Correction: Development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts from decellularized parsley stems.

Correction for 'Development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts from decellularized parsley stems' by Merve Cevik et al., Soft Matter, 2024, 20, 338-350, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SM01236K.

Development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts from decellularized parsley stems.

Cardiovascular diseases are mostly associated with narrowing or blockage of blood vessels, and it is the most common cause of death worldwide. The use of vascular grafts is a promising approach to bypass or replace the blocked vessels for long-term treatment. Although autologous arteries or veins are the most preferred tissue sources for vascular bypass, the limited presence and poor quality of autologous vessels necessitate seeking alternative biomaterials. Recently, synthetic grafts have gained attention as an alternative to autologous grafts. However, the high failure rate of synthetic grafts has been reported primarily due to thrombosis, atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, or infection. Thrombosis, the main reason for failure upon implantation, is associated with damage or absence of endothelial cell lining in the vascular graft's luminal surface. To overcome this, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have come into prominence. Alongside the well-established scaffold manufacturing techniques, decellularized plant-based constructs have recently gained significant importance and are an emerging field in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Accordingly, in this study, we demonstrated the fabrication of tubular scaffolds from decellularized parsley stems and recellularized them with human endothelial cells to be used as a potential TEVG. Our results suggested that the native plant DNA was successfully removed, and soft tubular biomaterials were successfully manufactured via the chemical decellularization of the parsley stems. The decellularized parsley stems showed suitable mechanical and biological properties to be used as a TEVG material, and they provided a suitable environment for the culture of human endothelial cells to attach and create a pseudo endothelium prior to implantation. This study is the first one to demonstrate the potential of the parsley stems to be used as a potential TEVG biomaterial.

Engineering periodontal tissue interfaces using multiphasic scaffolds and membranes for guided bone and tissue regeneration.

Periodontal diseases are one of the greatest healthcare burdens worldwide. The periodontal tissue compartment is an anatomical tissue interface formed from the periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, and bone. This multifaceted composition makes tissue engineering strategies challenging to develop due to the interface of hard and soft tissues requiring multiphase scaffolds to recreate the native tissue architecture. Multilayer constructs can better mimic tissue interfaces due to the individually tuneable layers. They have different characteristics in each layer, with modulation of mechanical properties, material type, porosity, pore size, morphology, degradation properties, and drug-releasing profile all possible. The greatest challenge of multilayer constructs is to mechanically integrate consecutive layers to avoid delamination, especially when using multiple manufacturing processes. Here, we review the development of multilayer scaffolds that aim to recapitulate native periodontal tissue interfaces in terms of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Important properties of multiphasic biodegradable scaffolds are highlighted and summarised, with design requirements, biomaterials, and fabrication methods, as well as post-treatment and drug/growth factor incorporation discussed.

In Vivo Bone Regeneration Capacity of Multiscale Porous Polycaprolactone-Based High Internal Phase Emulsion (PolyHIPE) Scaffolds in a Rat Calvarial Defect Model.

Globally, one of the most common tissue transplantation procedures is bone grafting. Lately, we have reported the development of polymerized high internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) made of photocurable polycaprolactone (4PCLMA) and shown their potential to be used as bone tissue engineering scaffolds in vitro. However, it is essential to evaluate the in vivo performance of these scaffolds to investigate their potential in a clinically more relevant manner. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare in vivo performances of macroporous (fabricated using stereolithography), microporous (fabricated using emulsion templating), and multiscale porous (fabricated using emulsion templating and perforation) scaffolds made of 4PCLMA. Also, 3D-printed macroporous scaffolds (fabricated using fused deposition modeling) made of thermoplastic polycaprolactone were used as a control. Scaffolds were implanted into a critical-sized calvarial defect, animals were sacrificed 4 or 8 weeks after implantation, and the new bone formation was assessed by micro-computed tomography, dental radiography, and histology. Multiscale porous scaffolds that include both micro- and macropores resulted in higher bone regeneration in the defect area compared to only macroporous or only microporous scaffolds. When one-grade porous scaffolds were compared, microporous scaffolds showed better performance than macroporous scaffolds in terms of mineralized bone volume and tissue regeneration. Micro-CT results revealed that while bone volume/tissue volume (Bv/Tv) values were 8 and 17% at weeks 4 and 8 for macroporous scaffolds, they were significantly higher for microporous scaffolds, with values of 26 and 33%, respectively. Taken together, the results reported in this study showed the potential application of multiscale PolyHIPE scaffolds, in particular, as a promising material for bone regeneration.

