Effects of proton pump inhibitors on inflammatory bowel disease: An updated review.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is believed to be caused by various factors, including abnormalities in disease susceptibility genes, environmental factors, immune factors, and intestinal bacteria. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the primary drugs used to treat acid-related diseases. They are also commonly prescribed to patients with IBD. Recent studies have suggested a potential association between the use of certain medications, such as PPIs, and the occurrence and progression of IBD. In this review, we summarize the potential impact of PPIs on IBD and analyze the underlying mechanisms. Our findings may provide insights for conducting further investigations into the effects of PPIs on IBD and serve as an important reminder for physicians to exercise caution when prescribing PPIs to patients with IBD.

Effect of fucoidan on gut microbiota and its clinical efficacy in Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical efficacy of fucoidan-assisted standard quadruple therapy (SQT) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and the improvement of gut microbiota. METHODS: An open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University in Shandong Province, China. Ninety patients who tested positive for H. pylori were randomized to the standard quadruple therapy (SQT) group (SQ), SQT + fucoidan combination group (SF), and fucoidan + sequential SQT group (FS), respectively. Stool samples were collected for gut microbiota composition at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: After H. pylori eradication, the relative abundances of most conditional pathogens in the SQ decreased, while those of several beneficial bacteria increased or decreased (P < 0.05). In FS, the abundances of most beneficial bacteria increased gradually from baseline to week 12, while those of the conditional pathogens decreased (P < 0.05). The abundance of Bifidobacterium had a decreasing trend in SQ, but remained unchanged in SF and increased in FS (P < 0.05). The abundances of most beneficial bacteria were significantly higher in FS than in SQ and SF (P < 0.05). Addition of fucoidan enhanced symptom improvement during H. pylori eradication compared with SQT alone. CONCLUSIONS: Fucoidan considerably improved gut dysbiosis during SQT for H. pylori eradication. Gut microbiota can be maintained by the addition of fucoidan before eradication therapy with SQT rather than by concomitant addition with therapy. Fucoidan-assisted SQT could relieve gastrointestinal symptoms during H. pylori eradication.

Ruptured small pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm-clinical features similar to pancreatitis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm (PDAA) is rare and has high rupture risks. PDAA rupture has a wide range of clinical symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, syncope, and hemorrhagic shock, which is difficult to differentiate from other diseases. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 55-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital due to abdominal pain for 11 days. DIAGNOSIS: Acute pancreatitis was initially diagnosed. The patient's hemoglobin decreased compared to before admission, suggesting that active bleeding may occur. CT volume diagram and maximum intensity projection diagram show that a small aneurysm with a diameter of about 6 mm can be seen at the pancreaticoduodenal artery arch. The patient was diagnosed with a rupture and hemorrhage of the small pancreaticoduodenal aneurysm. INTERVENTIONS: Interventional treatment was performed. After the microcatheter was selected for the branch of the diseased artery for angiography, the pseudoaneurysm was displayed and embolized. OUTCOMES: The angiography showed that the pseudoaneurysm was occluded, and the distal cavity was not redeveloped. CONCLUSION: The clinical manifestations of PDAA rupture were significantly correlated with the aneurysm diameter. Because of small aneurysms, the bleeding is limited around the peripancreatic and duodenal horizontal segments, accompanied by abdominal pain, vomiting, and elevated serum amylase, similar to the clinical manifestations of acute pancreatitis but accompanied by the decrease of hemoglobin. This will help us to improve our understanding of the disease, avoid misdiagnosis, and provide the basis for clinical treatment.

