducing toxicity. METHODS: Patients included in the French prospective FFCD-ANABASE and treated for T1-2N0 ASCC between 2015/01 and 2020/04 were divided into CRT and RT groups. Clinical outcomes and toxicity were reported. Propensity score matching was conducted for 105 pairs of patients. RESULTS: 440 patients were analyzed: 261 (59.3 %) in the CRT group and 179 (40.7 %) in the RT group. The median follow-up was 35.7 months. Patients receiving CRT were younger, had better Performance Status (PS) and larger tumors. No statistical difference was observed for 3-year Disease-free survival (85.3 % vs 83 %, p = 0.28), Overall survival (89.6 % vs 94.8 %, p = 0.69) and Colostomy-free survival (84.5 % vs 87.2 %, p = 0.84) between CRT and RT groups, respectively. Propensity score-matched analysis confirmed these findings. Treatment interruptions were significantly more frequent in the CRT group (36.3 % vs 21.9 %, p = 0.0013), resulting in an Overall Treatment Time (OTT) extended by 7 days. Grade 3 CTCAE v4.0 toxicities were more prevalent in the CRT group (46 % vs 19 %, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy did not significantly improve outcomes for T1-2N0 ASCC in our study, but increased toxicity and OTT.

Metastatic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the uterus and cervix: Diagnostic Challenges, prognostic determinants and treatment.

•MPNST is an uncommon sarcoma of the nerve sheath that is rarely found in the female reproductive tract.•Preoperative uterine mass imaging should include pelvic MRI and thorough evaluation of imaging by an expert pelvic MRI radiologist.•Metastatic MPNST has a poor prognosis and systemic treatment options lack efficacy.

Efficacy and Toxicity of (Chemo)Radiation Therapy in HIV+ Patients with Squamous Cell Anal Cancer, a Subgroup Analysis of the National Multicenter Cohort FFCD-ANABASE.

PURPOSE: The influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on clinical outcomes in patients receiving (chemo)radiation therapy (RT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is debated. The objective of this study was to compare efficacy and safety according to HIV status in patients with SCCA treated with C/RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 2015 and April 2020, 488 patients with a known HIV status (17.6% HIV+) were treated with radiation therapy for SCCA and included in the FFCD-ANABASE multicentric prospective cohort. Clinical outcomes including overall survival (OS), locoregional recurrence-free survival, colostomy-free survival, response rate at 4 to 6 months, cancer-specific survival, relapse-free survival, and severe acute and late toxicity were compared between HIV+ and HIV- patients. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 35.8 months. HIV+ patients were younger (P < .01) and predominantly male (P < .01). Intensity modulated radiation therapy was performed in 80.7% of patients, and 80.9% received concurrent chemotherapy. A higher proportion of HIV+ patients received induction chemotherapy compared with HIV- patients. No statistically significant difference in overall treatment time or severe acute and late toxicities was found between HIV+ and HIV- patients. In univariate analyses, OS (HR = 2.1 [CI 95% 1.2;3.5], P = .007), locoregional recurrence-free survival (HR = 1.7 [1.1;2.7], P = .02), and colostomy-free survival (HR = 1.7 [1.1;2.6], P = .01) were significantly shorter in HIV+ patients than in HIV- patients. Response rate, cancer-specific survival, and relapse-free survival were not significantly different. The recurrence site was significantly different according to HIV status. In the multivariate analysis, prognostic factors for OS were a World Health Organization performance status of ≥1 for the whole population, as well as HIV+ status for the subgroup of women. CONCLUSIONS: HIV+ patients treated with chemo-RT for SCCA have poorer clinical outcomes, especially women. No difference was found in toxicity according to HIV status with intensity modulated radiation therapy technique.

Management of non-metastatic anal cancer in the elderly: ancillary study of the French multicenter prospective cohort FFCD-ANABASE.

