Removal of the catalytic subunit of DNA-protein kinase in the proximal tubules promotes DNA and tubular damage during kidney injury.

Tubular epithelial cell damage can be repaired through a series of complex signaling pathways. An early event in many forms of tubular damage is the observation of DNA damage, which can be repaired by specific pathways depending upon the type of genomic alteration.. In this study, we report that the catalytic subunit of DNA protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), a central DNA repair enzyme involved in sensing DNA damage and performing double stranded DNA break repair, plays an important role in the extent of tubular epithelial cell damage following exposure to injurious acute and chronic stimuli. Selective loss of DNA-PKcs in the proximal tubules led to increased markers of kidney dysfunction, DNA damage, and tubular epithelial cell injury in multiple models of acute kidney injury, specifically bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and single dose of cisplatin (15 mg/kg IP). In contrast, in a mouse model of kidney fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (UUO),the protective effects of DNA-PKcs was not as obvious histologically from the tissue sections. In the absence of proximal tubular DNA-PKcs, there was reduced levels of fibrotic markers, α-SMA and fibronectin, which suggests that there may be a biphasic role of DNA-PKcs depending upon the conditions exerted upon the kidney. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the catalytic subunit of DNA-PKcs plays a context-dependent role in the kidney to reduce DNA damage during exposure to various types of acute, but not chronic forms of injurious stimuli.

Absolute electron impact ionization cross-sections for CF4: Three dimensional recoil-ion imaging combined with the relative flow technique.

Here we present measurements of dissociative and non-dissociative cross-sections for the electron impact of the CF4 molecule. The present experiments are based on a Recoil Ion Momentum Spectrometer (RIMS), a standard gas mixing setup for CF4, and a reference gas. The measurements were carried out at several electron energies up to 1 keV, covering the energy range of previous experiments. We apply the relative flow technique (RFT) to convert the relative cross-sections measured by the RIMS into absolute values. Using the combination of RIMS and RFT, ion collection and calibration errors were minimized. The results were compared with theoretical and experimental studies available in the literature. Previous electron impact experiments present relative cross-sections or use correction terms for the absolute cross-sections due to losses of energetic ions. We elucidate the differences between the new measurement method and the existing ones in the literature and explain why the present method can be considered reliable. Furthermore, we show how reducing correction terms affects the results.

Serum Endocan Levels in Children with Acute Rheumatic Fever.

BACKGROUND: Acute rheumatic fever is an immunologically delayed autoimmune sequel of throat infection caused by group A streptococcus. The aim of this study was to evaluate endocan levels in patients with acute rheumatic fever and compare with the control group. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate endocan levels in patients with acute rheumatic fever and compare with the control group. METHODS: Twenty-three children with acute rheumatic fever (11 men, 12 females; mean age 13 ± 2.7 years; range 5 to 15 years) and a healthy control group of 31 children (16 men, 15 females; mean age 13.8 ± 2.4 years; range 5 to 15 years) were recruited. The sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, antistreptolysin-O titres, and endocan levels were examined in each group. RESULTS: Before anti-inflammatory therapy, endocan levels in the acute rheumatic fever group were not statistically significant to those in the control group, respectively (200.64 ng/L, 120.71 ng/L, P = 0.208). After anti-inflammatory therapy, endocan levels were significantly higher in the acute rheumatic fever group than in the control group, respectively (260.87 ng/L vs. 120.71 ng/L, P < 0.01). A significant difference was found in endocan levels before and after anti-inflammatory therapy in the group of acute rheumatic fever, respectively (200.64 ng/L vs. 260.87 ng/L, P = 0.033). Endocan levels after anti-inflammatory therapy were statistically higher in the severe carditis group compared to those of the mild carditis group, respectively (344.56 ng/L vs. 191.01 ng/L, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that serum endocan levels increased during the subacute phase of acute rheumatic fever. We suggest that serum endocan level can be used as a new biomarker to identify the degree of cardiac involvement in acute rheumatic fever.

Evaluation of androgen receptor and androgen receptor splice-variant 7 in bladder cancer; a novel approach into an ancient topic.