Clinical value of the Toronto inflammatory bowel disease global endoscopic reporting score in ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic evaluation in diagnosing and managing ulcerative colitis (UC) is becoming increasingly important. Several endoscopic scoring systems have been established, including the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) score and Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES). Furthermore, the Toronto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Global Endoscopic Reporting (TIGER) score for UC has recently been proposed; however, its clinical value remains unclear. AIM: To investigate the clinical value of the TIGER score in UC by comparing it with the UCEIS score and MES. METHODS: This retrospective study included 166 patients with UC who underwent total colonoscopy between January 2017 and March 2023 at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao, China). We retrospectively analysed endoscopic scores, laboratory and clinical data, treatment, and readmissions within 1 year. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, receiver operating characteristic curve, and univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) and GraphPad Prism version 9.0.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, Boston, Massachusetts, United States). RESULTS: The TIGER score significantly correlated with the UCEIS score and MES (r = 0.721, 0.626, both P < 0.001), showed good differentiating values for clinical severity among mild, moderate, and severe UC [8 (4-112.75) vs 210 (109-219) vs 328 (219-426), all P < 0.001], and exhibited predictive value in diagnosing patients with severe UC [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.897, P < 0.001]. Additionally, the TIGER (r = 0.639, 0,551, 0.488, 0.376, all P < 0.001) and UCEIS scores (r = 0.622, 0,540, 0.494, and 0.375, all P < 0.001) showed stronger correlations with laboratory and clinical parameters, including C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, length of hospitalisation, and hospitalisation costs, than MES (r = 0.509, 0,351, 0.339, and 0.270, all P < 0.001). The TIGER score showed the best predictability for patients' recent advanced treatment, including systemic corticosteroids, biologics, or immunomodulators (AUC = 0.848, P < 0.001) and 1-year readmission (AUC = 0.700, P < 0.001) compared with the UCEIS score (AUC = 0.762, P < 0.001; 0.627, P < 0.05) and MES (AUC = 0.684, P < 0.001; 0.578, P = 0.132). Furthermore, a TIGER score of ≥ 317 was identified as an independent risk factor for advanced UC treatment (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: The TIGER score may be superior to the UCIES score and MES in improving the accuracy of clinical disease severity assessment, guiding therapeutic decision-making, and predicting short-term prognosis.

[Visual analysis of exosomes in traditional Chinese medicine research and application status based on CiteSpace knowledge map].

In this study, CiteSpace was used to conduct bibliometric statistics and visualization of the research papers on the exosomes in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and application status in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Web of Science. The authors, research institutions, and keywords of the relevant papers were analyzed to summarize the research status, hotspots, and development trends of TCM application of exosomes, thereby providing references for future research. A total of 340 Chinese papers and 9 English papers were included. In Chinese papers, GUO Hai-dong is the author with the largest amount of research papers, and his research interest is the mechanism of electroacupuncture in promoting functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury by regulating the release of exosomes. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the research institution with the largest amount of papers, followed by Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine and Hunan University of Chinese Medicine. There was less cooperation among these research institutions, and cooperation between teams and agencies should be strengthened. The overall volume of publications in English was comparatively small, and the connections between the authors were weak. The publishing organizations were mostly distributed in medical schools, hospitals, comprehensive universities, and the cooperation between institutions was scattered. The main keywords in Chinese papers include microRNA, mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, mechanism of action, and extracellular vesicles. The research of exosomes in TCM is increasing in recent years. The research hotspot is that exosomes can both serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases in TCM and drug carriers of Chinese medicine for targeted treatment of diseases. Keyword prominence suggested that exosomes derived from osteoblasts and macrophages in the treatment of diseases might still be a future research trend.

An integrated study of Shenling Baizhu San against hyperuricemia: Efficacy evaluation, core target identification and active component discovery.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Shenling Baizhu San (SLBZ) is a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula that strengthens the spleen for replenishing qi, removing dampness, and inducing diuresis to relieve diarrhea. Combining the TCM interpretation that dampness is a vital pathogenesis factor in hyperuricemia occurrence and development, SLBZ has excellent potential against hyperuricemia from the perspective of TCM theories. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of SLBZ against hyperuricemia and its possible mechanism with emphasis on the active components and the core targets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we employed meta-analysis and a hyperuricemia quail model to evaluate the uric acid-lowering effect of SLBZ. Bodyweight, serum uric acid, and excreta uric acid levels in quails were assessed. Subsequently, we analyzed the potential active components and core targets of SLBZ against hyperuricemia by network pharmacology and calculated their interaction using molecular docking. Furthermore, the hyperuricemia rats treated with interfering agents of core targets were established to determine the central role of selected targets in hyperuricemia progression. Besides, we isolated and characterized the primary renal tubular epithelial cells of quails to verify the active components and core targets of SLBZ against hyperuricemia. Western blotting was used to observe the expression of core targets treated with active components under the stimulation of interfering agents. RESULTS: Data from meta-analysis and animal experiments showed that SLBZ could work effectively against hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia quails treated with SLBZ displayed significantly reduced serum uric acid levels accompanied by increased excretion of uric acid. According to network pharmacology and molecular docking results, 34 potential active components and the core target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) for SLBZ against hyperuricemia were identified. The decreased serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemia rats treated with rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARγ, confirms the essential role of PPARγ in the pathological process of hyperuricemia. Moreover, we first successfully isolated and characterized the primary renal tubular epithelial cells of quails and observed enhanced phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser273 in cells handled with high-level uric acid. Whereas, the enhanced expression of p-PPARγ Ser273 could be down-regulated by luteolin and naringenin, two active components of SLBZ against hyperuricemia. CONCLUSION: In summary, SLBZ is a promising anti-hyperuricemia agent, and luteolin and naringenin are the active components for SLBZ against hyperuricemia by down-regulating phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser273.