BACKGROUND: Standard care for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is chemoradiotherapy, data about elderly patients are scarce. METHODS: All consecutive patients treated for non-metastatic SCCA from the French multicenter FFCD-ANABASE cohort were included. Two groups were defined according to age: elderly (≥75 years) and non-elderly (<75). RESULTS: Of 1015 patients, 202 (19.9%) were included in the elderly group; median follow-up was 35.5 months. Among the elderly, there were more women (p = 0.015); frailer patients (p < 0.001), fewer smokers (p < 0.001) and fewer HIV-infected (p < 0.001) than in the non-elderly group. Concomitant chemotherapy and inguinal irradiation were less frequent (p < 0.001 and p = 0.04). In the elderly group; 3-year overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and colostomy-free survival (CFS) were 82.9%, 72.4% and 78.0%, respectively; complete response rate at 4-6 months was 70.3%. There were no differences between groups for all outcomes and toxicity. In multivariate analyses for the elderly, PS ≥ 2 and locally-advanced tumors were significantly associated with poor OS (HR = 3.4 and HR = 2.80), RFS (HR = 2.4 and HR = 3.1) and CFS (HR = 3.8 and HR = 3.0); and treatment interruption with poor RFS (HR = 1.9). CONCLUSION: In the FFCD-ANABASE cohort, age did not influence tumor and tolerance outcomes of non-metastatic SCCA. Optimal curative treatment should be offered to elderly patients.

Treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors in non-metastatic anal cancer: The French nationwide cohort study FFCD-ANABASE.

INTRODUCTION: International guidelines regarding the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) recommend intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with mitomycin-based chemotherapy (CT). The French FFCD-ANABASE cohort aimed at evaluating clinical practices, treatment, and outcomes of SCCA patients. METHODS: This prospective multicentric observational cohort included all non-metastatic SCCA patients treated in 60 French centers from January 2015 to April 2020. Patients and treatment characteristics, colostomy-free survival (CFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 1015 patients (male: 24.4 %; female: 75.6 %; median age: 65 years), 43.3 %presented with early-stage(T1-2, N0) and 56.7 % with locally advanced stage (T3-4 or N + ) tumors. IMRT was used for 815 patients (80.3 %) and a concurrent CT was administered in 781 patients, consisting of mitomycin-based CT for 80 %. The median follow-up was 35.5 months. DFS, CFS, and OS at 3 years were 84.3 %, 85.6 %, and 91.7 % respectively in the early-stage group compared to 64.4 %, 66.9 %, and 78.2 % in the locally-advanced group (p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, male gender, locally-advanced stage, and ECOG PS ≥ 1 were associated with poorer DFS, CFS, and OS. IMRT was significantly associated with a better CFS in the whole cohort and almost reached significance in the locally-advanced group. CONCLUSION: Treatment of SCCA patients showed good respect for current guidelines. Significant differences in outcomes advocate for personalized strategies by either de-escalation for early-stage tumors or treatment intensification for locally-advanced tumors.

Diseño, validación facial y de contenido del instrumento "rol del cuidador familiar en administración de medicamentos" / Instrument design and facial and content validation "role of the family caregiver in the administration of medication" / Projeto, face e validação do conteúdo do instrumento "papel do cuidador familiar no gerenciamento de medicamentos"

Objetivo: Diseñar un instrumento para medir la adopción del rol del cuidador familiar en la administración de medicamentos en personas con enfermedad crónica y establecer tanto su validez de contenido como facial. Método: Estudio metodológico que incluyó tres fases: diseño del instrumento, determinación de la validez de contenido con 9 expertos y determinación de la validez facial mediante entrevistas cognitivas a 14 cuidadores y juicios de 30 cuidadores de adultos con enfermedades crónicas. Resultados: Se obtuvo un cuestionario conformado por 32 ítems distribuidos en 3 dimensiones denominadas labores, organización y respuesta ante el rol. El instrumento presentó una adecuada validez de contenido dado que todos los ítems superaron el CVI mínimo de 0,58, mientras que para la escala total fue de 0,97. Por su parte, la validez facial mostró que la claridad fue del 99,6%, la comprensión fue del 98,4% y la precisión fue del 96,9%. Conclusión: El instrumento Adopción del rol en la administración de medicamentos mide de forma lógica el constructo y los ítems que lo conforman representan adecuadamente sus dominios.