PURPOSE: The contribution of androgen receptors (AR) on bladder cancer has been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, however in clinical studies, only the canonical AR (AR-FL) protein was measured by immunohistochemistry and conflicting results were obtained. To get better insight into the alterations of AR signalling, we used western blotting (WB) method and simultaneously measured both mRNA and protein levels of AR-FL and AR-V7. METHODS: 23 naive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients and 12 healthy individuals were included. AR-FL protein, AR-FL mRNA, AR-V7 protein and AR-V7 mRNA levels were quantitatively measured by WB and qRT-PCR. RESULTS: While AR-FL protein and AR-V7 mRNA were significantly higher in bladder cancer, AR-FL mRNA and AR-V7 protein were lower. AR-V7 mRNA level was higher in patients with tumour size over 3 cm and AR-FL protein was higher in single tumours (p < 0,005). The small sampling size and the inclusion of only male participants were the main limitations. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of AR-FL protein in bladder cancer supports the contribution of the AR pathway in bladder cancer. The presence of high AR-FL protein despite low mRNA levels may be due to a disruption in post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. AR-V7 was demonstrated for the first time in bladder tissue and found significantly different in bladder cancer tissues. Our study reached new and valuable findings and will shed light on the studies that aim to clarify the role of the AR pathway in bladder cancer.

Quantitative evaluation of metamorphopsia with M-CHARTS™ and evaluation of retinal morphologic changes by optical coherence tomography before and after pars plana vitrectomy in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane.

PURPOSE: We aimed to quantitatively evaluate metamorphopsia pre- and postoperatively in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane(iERM) using M-CHARTS™ and to evaluate the relationship between morphological changes in retinal layers on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and metamorphopsia scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 42 patients followed in Akdeniz University Hospital Ophthalmology Clinic diagnosed with iERM by fundus examination and OCT between 2020-2022. Detailed ophthalmologic findings, visual acuities, metamorphopsia scores, and OCT parameters of all patients were recorded. The relationship between pre- and postoperative visual acuity, metamorphopsia scores and OCT parameters was investigated. Changes in OCT parameters were compared by evaluating patients with stable or increasing metamorphopsia scores as one group (group1) and patients with decreasing metamorphopsia scores as the other group (group 2). RESULTS: In "group 2", preoperative Ganglion Cell Layer+Inner Plexiform Layer (Central) (GCL+IPL (C)) was significantly (P: 0.028) higher than in "group 1". CONCLUSION: A statistically significant preoperative thickness difference in the OCT parameters of the GCL+IPL (C) layer was associated with the quantitative metamorphopsia complaints of the patients. The thickness of the preoperative GCL+IPL (C) layer can be considered an important indicator of symptoms of metamorphopsia determining functional success after surgery.

The effects of Dapagliflozin on monocyte-HDL ratio and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The present study attempted to explore the effects of starting dapagliflozin for glycemic control in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients on the monocyte high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) and neutrophil-leukocyte ratio (NLO) as oxidative and inflammation markers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the medical files of Type-2 DM patients administered dapagliflozin for at least 12 weeks. Then, we recorded the patients' demographics and compared their pre- and post-treatment biochemical and hemogram parameters. RESULTS: We retrospectively evaluated the data of 210 patients. The results revealed that the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG; p < 0.001), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; p < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c; p = 0.011), triglyceride (p = 0.002), and monocytes (p = 0.019) and MHR (p < 0.001) significantly decreased among the patients following dapagliflozin treatment when compared to the pre-dapagliflozin period. CONCLUSIONS: MHR is considered a practical, inexpensive inflammation marker for diabetics using dapagliflozin. However, we could not conclude NLR to be a significant inflammation marker, which, in turn, may suggest the need for comprehensive, prospective research.

Evaluation of the reasons for failure in teeth with vital amputation treatment.