Gastrointestinal amyloidosis in a patient with smoldering multiple myeloma: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic plasma cell proliferative disorder that can progress to multiple myeloma (MM). Amyloidosis (light chain) (AL) is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. There are few reports of SMM coexisting with AL involving the digestive tract. CASE SUMMARY: A 63-year-old woman presented with lower limb edema, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and hematochezia. Gastroscopy showed gastric retention, gastric angler mucosal coarseness, hyperemia, and mild oozing of blood. Colonoscopy showed hyperemic and edematous mucosa of the distal ascending colon and sigmoid colon with the presence of multiple round and irregular ulcers, submucosal ecchymosis, and hematoma. Gastric and colonic tissue biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of AL by positive Congo red staining. MM was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy and immunohistochemistry. The patient had no hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, anemia, bone lesions or biomarkers of malignancy defined as plasma cells > 60% in bone marrow. Additionally, no elevated serum free light chain ratio, or presence of bone marrow lesions by magnetic resonance imaging (SLiM criteria) were detected. The patient was finally diagnosed with SMM coexisting with AL. She received chemotherapy and was discharged when the symptoms were relieved. She is doing well at nearly five years of follow up. CONCLUSION: This case highlights that high index of suspicion is required to diagnose gastrointestinal AL. It should be suspected in elderly patients with endoscopic findings of granular-appearing mucosa, ecchymosis, and submucosal hematoma. Timely diagnosis and appropriate therapy can help to improve the prognosis of these patients.

Comparing the clinical application values of the Degree of Ulcerative Colitis Burden of Luminal Inflammation (DUBLIN) score and Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) in patients with ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: The significance of endoscopic evaluation in the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been widely recognized. Over the years, scholars have established several endoscopic scores. Herein, we assessed the clinical application value of the Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (Mayo ES), the Degree of Ulcerative Colitis Burden of Luminal Inflammation (DUBLIN) score, and the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) score in UC patients, by comparing their correlation with disease activity and their predictive potential for treatment response and clinical outcomes. METHODS: UC patients hospitalized from September 2015 to September 2019 were retrospectively analysed. We employed Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to assess the linear association of the assessed endoscopic scores with the clinical parameters. The receiver-operating characteristic curve was applied to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the endoscopic scores for treatment escalation and 1-year readmission. RESULTS: A total of 178 patients were enrolled; most of them (82%) suffered moderate or severe colitis. Among them, 48 (27%) patients received treatment escalation and 59 (33%) were readmitted within 1 year. The DUBLIN and UCEIS scores demonstrated higher correlations with clinical parameters than the Mayo ES. The DUBLIN scores significantly differed between patients with mild, moderate, and severe colitis (all P < 0.001). The UCEIS scores demonstrated the best predictabilities for treatment escalation and 1-year readmission with an area under the curve of 0.88 and 0.75, respectively. Compared to the UCEIS and DUBLIN scores, the predictive capabilities of the Mayo ES for treatment escalation (both P < 0.001) and 1-year readmission (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) were lower. The UCEIS scores exhibited a significant difference between the steroid-responsive group and the steroid-dependent or steroid-refractory group (both P < 0.001), while no significant differences in the Mayo ES and DUBLIN scores were found among the three groups (both P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that both the DUBLIN and UCEIS scores outperform the Mayo ES in assessing disease severity and predicting treatment response and clinical outcomes in UC patients.

[Effects of wetland reclamation on amino sugar accumulation in soils of the Sanjiang Plain]. / 三江平原湿地开垦对土壤氨基糖积累特征的影响.