Objective: To design an instrument to measure the adoption of the role of the family caregiver in the administration of medications in people with chronic disease and to establish both its content and facial validity. Method: Methodological study that included three phases: design of the instrument, determination of content validity with 9 experts and determination of facial validity through cognitive interviews with 14 caregivers and judgments of 30 caregivers of adults with chronic diseases. Results: A questionnaire made up of 32 items distributed in 3 dimensions called tasks, organization and response to the role was obtained. The instrument presented adequate content validity since all the items exceeded the minimum CVI of 0.58, while for the total scale it was 0.97. For its part, facial validity showed that clarity was 99.6%, comprehension was 98.4%, and precision was 96.9%. Conclusion: The instrument Adoption of the role in drug administration logically measures the construct and the items that comprise it adequately represent its domains.

Objetivo: Projetar um instrumento para medir a adoção do papel do cuidador da família na administração de medicamentos em pessoas com doenças crônicas e estabelecer tanto seu conteúdo quanto sua validade facial. Método: Estudo metodológico que incluiu três fases: desen do instrumento, determinação da validade do conteúdo com 9 especialistas e determinação da validade do rosto através de entrevistas cognitivas com 14 cuidadores e julgamentos de 30 cuidadores de adultos cronicamente doentes. Resultados: Foi obtido um questionário composto de 32 itens distribuídos em 3 dimensões chamadas trabalho, organização e resposta ao papel. O instrumento mostrou validade de conteúdo adequada, dado que todos os itens excederam o CVI mínimo de 0,58, enquanto que para a escala total foi de 0,97. A validade facial mostrou que a clareza era 99,6%, a compreensão era 98,4% e a precisão era 96,9%. Conclusão: O instrumento de adoção do papel da Administração de Medicamentos medelogicamente a construção e seus itens representam adequadamente seus domínios.

Soledad, ansiedad y depresión en la adopción del rol de cuidador familiar del paciente crónico / Loneliness, anxiety, and depression in adopting the family caregiver role of chronic patients / Solidão, ansiedade e depressão na adoção do papel de cuidador familiar do paciente crônico

Introducción: En dirección a la teoría de Meleis, durante la transición como cuidador familiar, subyacen condiciones que facilitan o limitan la adopción del rol, y pueden afectar la integridad de esta persona. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la depresión, ansiedad y soledad con la adopción del rol de cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica en Los Patios ­ Colombia durante el 2021. Materiales: Investigación cuantitativa analítica transversal que incluyó 120 pacientes y 120 cuidadores. Se aplicaron escalas de Soledad de University of California at Los Angeles; hospitalaria de ansiedad y depresión, y de adopción del Rol del cuidador a través de la plataforma Google Forms®; el análisis se realizó con el software SPSS versión 24, usando estadísticos de frecuencia, tendencia central y dispersión, así como bivariados tipo Pearson. Resultados: Se halla correlaciones significativas entre la edad del cuidador con la ansiedad (r=,230; p<0.05) y la depresión (r=,297; p<0.05); las horas que requiere a diario para su cuidado con la ansiedad (r=,255; p<0.05) y depresión del cuidador (r=,328; p<0.05). Conclusión: En un modelo de regresión lineal, se evidencia que la soledad y adopción del rol del cuidador actúan como predictoras de la ansiedad (p<0.05).