AIM: This study aims to evaluate the primary teeth undergoing amputation due to dental caries or trauma clinically and radiologically. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The amputation treatment of 90 primary teeth of 58 patients (Female: 20, Male: 38) aged 4-11 years was evaluated clinically and radiologically. Calcium Hydroxide was used for amputation in this study. Composite or amalgam was preferred as filling material in the same session of the patients. Clinical/radiological (Periapical/Panoramic X-ray) examination was performed on the teeth that were unsuccessful in treatment, on the day of the patient's complaint, and at the end of 1 year in the others. RESULTS: According to the clinical and radiological findings of the patients, 14.4% of the boys and 12.3% of the girls were unsuccessful. Amputation in male was a need in the 6-7 age group with a rate of 44.6% at most. Amputation in females was a need in the 8-9 age group with a rate of 52% at most. CONCLUSION: Success in amputation treatment depends on the tooth, the dentist, and the dental material applied.

The relationship between hemoglobin-RDW ratio and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced pancreas cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The prognostic significance of hemoglobin (HGB) -red cell distribution width (RDW) ratio (HRR) has been indicated in various cancer types. However, its clinical significance in patients with metastatic pancreas cancer (MPC) is unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic importance of pre-treatment HRR in patients with metastatic pancreas cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MPC patients (≥18 years of age) who received at least one course of chemotherapy between January 2001 and January 2021, were evaluated retrospectively in terms of pre-treatment HRR values. RESULTS: Of 111 patients, the mean HRR value was 0.84, and the patients were divided into low HRR and high HRR groups. The median follow-up was 8.7 months (95% CI 1.8-51.6). The median duration of first-line treatment was 4.4 months (95% CI 0.5-31.3). The median overall survival (OS) was 7.6 months (95% CI 3.4-11.8) in the low HRR group and 8.7 months (95% CI 5.7-11.8 months) in the high HRR group (p=0.276) (Figure 1). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.2 months (95% CI 2.7-5.6 months) in the low HRR group and 5.1 months (95% CI 2.8-7.4 months) in the high HRR group (p=0.044) It was found that high HRR decreased progression event in both univariate (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45-0.99, p=0.046) and multivariate (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42-0.93, p=0.022) analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The present study emphasized that low HRR was a poor prognostic factor for PFS in patients with MPC. There was no statistically significant difference between the HRR groups regarding OS. This is the first study evaluating the prognostic significance of HRR in MPC.

Qualitative and Artificial Intelligence-based Sentiment Analyses of Anti-LGBTI+ Hate Speech on Twitter in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to evaluate hate speech in Turkish LGBTI+-related tweets during a one-month period of artificial intelligence-based sentiment analyses. Turkish tweets related to LGBTI+, were retrieved using Python library Tweepy and were evaluated by sentiment analysis. The researchers then performed a qualitative analysis of the most frequently liked and retweeted tweets (n = 556). Sentiment analysis revealed that 69.5% of tweets were negative, 23.3% were neutral, and 7.2% were positive. The qualitative analysis was grouped under seven themes: LGBTI+ Club; Terrorism and Terrorist Organization Membership; Perversion, Illness, Immorality; Presence in History; Religious References; Insults; and Humiliation. The results of this study show that anti-LGBTI+ hate speech in Turkey is significant in terms of both quality and quantity. As LGBTI+ individuals are at risk for excess mental distress and disorders, it is important to understand the risks and other factors that ameliorate stress and contribute to mental health in social media.

VARIATIONS IN MONOGENIC DIABETES AND DIABETES SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES IN PEDIATRIC CASES: SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE.

Context: Diabetes is a chronic disorder with a complex pathogenetic background including monogenic, polygenic, and environmental causes. Objective: The aim of the present paper is to share the information related to genetic and clinical data of large pediatric diabetes cohort. Design: The present study retrospectively analyzes genetic and clinical findings of subjects diagnosed with diabetes under the age of 18 year and are in follow-up in a pediatric diabetes referral center. Subjects and Methods: Out of 1205 children with diabetes (902 treated with insulin) 246 underwent genetic tests on the basis of clinical selection criteria since 2007. Results: One hundred and ten variants related to diabetes were found in 89 of them. Age at presentation was 9.5±4.02 years (F/M 44/45). In total 49 pathogenic and likely pathogenic, 11 "hot and warm" of unknown significance variants were found in fourteen MODY and fifteen non-MODY genes according to criteria developed by American College of Medical Genetics. Thirty novel mutations were found. GCK (26.6%) and ABCC8 (10%) were two most frequently affected genes. Antibody testing revealed negative results in 80% of cases. Conclusions: Genetic interpretation in selected cases is important to understand the nature of the disease better. Improvement in testing opportunity and awareness might increase the prevalence of genetically explained diabetes cases. The distribution of subtypes differs between countries and even regions of the same country.