A "sweet" way to increase the metabolic activity and migratory response of cells associated with wound healing: deoxy-sugar incorporated polymer fibres as a bioactive wound patch.

The selection of a wound dressing is crucial for successful wound management. Conventional dressings are preferable for the treatment of simple wounds. However, a bioactive wound dressing that supports wound management and accelerates the healing process is required when it comes to treating non-self-healing wounds. 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR) is a small deoxy sugar that naturally occurs in human body. Although we have previously demonstrated that 2dDR can be used to induce neovascularisation and accelerates wound healing in vitro and in vivo, the literature on small sugars is conflicting, and the knowledge on how 2dDR achieves its biological activity is very limited. In this study, several small sugars including D-glucose (DG), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2dDG), 2deoxy-L-ribose (2dLR) were compared to 2dDR by investigating their effects on the metabolic activities of both human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Then, for the first time, a two-dimensional (2D) scratch wound healing model was used to explore the migratory response of HDFs in response to 2dDR treatment. Finally, 2dDR was incorporated into Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) polymer fibres via electrospinning, and the metabolic activity of both types of cells in vitro was investigated in response to sugar release via Alamar Blue assay. The results demonstrated that 2dDR was the only sugar, among others, that enhances the metabolic activity of both HDMECs and HDFs and the migratory response of HDFs in a 2D scratch assay in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to direct administration, 2dDR was also found to increase the metabolic activity of HDMECs and HDFs over 7 days when released from polymer fibres. It is concluded that 2dDR is a potential pro-angiogenic agent that has a positive impact not only on endothelial cells but also fibroblasts, which take a key role in wound healing. It could easily be introduced into polymeric scaffolds to be released quickly to enhance the metabolic activity and the migratory response of cells that are associated with angiogenesis and wound healing.

Thiolene- and Polycaprolactone Methacrylate-Based Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion (PolyHIPE) Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering.

Highly porous emulsion templated polymers (PolyHIPEs) provide a number of potential advantages in the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Porosity enables cell ingrowth and nutrient diffusion within, as well as waste removal from, the scaffold. The properties offered by emulsion templating alone include the provision of high interconnected porosity, and, in combination with additive manufacturing, the opportunity to introduce controlled multiscale porosity to complex or custom structures. However, the majority of monomer systems reported for PolyHIPE preparation are unsuitable for clinical applications as they are nondegradable. Thiol-ene chemistry is a promising route to produce biodegradable photocurable PolyHIPEs for the fabrication of scaffolds using conventional or additive manufacturing methods; however, relatively little research has been reported on this approach. This study reports the groundwork to fabricate thiol- and polycaprolactone (PCL)-based PolyHIPE materials via a photoinitiated thiolene click reaction. Two different formulations, either three-arm PCL methacrylate (3PCLMA) or four-arm PCL methacrylate (4PCLMA) moieties, were used in the PolyHIPE formulation. Biocompatibility of the PolyHIPEs was investigated using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and human osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63) by DNA quantification assay, and developed PolyHIPEs were shown to be capable of supporting cell attachment and viability.

Developing Wound Dressings Using 2-deoxy-D-Ribose to Induce Angiogenesis as a Backdoor Route for Stimulating the Production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.