Introduction: In line with Meleis' theory, during the transition to a family caregiver, there are underlying conditions that facilitate or limit the adoption of the role and may affect the person's wholeness. Objective: To determine the relationship between depression, anxiety, loneliness, and the adoption of the role of family caregivers of people with chronic disease in Los Patios (Colombia) during 2021. Materials and Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional analytical research that included 120 patients and 120 caregivers. The UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the ROL scale were completed by the participants using Google Forms®. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 24; descriptive statistics such as frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion, and bivariate correlation coefficients like Pearson's were calculated. Results: Significant correlations were found between caregivers' age, anxiety (r = .230; p < 0.05), and depression (r = .297; p < 0.05); and between the hours required daily for caregiving and anxiety (r = .255; p < 0.05) and caregiver's depression (r = .328; p < 0.05). Conclusions: In a linear regression model, it was evident that loneliness and caregiver role adoption are predictors of anxiety (p < 0.05).

Introdução: Na direção da teoria de Meleis , durante a transição como cuidador familiar, existem condições subjacentes que facilitam ou limitam a adoção do papel, podendo afetar a integridade dessa pessoa. Objetivo : determinar a relação entre depressão, ansiedade e solidão com a adoção do papel de cuidador familiar de pessoas com doença crônica em Los Patios - Colômbia durante 2021. Materiais: Pesquisa quantitativa analítica transversal que incluiu 120 pacientes e 120 cuidadores. Escalas de solidão universitária foram aplicadas da Califórnia em Los Angeles ; ansiedade e depressão hospitalar, e adoção do papel do cuidador por meio da plataforma google Formulários® ; A análise foi realizada com o software SPSS versão 24, utilizando estatísticas de frequência, tendência central e dispersão, bem como bivariadas do tipo Pearson. Resultados: São encontradas correlações significativas entre a idade do cuidador com ansiedade (r=0,230; p<0,05) e depressão (r=0,297; p<0,05); as horas diárias necessárias para o cuidado com ansiedade do cuidador (r=0,255; p<0,05) e depressão (r=0,328; p<0,05). Conclusão: Em um modelo de regressão linear, fica evidente que a solidão e a adoção do papel de cuidador atuam como preditores de ansiedade (p<0,05).

Cuidados de enfermería ante la necesidad de oxigenación en adultos con enfermedad por COVID-19: revisión integrativa / Nursing Cares due to Oxygenation Requirements in Adults with COVID-19 Disease: Integrative Review / Cuidado de enfermagem à necessidade de oxigenação em adultos com doença COVID-19: revisão integrativa

Introducción: la enfermedad por COVID-19 genera el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo, afecta la necesidad de oxigenación y demanda cuidados de enfermería para mantener la estabilidad hemodinámica y prevenir complicaciones respiratorias. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre los cuidados de enfermería ante la necesidad de oxigenación en adultos hospitalizados con enfermedad por COVID-19. Métodos: revisión integrativa con un universo de 518 artículos científicos de 2020 y 2021 de las bases de datos: PubMed, Ebsco, Cuiden y ScienceDirect. Se analizaron seis (n= 6) estudios que abordan: ¿cuáles son los cuidados de enfermería ante la necesidad de oxigenación en adultos con enfermedad por COVID-19? Resultados: los cuidados de enfermería incluyen estrategias de oxigenoterapia, recomendaciones sobre el cuidado en la primera línea de atención, uso de oxígeno de alto flujo, posicionamiento prono despierto temprano, y control de saturación y de signos vitales mediante un proceso de atención en enfermería. Conclusión: los cuidados de enfermería satisfacen la necesidad de oxigenación mediante intervenciones de oxigenoterapia, control de comorbilidades y prevención de riesgos hospitalarios.

Introduction: COVID-19 disease generates acute respiratory distress syndrome, affects the need for oxygenation and demands nursing care to maintain hemodynamic stability and to prevent respiratory complications. Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on nursing care facing the need for oxygenation in hospitalized adults with COVID-19 disease. Methods: Integrative review of a universe of 518 scientific articles published from 2020 to 2021 in the following databases: PubMed, EBSCO, CUIDEN and ScienceDirect. N=6 studies were analyzed. These address what the nursing care implies facing the need for oxygenation in adults with COVID-19. Results: Nursing care includes oxygen therapy strategies, recommendations on care in the first line of care, use of high-flow oxygen, early awake prone positioning, control of saturation and vital signs, through a nursing care process. Conclusion: Nursing care satisfies the need for oxygenation through oxygen therapy interventions, control of comorbidities and prevention of hospital risks.