Microbial residues play important roles in the formation and stabilization of soil organic matter. The responses of soil microbial residues to wetland reclamation, however, remain unclear. In this study, we collected soil samples from a native wetland dominated by Calamagrostis angustifolia as well as three agricultural lands cultivated for 5, 15, and 25 years to examine the effects of wetland reclamation on the content of microbial residues (amino sugar analysis). Results showed that soil amino sugar contents were significantly reduced after wetland reclamation, with a positive relationship between the reduction and the duration of reclamation. After 25 years of reclamation, the content of glucosamine, galactosamine, and muramic acid in agricultural soils decreased by 38.0%, 38.1%, and 35.9%, respectively, compared to the natural wetland. The reduction of muramic acid (25.8%) was stronger than glucosamine (14.9%) after 5 years of reclamation, indicating that bacterial-derived microbial residues were more sensitive to wetland reclamation than fungal-derived counterparts in the short term. Total amino sugars were decreased by 21.1%, 34.0%, and 38.0% after 5, 15, and 25 years of wetland reclamation, respectively. The proportion of total amino sugars in soil organic matter was significantly decreased from 4.8% in natural wetland to 4.4% after 25 years of reclamation, indicating that long-term wetland reclamation accelerated the depletion of microbial-derived organic components, and thus changed the composition of soil organic matter. Such changes may affect long-term stabilization of soil organic matter and ecosystem functioning.

The Impact of Preoperative Sarcopenia on Survival Prognosis in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy for Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a poor prognostic factor in patients with esophageal cancer (EC). It can be aggravated by neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) that improves the prognosis of patients with EC. Until now, the impact of preoperative sarcopenia on survival prognosis in patients receiving NAT for EC remains unclear. METHODS: We systematically researched relevant studies in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library databases up to March 8, 2020. Prevalence of sarcopenia before and after NAT, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were collected for analysis. Finally, eleven cohort studies were included. RESULTS: Pooled analysis indicated that preoperative sarcopenia was negatively associated with OS. (HR = 1.290; 95% CI [1.078-1.543]; P = 0.005; I 2 = 0.0%) and DFS (HR = 1.554; 95% CI [1.177-2.052]; P = 0.002; I 2 = 0.0%) in the patients with EC receiving NAT. The prevalence of sarcopenia increased by 15.4% following NAT (95%CI [12.9%-17.9%]). Further subgroup analysis indicated that sarcopenia diagnosed following NAT (HR = 1.359; 95% CI [1.036-1.739]; P = 0.015; I 2 = 6.9%) and age >65 years (HR = 1.381; 95% CI [1.090- 1.749]; P = 0.007; I 2 = 0.0%) were the independent risk factors for decreased OS. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should strengthen the screening of preoperative sarcopenia in patients of EC both receiving NAT and older than 65 years and give active nutritional support to improve the prognosis of patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY), identifier INPLASY202050057.

Lymphangiomatosis associated with protein losing enteropathy: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Lymphangiomatosis is a multisystem disorder that is rarely localized to the gastrointestinal tract. Lymphangiomatosis usually has no specific clinical presentation and is easily misdiagnosed. A case report and review of the literature on lymphangiomatosis associated with protein-losing enteropathy will help to improve the overall understanding of this disease. CASE SUMMARY: We report a case of lymphangiomatosis of the bowel and other solid organs. A 78-year-old man presented with recurrent bowel bleeding and protein-losing enteropathy, as well as cystic lesions in the spleen, liver, and kidney. Imaging examinations revealed many cystic lesions on the spleen, liver, kidney, and thickened wall of the ascending colon, as well as pleural effusion and ascites. Colonoscopy revealed a strawberry mucosa, variable spontaneous bleeding, and surface erosion located in the terminal ileum. Several cystic masses with a translucent and smooth surface as well as diffuse white spots were located in the colon. A laterally spreading tumor (LST) was located in the ascending colon. Pathology indicated highly differentiated adenocarcinoma (LST) and lymphangiomatoid dilation, and D2-40 was positive. The final diagnosis was lymphangiomatosis. The patient underwent surgery for LST and then was administered thalidomide 75-150 mg/d. His condition, however, did not improve. He eventually died 6 mo after the initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Lymphangiomatosis usually occurs diffusely and can involve many organs, such as the spleen, kidney, liver, lung, mesentery, and bowel. Recurrent bowel bleeding or protein-losing enteropathy is an important indicator that should alert clinicians about the possibility of this disease when it afflicts the bowel. Doctors should improve the medical understanding of lymphangiomatosis.

Gastric pyloric gland adenoma resembling a submucosal tumor: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Pyloric gland adenoma (PGA) is a recently described and rare tumor. Submucosal tumor (SMT)-like PGA is more difficult to diagnose and differentiate from other submucosal lesions. CASE SUMMARY: We present the case of a 69-year-old man with a 10 mm SMT-like elevated lesion with an opening in the upper part of the gastric body, referred to our hospital for further endoscopic treatment. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography, and complete endoscopic submucosal dissection were performed on the patient. Histopathological findings revealed tightly packed tubular glands lined with cuboidal or columnar cells that had round-to-oval nuclei containing occasional prominent nucleoli and an eosinophilic cytoplasm similar to that in non-neoplastic gastric pyloric glands. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for both mucin 5AC and mucin 6. Therefore, we arrived at the final diagnosis of gastric PGA. Although there was no apparent malignant component in this tumor, PGA has been considered a precancerous disease with a high risk of transformation into adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: PGA should be considered when detecting gastric SMT-like lesions. Physicians and pathologists should focus on PGA due to its malignant potential.