2-deoxy-D-Ribose (2dDR) was first identified in 1930 in the structure of DNA and discovered as a degradation product of it later when the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase breaks down thymidine into thymine. In 2017, our research group explored the development of wound dressings based on the delivery of this sugar to induce angiogenesis in chronic wounds. In this review, we will survey the small volume of conflicting literature on this and related sugars, some of which are reported to be anti-angiogenic. We review the evidence of 2dDR having the ability to stimulate a range of pro-angiogenic activities in vitro and in a chick pro-angiogenic bioassay and to stimulate new blood vessel formation and wound healing in normal and diabetic rat models. The biological actions of 2dDR were found to be 80 to 100% as effective as VEGF in addition to upregulating the production of VEGF. We then demonstrated the uptake and delivery of the sugar from a range of experimental and commercial dressings. In conclusion, its pro-angiogenic properties combined with its improved stability on storage compared to VEGF, its low cost, and ease of incorporation into a range of established wound dressings make 2dDR an attractive alternative to VEGF for wound dressing development.

Decellularised extracellular matrix decorated PCL PolyHIPE scaffolds for enhanced cellular activity, integration and angiogenesis.

Wound healing involves a complex series of events where cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions play a key role. Wounding can be simple, such as the loss of the epithelial integrity, or deeper and more complex, reaching to subcutaneous tissues, including blood vessels, muscles and nerves. Rapid neovascularisation of the wounded area is crucial for wound healing as it has a key role in supplying oxygen and nutrients during the highly demanding proliferative phase and transmigration of inflammatory cells to the wound area. One approach to circumvent delayed neovascularisation is the exogenous use of pro-angiogenic factors, which is expensive, highly dose-dependent, and the delivery of them requires a very well-controlled system to avoid leaky, highly permeable and haemorrhagic blood vessel formation. In this study, we decorated polycaprolactone (PCL)-based polymerised high internal phase emulsion (PolyHIPE) scaffolds with fibroblast-derived ECM to assess fibroblast, endothelial cell and keratinocyte activity in vitro and angiogenesis in ex ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. Our results showed that the inclusion of ECM in the scaffolds increased the metabolic activity of three types of cells that play a key role in wound healing and stimulated angiogenesis in ex ovo CAM assays over 7 days. Herein, we demonstrated that fibroblast-ECM functionalised PCL PolyHIPE scaffolds appear to have great potential to be used as an active wound dressing to promote angiogenesis and wound healing.

2-deoxy-d-ribose (2dDR) upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stimulates angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Delayed neovascularisation of tissue-engineered (TE) complex constructs is a major challenge that causes their failure post-implantation. Although significant progress has been made in the field of angiogenesis, ensuring rapid neovascularisation still remains a challenge. The use of pro-angiogenic agents is an effective approach to promote angiogenesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been widely studied both at the biological and molecular levels and is recognised as a key stimulator of angiogenesis. However, the exogenous use of VEGF in an uncontrolled manner has been shown to result in leaky, permeable and haemorrhagic vessels. Thus, researchers have been actively seeking alternative agents to upregulate VEGF production rather than exogenous use of VEGF in TE systems. We have previously revealed the potential of 2-deoxy-d-ribose (2dDR) as an alternative pro-angiogenic agent to induce angiogenesis and accelerates wound healing. However, to date, there is not any clear evidence on whether 2dDR influences the angiogenic cascade that involves VEGF. METHODS: In this study, we explored the angiogenic properties of 2dDR either by its direct application to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) or when released from commercially available alginate dressings and demonstrated that when 2dDR promotes angiogenesis, it also increases the VEGF production of HAECs. RESULTS: The VEGF quantification results suggested that VEGF production by HAECs was increased with 2dDR treatment but not with other sugars, including 2-deoxy-l-ribose (2dLR) and d-glucose (DG). The stability studies demonstrated that approximately 40-50% of the 2dDR had disappeared in the media over 14 days, either in the presence or absence of HAECs, and the reduction was higher when cells were present. The concentration of VEGF in the media also fell after day 4 associated with the reduction in 2dDR. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that 2dDR (but not other sugars tested in this study) stimulates angiogenesis by increasing the production of VEGF. We conclude 2dDR appears to be a practical and effective indirect route to upregulating VEGF for several days, leading to increased angiogenesis.