Introdução: a doença Covid-19 gera síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, afeta a necessidade de oxigenação e demanda cuidados de enfermagem para manter a estabilidade hemodinâmica e prevenir complicações respiratórias. Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas sobre o cuidado de enfermagem diante da necessidade de oxigenação em adultos hospitalizados com doença Covid-19. Métodos: revisão integrativa; universo 518 artigos científicos de 2020-21, nas bases de dados: PubMed, Ebsco, Cuiden e ScienceDirect. Foram analisados N=6 estudos que abordam quais são os cuidados de enfermagem diante da necessidade de oxigenação em adultos com Covid-19? Resultados: a assistência de enfermagem inclui estratégias de oxigenoterapia, recomendações sobre cuidados na primeira linha de cuidado, uso de oxigênio de alto fluxo, posicionamento prono acordado precocemente, controle da saturação e dos sinais vitais, por meio de um processo de cuidado de enfermagem. Conclusão: a assistência de enfermagem satisfaz a necessidade de oxigenação, por meio de intervenções de oxigenoterapia, controle de comorbidades e prevenção de riscos hospitalares.

A Systematic Review for Cognitive State-Based QoE/UX Evaluation.

Traditional evaluation of user experience is subjective by nature, for what is sought is to use data from physiological and behavioral sensors to interpret the relationship that the user's cognitive states have with the elements of a graphical interface and interaction mechanisms. This study presents the systematic review that was developed to determine the cognitive states that are being investigated in the context of Quality of Experience (QoE)/User Experience (UX) evaluation, as well as the signals and characteristics obtained, machine learning models used, evaluation architectures proposed, and the results achieved. Twenty-nine papers published in 2014-2019 were selected from eight online sources of information, of which 24% were related to the classification of cognitive states, 17% described evaluation architectures, and 41% presented correlations between different signals, cognitive states, and QoE/UX metrics, among others. The amount of identified studies was low in comparison with cognitive state research in other contexts, such as driving or other critical activities; however, this provides a starting point to analyze and interpret states such as mental workload, confusion, and mental stress from various human signals and propose more robust QoE/UX evaluation architectures.

Direct and Indirect Costs of Caring for Patients with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases / Costos directos e indirectos derivados del cuidado familiar del paciente con enfermedad crónica no transmisible / Custos diretos e indiretos derivados do cuidado familiar do paciente com doença crônica não transmissível