The effects of disinfection with Er, Cr:YSGG laser, application of CPP-ACP and sodium hypochlorite on shear bond strength.

Background: The effects of commonly used antimicrobial and anticariogenic agents on the adhesion of pit and fissure sealants were investigated in this study. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er, Cr:YSGG) laser disinfection, casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) containing paste and sodium hypochlorite application before the placement of a resin-based pit and fissure sealant on the shear bond strength of primary tooth enamel. Materials and Methods: The shear bond strength test evaluated the bond strength of sealants on the buccal enamel surfaces of primary molar teeth. The study groups were pit and fissure sealant without any preapplication, pre application of disinfection with Er, Cr:YSGG laser, disinfection with Er, Cr:YSGG laser and CPP-ACP containing paste, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite and CPP-ACP containing paste and CPP-ACP containing paste. The pit and fissure sealants were placed using 4 mm diameter, 2 mm height cylindrical plastic tubes. Shear force was applied to each sample. The surfaces of the broken samples were detected under stereomicroscope and were grouped as adhesive, cohesive, and mixed. The results of the study were evaluated using the SPSS 16.0 package program for statistical analysis. Results: The groups where sodium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite with CPP-ACP were applied showed the lowest bond strength (p < 0.05). It was observed that most of the failures in these groups were adhesive-type failures. No significant difference was observed between the shear bond strengths of the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Er, Cr: YSGG laser and CPP-ACP containing paste are alternative methods for pre-application of fissure sealants.

Factors leading to dissemination of cutaneous anthrax: an international ID-IRI study.

Background: Although anthrax is a rare zoonotic infection, it still causes significant mortality and morbidity. In this multicenter study, which is the largest anthrax case series ever reported, we aimed to describe the factors leading to dissemination of cutaneous anthrax. Methods: Adult patients with cutaneous anthrax from 16 referral centers were pooled. The study had a retrospective design, and included patients treated between January 1, 1990 and December 1, 2019. Probable, and confirmed cases based upon CDC anthrax 2018 case definition were included in the study. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed for all variables. Results: A total of 141 cutaneous anthrax patients were included. Of these, 105 (74%) patients had probable and 36 (26%) had confirmed diagnosis. Anthrax meningitis and bacteremia occurred in three and six patients, respectively. Sequelae were observed in three patients: cicatricial ectropion followed by ocular anthrax (n = 2) and movement restriction on the left hand after surgical intervention (n = 1). One patient had gastrointestinal anthrax. The parameters related to poor outcome (p < 0.05) were fever, anorexia, hypoxia, malaise/fatigue, cellulitis, fasciitis, lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis, high CRP and creatinine levels, longer duration of antimicrobial therapy, and combined therapy. The last two were seemingly the consequences of dissemination rather than being the reasons. The fatality rate was 1.4%. Conclusions: Rapid identification of anthrax is crucial for prompt and effective treatment. Systemic symptoms, disseminated local infection, and high inflammatory markers should alert the treating physicians for the dissemination of the disease.

Can transcription factors in the intervertebral disc of lopinavir/ritonavir prevent degeneration in the nucleus pulposus by mediating the regulation of inflammation through signaling pathways?