Bioengineering Vascular Networks to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularization of Physiologically Relevant Tissue Models in Vitro.

Angiogenesis assays are essential for studying aspects of neovascularization and angiogenesis and investigating drugs that stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis. To date, there are several in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays that are used for studying different aspects of angiogenesis. Although in vivo assays are the most representative of native angiogenesis, they raise ethical questions, require considerable technical skills, and are expensive. In vitro assays are inexpensive and easier to perform, but the majority of them are only two-dimensional cell monolayers which lack the physiological relevance of three-dimensional structures. Thus, it is important to look for alternative platforms to study angiogenesis under more physiologically relevant conditions in vitro. Accordingly, in this study, we developed polymeric vascular networks to be used to study angiogenesis and vascularization of a 3D human skin model in vitro. Our results showed that this platform allowed the study of more than one aspect of angiogenesis, endothelial migration and tube formation, in vitro when combined with Matrigel. We successfully reconstructed a human skin model, as a representative of a physiologically relevant and complex structure, and assessed the suitability of the developed in vitro platform for studying endothelialization of the tissue-engineered skin model.

Pre-Seeding of Simple Electrospun Scaffolds with a Combination of Endothelial Cells and Fibroblasts Strongly Promotes Angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Introduction of pro-angiogenic cells into tissue-engineered (TE) constructs (prevascularisation) is a promising approach to overcome delayed neovascularisation of such constructs post-implantation. Accordingly, in this study, we examined the contribution of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) alone and in combination on the formation of new blood vessels in ex-ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. METHODS: Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were first examined in terms of their physical, mechanical, and biological performances. The effect of gelatin coating and co-culture conditions on enhancing endothelial cell viability and growth was then investigated. Finally, the angiogenic potential of HDMECs and HDFs were assessed macroscopically and histologically after seeding on simple electrospun PHBV scaffolds either in isolation or in indirect co-culture using an ex-ovo CAM assay. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that PHBV was slightly more favourable than PCL for HDMECs in terms of cell metabolic activity. The gelatin coating of PHBV scaffolds and co-culture of HDMECs with HDFs both showed a positive impact on HDMECs viability and growth. Both cell types induced angiogenesis over 7 days in the CAM assay either in isolation or in co-culture. The introduction of HDMECs to the scaffolds resulted in the production of more blood vessels in the area of implantation than the introduction of HDFs, but the co-culture of HDMECs and HDFs gave the most significant angiogenic activity. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that the in vitro prevascularisation of TE constructs with HDMECs and HDFs alone or in co-culture promotes angiogenesis in implantable TE constructs.

Developing affordable and accessible pro-angiogenic wound dressings; incorporation of 2 deoxy D-ribose (2dDR) into cotton fibres and wax-coated cotton fibres.

The absorption capacity of cotton dressings is a critical factor in their widespread use where they help absorb wound exudate. Cotton wax dressings, in contrast, are used for wounds where care is taken to avoid adhesion of dressings to sensitive wounds such as burn injuries. Accordingly, we explored the loading of 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR), a small sugar, which stimulates angiogenesis and wound healing in normal and diabetic rats, into both types of dressings and measured the release of it over several days. The results showed that approximately 90% of 2dDR was released between 3 and 5 days when loaded into cotton dressings. For wax-coated cotton dressings, several methods of loading of 2dDR were explored. A strategy similar to the commercial wax coating methodology was found the best protocol which provided a sustained release over 5 days. Cytotoxicity analysis of 2dDR loaded cotton dressing showed that the dressing stimulated metabolic activity of fibroblasts over 7 days confirming the non-toxic nature of this sugar-loaded dressings. The results of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay demonstrated a strong angiogenic response to both 2dDR loaded cotton dressing and to 2dDR loaded cotton wax dressings. Both dressings were found to increase the number of newly formed blood vessels significantly when observed macroscopically and histologically. We conclude this study offers a simple approach to developing affordable wound dressings as both have the potential to be evaluated as pro-active dressings to stimulate wound healing in wounds where management of exudate or prevention of adherence to the wounds are clinical requirements.