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine direct and indirect non-medical costs derived from caring for patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in three health institutions located in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 77 patients with NCDs and their family caregivers, who were selected through systematic sampling between 2018 and 2019. Results: Most people with NCDs are women (55 %) at an average age of 70. Four out of five caregivers are women, at an average age of 40, who deliver care for an average of 14 hours a day. The total monthly cost for patient care was on average 324,207 COP. The most significant costs are related to health, food, housing, transport, and communication. 60.5 % of NCDs patients were responsible for household finances before becoming ill. About half of them stopped working and the other half experienced a reduction of 33 % in their monthly income after becoming ill. Conclusion: Due to the need for complementary and comprehensive treatment, care, and interventions, costs related to care of NCDs patients increase despite the income of NCDs patients and their caregivers do not.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar los costos directos no aplicables a los servicios de salud e indirectos derivados del cuidado familiar del paciente con enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ECNT) de tres instituciones de salud del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Metodología: estudio transversal descriptivo en 77 personas con ECNT y sus cuidadores familiares, seleccionados mediante muestreo sistemático entre 2018 y 2019. Resultados: la mayoría de las personas con ECNT son mujeres (55 %), con una edad media de 70 años. Cuatro de cada cinco cuidadores son mujeres, con una edad media de 40 años, y ofrecen cuidados 14 horas por día, en promedio. El costo total mensual atribuido al cuidado familiar del paciente fue de 324.207 pesos colombianos, en promedio. Los costos más representativos son en salud, alimentación, vivienda, transporte y comunicaciones. El 60,5 % de los pacientes con ECNT asumían las finanzas del hogar antes de enfermar y, de estos, aproximadamente la mitad dejó de trabajar y la otra mitad presentó una reducción del 33 % en sus ingresos mensuales después de enfermar. Conclusión: los costos relacionados con el cuidado familiar aumentan y los ingresos de los pacientes con ECNT y de sus cuidadores disminuyen, debido a que se requieren tratamientos, cuidados e intervenciones complementarias e integrales, entre otras.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar os custos diretos não aplicáveis aos serviços de saúde e indiretos derivados do cuidado familiar do paciente com doença crônica não transmissível (DCNT) de três instituições de saúde da área metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Metodologia: estudo transversal descritivo com 77 pessoas com DCNT e com seus cuidadores familiares, selecionados mediante amostra sistemática entre 2018 e 2019. Resultados: a maioria das pessoas com DCNT são mulheres (55 %), com idade média de 70 anos. Quatro de cada cinco cuidadores são mulheres, com idade média de 40 anos, e oferecem cuidados 14 horas por dia, em média. O custo total mensal destinado ao cuidado familiar do paciente foi de 324.207 pesos colombianos, em média. Os custos mais representativos são em saúde, alimentação, moradia, transporte e comunicações. Dos pacientes com DCNT, 60,5 % assumiam as finanças do lar antes de ficarem doentes e, destes, aproximadamente a metade deixou de trabalhar, e a outra metade apresentou redução de 33 % em seus ingressos mensais depois da doença. Conclusões: os custos relacionados com o cuidado familiar aumentam, e o ingresso dos pacientes com DCNT e o de seus cuidadores diminuem, devido a que são exigidos tratamentos, cuidados e intervenções complementares e integrais, entre outros.

Mobile technology and social media in the clinical practice of young radiation oncologists: results of a comprehensive nationwide cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Social media and mobile technology are transforming the way in which young physicians are learning and practicing medicine. The true impact of such technologies has yet to be evaluated. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a nationwide cross-sectional survey to better assess how young radiation oncologists used these technologies. An online survey was sent out between April 24, 2013, and June 1, 2013. All residents attending the 2013 radiation oncology French summer course were invited to complete the survey. Logistic regressions were performed to assess predictors of use of these tools in the hospital on various clinical endpoints. RESULTS: In all, 131 of 140 (93.6%) French young radiation oncologists answered the survey. Of these individuals, 93% owned a smartphone and 32.8% owned a tablet. The majority (78.6%) of the residents owning a smartphone used it to work in their department. A total of 33.5% had more than 5 medical applications installed. Only 60.3% of the residents verified the validity of the apps that they used. In all, 82.9% of the residents had a social network account. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the residents in radiation oncology use their smartphone to work in their department for a wide variety of tasks. However, the residents do not consistently check the validity of the apps that they use. Residents also use social networks, with only a limited impact on their relationship with their patients. Overall, this study highlights the irruption and the risks of new technologies in the clinical practice and raises the question of a possible regulation of their use in the hospital.

The French Society of Young Radiation Oncologists: History, goals and perspective.

The SFjRO was created ten years ago to promote radiation oncology teaching in France. Our society has now more than 120 members from all around the country. Each year, two national courses are organized where all members are invited.

Trascender en un "Vínculo especial" de cuidado: el paso de lo evidente a lo intangible / Transcending in a "Special Bond" of care: the passage from the evident to the intangible