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine whether lopinavir/ritonavir (Lop/r), an HIV protease inhibitor, can improve disc physiology and slow down intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration through in vitro experimental methods, as well as whether it can suppress inflammation with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and sex-determining region Y (SRY) protein-related high-mobility group box genes-9 (SOX9) through hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. The aim was to investigate whether Lop/r application is toxic to IVD cells and the microenvironment simultaneously. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Human primary cell cultures were prepared using herniated IVD tissues obtained from patients with lumbar disc hernia who were unresponsive to conservative and medical treatment, and thereby, were operated on. The untreated culture samples served as control group, and the samples treated with Lop/r served as study group. Microscopic evaluations were performed simultaneously using fluorescent and supravital dyes in all groups. In addition to cell viability, toxicity, and proliferation analysis through a commercial kit, IL-1ß, SOX9, HIF-1α, and NF-κB protein expressions were evaluated using Western blotting. In the statistical comparison of the obtained data, an alpha value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Cell proliferation decreased in the Lop/r group, but no cell death was observed (p < 0.05). Moreover, at the end of 72 hours after Lop/r application, IL-1ß and NF-kB protein expressions decreased by 40% and 52%, respectively, while HIF-1α and SOX9 protein expressions increased by 4% and 59%, respectively (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although these data were obtained from an in vitro experimental study, it is believed that these findings could make significant contributions to the pharmaco-regenerative treatment modalities of IVD degeneration. Lop/r suppresses the IL-1ß and NF-κB and induces SOX9 and HIF-1α, since these signaling pathways may be related to human IVD degeneration.

A novel combined index of D-dimer, fibrinogen, albumin, and platelet (FDAPR) as mortality predictor of COVID-19.

Background: In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARSCoV2 viruses, coagulation abnormalities are strongly correlated between disease severity and mortality risk. Aims: The aim was to search for new indices to determine mortality risk. Fibrinogen times D-dimer to albumin times platelet ratio calculated with the formula (FDAPR index: ((Fibrinogen × D-dimer)/(Albumin × Platelet)) investigated as a mortality marker in COVID-19 patients. The hospitalization data of 1124 patients were analyzed from the electronic archive system. Hemogram, coagulation, and inflammatory markers were investigated in the study group. Materials and Methods: All statistical analyses like the student t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox hazard ratio, were performed with the SPSS 22.0 program. Results: Prothrombin time was prolonged significantly in patients (P < 0.05) compared to healthy subjects (n = 30). D-dimer and fibrinogen were high, and albumin and platelet counts were low in COVID-19 patients (all, P < 0.001). When the data of 224 non-survivors and 900 survived patients were compared, D-dimer and fibrinogen were higher, and albumin and platelet lower (all, P < 0.001) compared to mild and severe patients. At the cut-off value of 0.49, the FDAPR index was performed with 89.1% sensitivity and 88.6% specificity. FDAPR index had the highest mortality predictive power (P < 0.01; HR = 5.366; 95% CI; 1.729-16.654). Conclusions: This study revealed that the FDAPR index could be used as a mortality marker of COVID-19 disease.

Erratum to: Evaluation of the Effects of Favipiravir Combined with Vitamin C on Alveolar Bone in Rats.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1134/S0022093022020119.].

Are the current nomograms sufficient to predict shockwave lithotripsy outcomes?

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors affecting SWL outcomes, validate three current nomograms (Kim JK, Triple D and S3HoCKwave) and compare the predictive ability of the nomograms for SWL outcomes in upper urinary tract stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records of patients with renal and proximal ureteral stones treated with SWL between March 2013 and October 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Factors affecting SWL success were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression analysis and the three predictive scoring systems compared with the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: A total of 580 patients were included in our study. The overall stone free rate was 61% and 144/580 patients (24.8%) were stone free after one session. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, stone location at upper calyx (OR:2.988; 95%Cl: 1.350-6.612; p = 0.007), middle calyx (OR:3.036; 95%Cl: 1.472-6.258; p = 0.003), and lower calyx (OR:2.131; 95%Cl: 1.182-3.839; p = 0.012), as well as number of stones (OR:1.663; 95%Cl: 1.140-2.425; p = 0.008), maximum diameter of stone (OR:1.156; 95%Cl: 1.098-1.217; p < 0.001) and maximum Hounsfield Unit (OR:1.001; 95%Cl: 1.001-1.002; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors of SWL failure. The AUCs of the Kim JK, Triple D and S2HoCKwave scores for predicting SWL success were 0.678, 0.548, and 0.626 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Stone location, number, maximal diameter, and maximum HU were independent predictive factors for SWL outcome in the treatment of upper urinary tract stones. Current nomograms, "Kim JK nomogram", "Triple D score" and "S3HoCKwave score" can predict treatment success after SWL, but all of them have poor discrimination according to AUC analysis.