A Novel Bilayer Polycaprolactone Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration: Combining Electrospinning and Emulsion Templating.

Guided bone regeneration is a common dental implant treatment where a barrier membrane (BM) is used between epithelial tissue and bone or bone graft to prevent the invasion of the fast-proliferating epithelial cells into the defect site to be able to preserve a space for infiltration of slower-growing bone cells into the periodontal defect site. In this study, a bilayer polycaprolactone (PCL) BM was developed by combining electrospinning and emulsion templating techniques. First, a 250 µm thick polymerised high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) made of photocurable PCL was manufactured and treated with air plasma, which was shown to enhance the cellular infiltration. Then, four solvent compositions were investigated to find the best composition for electrospinning a nanofibrous PCL barrier layer on PCL polyHIPE. The biocompatibility and the barrier properties of the electrospun layer were demonstrated over four weeks in vitro by histological staining. Following in vitro assessment of cell viability and cell migration, cell infiltration and the potential of PCL polyHIPE for supporting blood vessel ingrowth were further investigated using an ex-ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Our results demonstrated that the nanofibrous PCL electrospun layer was capable of limiting cell infiltration for at least four weeks, while PCL polyHIPE supported cell infiltration, calcium and mineral deposition of bone cells, and blood vessel ingrowth through pores.

Exploration of 2-deoxy-D-ribose and 17ß-Estradiol as alternatives to exogenous VEGF to promote angiogenesis in tissue-engineered constructs.

Aim: In this study, we explored the angiogenic potential and proangiogenic concentration ranges of 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR) and 17ß-Estradiol (E2) in comparison with VEGF. The 2dDR and E2 were then loaded into tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds to investigate their proangiogenic potential when released from fibers. Materials & methods:Ex ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was used to evaluate angiogenic activity of 2dDR and E2. Both factors were then introduced into scaffolds via electrospinning to assess their angiogenic potential when released from fibers. Results: Both factors were approximately 80% as potent as VEGF and showed a dose-dependent angiogenic response. The sustained release of both agents from the scaffolds stimulated neovascularization over 7 days in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. Conclusion: We conclude that both 2dDR and E2 provide attractive alternatives to VEGF for the functionalization of tissue engineering scaffolds to promote angiogenesis in vivo.

Using ex Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay To Evaluate the Biocompatibility and Angiogenic Response to Biomaterials.

Biomaterials need to be vigorously tested at every stage of preclinical development. As demand for in vivo culture environments continues to increase, traditional animal models are often technically complex, ethically undesirable, time-consuming, and resource intensive and thus present a barrier to high throughput screening. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay has long been used to study the effects of drugs on angiogenesis in vivo, providing researchers with a readily available, accessible, self-sustaining, and high throughput screen without requiring animal facilities. It has also been recognized as an in vivo assay to test initial tissue response to biomaterials; however it has not yet gained widespread acceptance. This could be due to lack of specific protocols on how to optimize this assay to specifically test biomaterials. Here we describe how the ex ovo (shell-less) CAM assay can be effectively used to study the angiogenic potential and initial tissue response to biomaterials. In comparison to alternative in vivo approaches, this technique provides additional advantages to the researcher as it allows better visualization of implanted biomaterials and the ability to implant several samples simultaneously enabling combinatorial biomaterial assays to be conducted.

Assessment of the Angiogenic Potential of 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose Using a Novel in vitro 3D Dynamic Model in Comparison With Established in vitro Assays.

