RESUMEN
The components of the cellular machinery that accomplish the various complex and dynamic membrane fusion events that occur at the division plane during plant cytokinesis, including assembly of the cell plate, are not fully understood. The most well-characterized component, KNOLLE, a cell plate-specific soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF)-attachment protein receptor (SNARE), is a membrane fusion machine component required for plant cytokinesis. Here, we show the plant ortholog of Cdc48p/p97, AtCDC48, colocalizes at the division plane in dividing Arabidopsis cells with KNOLLE and another SNARE, the plant ortholog of syntaxin 5, SYP31. In contrast to KNOLLE, SYP31 resides in defined punctate membrane structures during interphase and is targeted during cytokinesis to the division plane. In vitro-binding studies demonstrate that AtCDC48 specifically interacts in an ATP-dependent manner with SYP31 but not with KNOLLE. In contrast, we show that KNOLLE assembles in vitro into a large approximately 20S complex in an Sec18p/NSF-dependent manner. These results suggest that there are at least two distinct membrane fusion pathways involving Cdc48p/p97 and Sec18p/NSF that operate at the division plane to mediate plant cytokinesis. Models for the role of AtCDC48 and SYP31 at the division plane will be discussed.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis/fisiología , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Fusión de Membrana/fisiología , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/citología , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , División Celular/fisiología , Etilmaleimida/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Microscopía Fluorescente , Proteínas Sensibles a N-Etilmaleimida , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas , Proteínas Qa-SNARE , Proteínas SNARE , Proteínas Solubles de Unión al Factor Sensible a la N-Etilmaleimida , Proteína que Contiene ValosinaRESUMEN
The runt box (runx) is a highly conserved DNA binding and protein-protein interaction domain that defines a family of heterodimeric transcription factors that regulate development in metazoans. The three mammalian runx genes are oncogenes with essential functions in normal development: Runx1 is required for hematopoiesis and is frequently mutated in human and murine leukemias; Runx2 is required for bone development and is associated with human cleidocranial dysplasia and murine leukemias; and Runx3 (the evolutionarily basal member of the mammalian family) regulates growth of the gut and functions as a tumor suppressor in the gastric epithelium (Westendorf and Hiebert, 1999; Li et al., 2002). The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus contains a single runx gene, SpRunt. We present here the initial structural characterization of SpRunt, and its pattern of expression during embryogenesis. SpRunt contains two introns, the locations of which are identical to those of the second and third introns from promoter P2 of the mammalian runx genes. A approximately 6 kb transcript begins to accumulate during cleavage. At mesenchyme blastula stage, SpRunt transcripts are found throughout the embryo, but specifically enriched in the vegetal plate, skeletogenic mesenchyme, and part of the ectoderm. By late gastrula stage expression is localized to the endomesoderm and oral ectoderm. In the pluteus larva SpRunt transcripts remain confined to the endomesoderm and oral ectoderm, with highest levels of accumulation in the foregut and in the ciliary band. These data suggest that SpRunt expression is enhanced in proliferating cells.