El cuidado de una persona en situación de enfermedad crónica es una realidad cada día más frecuente y afecta la cotidianeidad de muchas familias. Esto implica modificar el curso de la vida y las relaciones personales y familiares, pero es necesario explorar sus significados dentro de esta experiencia. Objetivo: Comprender el significado del cuidado para la diada cuidador familiarpersona con enfermedad crónica. Método: se usó un abordaje cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo junto con teoría fundamentada. Los participantes fueron 20 informantes que constituían 10 diadas de Bogotá, Colombia. Se tuvieron en cuenta las normas éticas internacionales y nacionales, fue revisado por un comité de ética institucional. Hallazgos: los resultados arrojaron la Teoría sustantiva: trascender en un 'vínculo especial' de cuidado: el paso de lo evidente a lo intangible. El proceso social básico contiene tres variables: la limitación y necesidad de ayuda, el paso del reto o compromiso al logro y la forma de trascender en un "vínculo especial". Discusión: los resultados se interpretaron a la luz de las teorías de vínculos humanos, el significado de la vida, la autotrascendencia y el desarrollo del concepto de cuidado en la enfermería y otras disciplinas. Conclusiones: el estudio concluye que el significado de cuidado que dan las diadas que viven una experiencia de enfermedad crónica se mueven a través de un eje que les permite reconocer menor funcionalidad física con respuestas instrumentales de cuidado y, al mismo tiempo, mayor reconocimiento del "vínculo especial" que los hace encontrar espacios de proyección y trascendencia necesarios para dar valor a la experiencia.

To care for someone with chronic illness is more frequent every day and this affects families. This involves altering the course of life as well as personal and family relationships. It is necessary to explore the meaning of family care within the experience. Aim: The aim of this study was to understand the meaning of caring for the Dyad: Family caregiver- person with chronic illness. Method: Using a qualitative approach with grounded theory, the author interviewed 20 persons in 10 dyads who were living in Colombia. The study considered the national and international ethical standards and was reviewed by the institutional ethics committee. Findings: The results showed a substantial theory: Transcending on caring a "special bond": that goes from the obvious to the intangible. The basic social process contains three variables: limitation and need of care, from the challenge or commitment to the achievement, and transcending a "special bond". Discussion: The results were interpreted with theories of human bonds, the meaning of life, self-transcendence and the caring concept development in nursing and other disciplines. Conclusions: The study concludes that the meaning for dyads living the experience of chronic illness is moved by a core that permits the recognition of the instrumental care when patient has deterioration physical and, at the same time, to recognize a "special bond" between the family caregiver and the patient. This mutual recognition permits to find a space projection and the required transcendence to value experience.

Endobronchial metastases from colorectal adenocarcinomas: clinical and endoscopic characteristics and patient prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Endobronchial metastases (EBM) secondary to extrapulmonary solid malignant tumours are rare but may occur. The most common extrathoracic malignancies associated with EBM are breast, renal and colorectal carcinomas. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and bronchoscopic aspects of EBM from colorectal carcinomas and the prognosis of the patients. METHODS: EBM were diagnosed in 7 patients with colorectal carcinomas between 2004 and 2005. All patients underwent colorectal resection at the time of primary tumour diagnosis. Bronchial involvement was proved by bronchoscopy, and the metastatic nature of the lesions was confirmed histopathologically in all patients. EBM patients were compared with a control group of 7 patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. RESULTS: Median age at time of colorectal carcinoma was 55 years in EBM patients and 57 years in controls. Distressing airway symptoms caused by EBM were relieved by use of newer intrabronchial therapies: radiotherapy, brachytherapy and cryotherapy. One patient underwent metastasis resection. The median survival after diagnosis of EBM was 18.9 months. All patients had pulmonary metastases. The median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis from colorectal carcinoma was 55.7 months in EBM patients and 12.7 months in controls (p < 0.005). DISCUSSION: EBM are generally underdiagnosed in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Bronchoscopy is not part of the standard evaluation of these patients. Physicians must be more attentive to pulmonary symptoms, even when patients' pulmonary metastases are known. Various management options are available for localized endobronchial tumours. CONCLUSION: On average, EBM are diagnosed about 5 years after the diagnosis of the primary tumour, which is a relatively long lead time. Although this metastatic location usually implies a very negative prognosis regarding life expectancy, it did not seem to significantly reduce survival in our patients. Local treatments allow substantial improvement of pulmonary symptoms.