Angiogenesis is a highly ordered physiological process regulated by the interaction of endothelial cells with an extensive variety of growth factors, extracellular matrix components and mechanical stimuli. One of the most important challenges in tissue engineering is the rapid neovascularization of constructs to ensure their survival after transplantation. To achieve this, the use of pro-angiogenic agents is a widely accepted approach. The study of angiogenesis has gained momentum over the last two decades. Although there are various in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo angiogenesis models that enable testing of newly discovered pro-angiogenic agents, the problem with researching angiogenesis is the choice of the most appropriate assay. In vivo assays are the most representative and reliable models, but they are expensive, time-consuming and can cause ethical concerns whereas in vitro assays are relatively inexpensive, practical, and reproducible, but they are usually lack of enabling the study of more than one aspect of angiogenesis, and they do not fully represent the complexity of physiological angiogenesis. Therefore, there is a need for the development of an angiogenesis model that allows the study of angiogenesis under physiologically more relevant, dynamic conditions without causing ethical concerns. Accordingly, in this study, we developed 3D in vitro dynamic angiogenesis model, and we tested the angiogenic potential of 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR) in comparison with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using newly developed in vitro 3D dynamic model and well-established in vitro models. Our results obtained using conventional in vitro assays demonstrated that 2dDR promoted proliferation, migration and tube formation of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in a dose-dependent manner. Then, the angiogenic activity of 2dDR was further assessed using the newly developed 3D in vitro model, which enabled the monitoring of cell proliferation and infiltration simultaneously under dynamic conditions. Our results showed that the administration of 2dDR and VEGF significantly enhanced the outgrowth of HAECs and the cellular density under either static or dynamic conditions.

Comparative study of biomechanical stability of resorbable and titanium fixation systems after sagittal split ramus osteotomy with a novel designed in-vitro testing unit.

INTRODUCTION: Sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) is one of the most popular surgical procedures for correction of mandibular deformities. Several clinical and biomechanical studies exist in the literature which, comparing the stability of different osteosynthesis materials and techniques, were performed using two or three-point biomechanical test models. The aim of this study was to compare the stability of biodegradable and titanium materials for SSRO on one-piece polyurethane mandible samples which were fixed in a novel designed 6-point testing unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 16 polyurethane one piece replicas of human mandibles were used and bilateral SSRO were performed by the manufacturer according to Dal Pont modification. Mandibles were fixed with titanium and PLLA/PGA fixation materials. Displacement amounts were measured under loading forces using a non-contact extensometer, and strain values at the screws were recorded by strain gauges. RESULTS: Bicortical titanium screws (Group 2) showed significantly lower displacement values, while bicortical PLLA/PGA screws (group 4) showed significantly higher displacement values at 40-360 N forces. (p < 0.05). The highest strain value was measured on screws that were inserted upright in a proximal segment near the osteotomy line. CONCLUSION: To achieve more realistic results in biomechanical studies, test models should imitate jaw movements and test environments should be as similar as possible to physiological conditions. Newly designed six-point testing units will contribute to future biomechanical studies.

Development of a 2-dof uterine manipulator with LED illumination system as a new transvaginal uterus amputation device for gynecological surgeries.

BACKGROUND: Hysterectomy, the most common major gynecological operation worldwide, consists of removal of the uterus and can be performed abdominally, vaginally, or laparoscopically. A uterine manipulator is a key device used for uterine manipulation and cannulation in hysterectomies. The challenges of conventional manipulators are to move the uterus in two distinct planes and to identify cervical landmarks during circular cut and coagulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, a structural synthesis of the two degrees of freedom parallel manipulator was performed considering the constraints noted by surgeons. Computer-aided design and assembly of the manipulator, the cervicovaginal cap with LEDs, and the external parts were performed before rapid prototyping. The final design of the uterine manipulator was then manufactured from stainless steel and tested on an artificial uterus model using a test chamber. RESULTS: This article presents the design, production and testing processes of an innovative manipulator with a motion capability up to 80° workspace both in the sagittal and coronal planes and an illumination system, easily detectable by the laparoscope, was successfully implemented on the manipulator's cervical cap in order to overcome the drawbacks of conventional uterine manipulators. CONCLUSIONS: Despite all the current studies and uterine manipulators on the market, no research has incorporated all the features mentioned above.