Effects of Late Evening Snack on Cirrhotic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Energetic effects of late evening snack (LES) on cirrhotic patients were reported recently, but there was no quantitative analysis. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed and quantified the effects of LES on energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in the patients with cirrhosis, which will be of benefit for liver cirrhosis nutritional therapy. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database for relevant trials published until July 2017. These studies statistically were combined and analyzed by RevMan 5.3. RESULTS: Fourteen trials comprising 478 cases were eligible for analysis. The results showed that the respiratory quotient value (MD = 11.09) and carbohydrate oxidation value (MD = 0.05) significantly elevated with one week or with up to three weeks of LES treatment in cirrhotic patients (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of serum albumin (MD = 2.98) and cholinesterase (SMD = 1.09) were increased with LES administration for three weeks or that lasting twelve weeks (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant improvement for the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.53), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.96), and total bilirubin (TB) (P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: LES could improve the energy malnutrition state of cirrhotic patients. However, it may have little effect on reducing liver parenchymal injury indexes such as serum aminotransferase.

High-fat-diet-induced obesity upregulates the expression of lymphoid chemokines and promotes the formation of gastric lymphoid follicles after Helicobacter suis infection.

Helicobacter suis colonizes the stomachs of a variety of animals, including humans, and is more likely than other Helicobacter species to induce gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammatory state in which the induction of a chemokine network contributes to a variety of diseases. However, the effect of obesity on the development of gastric MALT in the presence of H. suis infection remains unclear. Here, we reveal that high-fat-diet-induced obesity upregulates the expression of lymphoid chemokines in the stomach and accelerates the H. suis infection-induced formation of gastric lymphoid follicles, potentially via a mechanism that involves the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. These findings provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases, especially those induced by Helicobacter infection.

Saccharomyces boulardii administration can inhibit the formation of gastric lymphoid follicles induced by Helicobacter suis infection.

Helicobacter suis has a greater tendency to induce gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma compared with other Helicobacter species in humans and animals. Saccharomyces boulardii has been established as an adjunct to H. pylori eradication treatment, but the effect of S. boulardii administration alone on Helicobacter infection remains unclear. Here, we found that S. boulardii administration effectively decreased the bacterial load of H. suis and inhibited the formation of lymphoid follicles in the stomach post-infection. The levels of H. suis-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and secretory IgA in the gastric juice and small intestinal secretions and the production of mouse ß-defensin-3 in the small intestinal secretions were significantly increased by S. boulardii administration at 12 weeks after H. suis infection. In addition, feeding with S. boulardii inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and lymphoid follicle formation-related factors after H. suis infection. These results suggested that S. boulardii may be useful for the prevention and treatment of Helicobacter infection-related diseases in humans.

Lipopolysaccharide Enhances Beta2-Glycoprotein I Activation of Nuclear Factor κB in Liver Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND: Beta2-glycoprotein I (ß2GPI) is a highly abundant glycoprotein in plasma. Our previous study demonstrated strong ß2GPI expression in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and the combination of ß2GPI and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was shown to significantly activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). To investigate whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances ß2GPI activation of NF-ßB and the expression of downstream factors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α; interleukin-1 beta, IL-1ß; alpha-fetoprotein, AFP) in the human hepatoma cell line, SMMC-7721. METHODS: Experimental samples were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group A--blank cell group (SMMC-7721); group B--low, medium, and high LPS concentration groups (1 ng/mL; 10 ng/mL; and 100 ng/mL, respectively); group C--ß2GPI transfected group; and group D--ß2GPI + low, medium, or high concentrations from the LPS affected group. Activation of NF-κB was evaluated using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Expression of downstream factors was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Degrees of NF-κB activation in groups B, C, and D were varied. NF-κB activation in group D was the most significant, and the expressions of downstream factors, TNF-α and IL-1ß, were the highest level of activation among the groups (p < 0.05), showing an LPS dose-dependency. CONCLUSIONS: LPS enhanced the signal transduction of ß2GPI in liver cancer cells leading to activation of NF-κB, which triggered downstream signal transduction and increased the expression of downstream factors. This suggests that LPS enhancement of ß2GPI signal transduction may play a role in promoting the development of liver cancer.

Expression of gastrointestinal nesfatin-1 and gastric emptying in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus- and ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus-lesioned rats.

AIM: To determine the expression levels of gastrointestinal nesfatin-1 in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH)-lesioned (obese) and ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus (VLH)-lesioned (lean) rats that exhibit an imbalance in their energy metabolism and gastric mobility. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a VMH-lesioned group, a VLH-lesioned group, and their respective sham-operated groups. The animals had free access to food and water, and their diets and weights were monitored after surgery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining were used to analyse the levels of NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-1 immunoreactive (IR) cells in the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and colon, respectively. Gastric emptying was also assessed using a modified phenol red-methylcellulose recovery method. RESULTS: The VMH-lesioned rats fed normal chow exhibited markedly greater food intake and body weight gain, whereas the VLH-lesioned rats exhibited markedly lower food intake and body weight gain. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 IR cells were localised in the lower third and middle portion of the gastric mucosal gland and in the submucous layer of the enteric tract. Compared with their respective controls, gastric emptying was enhanced in the VMH-lesioned rats (85.94% ± 2.27%), whereas the VLH lesions exhibited inhibitory effects on gastric emptying (29.12% ± 1.62%). In the VMH-lesioned rats, the levels of NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-1 protein were significantly increased in the stomach and duodenum and reduced in the small intestine. In addition, the levels of NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-1 protein in the VLH-lesioned rats were decreased in the stomach, duodenum, and small intestine. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that nesfatin-1 level in the stomach and duodenum is positively correlated with body mass. Additionally, there is a positive relationship between gastric emptying and body mass. The results of this study indicate that gastrointestinal nesfatin-1 may play a significant role in gastric mobility and energy homeostasis.

[Effects of nitrogen supply level on microbial transformation of amino sugar in a mollisol amended with maize straw].

A 38-week laboratory incubation test at 25 degrees C was conducted to examine the effects of different inorganic N supply level (0, 60.3, 167.2, and 701.9 mg N x kg(-1) soil, noted as N0, Nlow, Nmid, and Nhig, respectively) on the microbial transformation of amino sugar in a mollisol amended with maize straw. Comparing with the control, the amendment of maize straw promoted the microbial synthesis of amino sugar, and at the early period of incubation, the total amount of soil amino sugar increased with increasing inorganic N supply, being significantly higher in treatments Nmid and Nhig than in treatments N0 and Nlow. With prolonged incubation time, the total amount of soil amino sugar decreased, and the decrement was higher in treatments N0 and Nlow than in treatments Nmid and Nhig. Different inorganic N supply level also had different effects on the dynamics of various amino sugars. Muramic acid exclusively originated from bacteria was more easily to be affected by the inorganic N supply, compared with the glucosamine from fungal cell wall residues. For the amendment of higher C/N maize straw, a sufficient N supply would be necessary for the promotion of the accumulation and transformation of soil amino sugar. Soil N deficiency would restrict the growth of soil microbes, weaken the microbial synthesis of amino sugar, and decrease the captured N in microbial biomass, being not beneficial to the soil N accumulation.

[Determination of 13C enrichment in soil amino acid enantiomers by gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry].

The transformation and renewal of amino acid enantiomers is of significance in indicating the turnover mechanism of soil organic matter. In this paper, a method of gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry combined with U-13 C-glucose incubation was developed to determine the 13C enrichment in soil amino acid enantiomers, which could effectively differentiate the original and the newly synthesized amino acids in soil matrix. The added U-13 C-glucose was utilized rapidly to structure the amino acid carbon skeleton, and the change of relative abundance of isotope ions could be determined by mass spectrometry. The direct incorporation of U-13 C glucose was estimated by the intensity increase of m/z (F + n) to F (F was parent fragment, and n was the carbon number in the fragment), while the total isotope incorporation from the added 13C could be calculated according to the abundance ratio increment summation from m/z (Fa + 1) through (Fa + T) (Fa was the fragment containing all original skeleton carbons, and T was the carbon number in the amino acid molecule). The 13C enrichment in the target compound was expressed as atom percentage excess (APE), and that of D-amino acid needed to be corrected by the coefficient of hydrolysis-induced racemization. The 13C enrichment reflected the carbon turnover velocity of individual amino acid enantiomers, and was powerful to investigate the dynamics of soil amino acids.