Intervention for Hepatic and Pulmonary Metastases in Breast Cancer Patients: Prospective, Multi-institutional Registry Study-IMET, Protocol MF 14-02.

BACKGROUND: One fourth of early-stage breast cancer cases become metastatic during the follow-up period. Limited metastasis is a metastatic disease condition in which the number of metastatic sites and the extent of the disease both are limited, and the disease is amenable to metastatic intervention. This prospective study aimed to evaluate intervention for limited metastases in the lung, liver, or both. METHODS: The study enrolled luminal A/B and/or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-neu+ patients with operable lung and/or liver metastases in the follow-up assessment after completion of primary breast cancer treatment and patients with a diagnosis of metastasis after 2014. Demographic, clinical, tumor-specific, and metastasis detection-free interval (MDFI) data were collected. Bone metastasis in addition to lung and liver metastases also was included in the analysis. The patients were divided into two groups according to the method of treatment for metastases: systemic therapy alone (ST) group or intervention (IT) group. RESULTS: Until June 2020, 200 patients were enrolled in the study. The demographic data were similar between the two groups. The median follow-up time was 77 months (range 55-107 months) in the IT group (n = 119; 59.5%) and 57 months (range 39-84) in the ST-only group (n = 81; 40.5%). The median MDFI was 40 months (range 23-70 months) in the IT group, and 35 months (range 13-61 months) in the ST-only group (p = 0.47). The groups had similar surgeries for the primary tumor and axilla. Most of the patients had liver metastases (49.5%, n = 99), and 42% (n = 84) of the patients had lung metastases. Both lung and liver metastases were found in 8.5% (n = 17) of the patients. The primary tumor was estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-positive in 75% (n = 150) of the patients, and 32% (n = 64) of the patients had HER2-neu+ tumors. Metastatic-site resection was performed for 32% (n = 64) of the patients, and 27.5% (n = 55) of the patients underwent metastatic ablative interventions. In the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the hazard of death (HoD) was 56% lower in the IT group than in the ST-only group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26-0.72; p = 0.001). The HoD was lower in the IT group than in the ST-only group for the patients younger than 55 years (HR, 0.32; 95% CI 0.17-0.62; p = 0.0007). In the multivariable Cox regression model, HoD was significantly lower for the patients who underwent intervention for metastases and had an MDFI longer than 24 months, but their liver metastases doubled the risk of death compared with lung metastases. CONCLUSION: Metastasis-directed interventions have reduced the risk of death for patients with limited lung/liver metastases who are amenable to interventions after completion of primary cancer treatment. For a select group of patients, such as those with luminal A/B or HER2-neu+ breast cancer who are younger than 55 years with limited metastases to the lung and liver or an MDFI longer than 24 months, surgical or ablative therapy for metastases should be considered and discussed on tumor boards.

Ischemia-Modified Albumin (IMA) levels in ectopic pregnancy and early pregnancy loss.

Background: IMA is a novel marker to consider in ischemic conditions. The initial stages of pregnancy represent a physiological ischemic status. IMA levels may be changed when there is suspicion of early pregnancy complications because of increased oxidative stress. Aim: We aimed to determine and compare IMA values in cases of ectopic and healthy pregnancies as well as early pregnancy loss. Methods: This prospective case control study population (n = 91) consisted of early pregnancy loss (n = 28), ectopic pregnancy (n = 28), and an intracavitary early healthy pregnancy (n = 35). The serum IMA levels were compared in these groups. Results: Demographic parameters were similar and there was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of serum IMA concentrations. Conclusion: We suggested that IMA cannot be used clinically for the diagnosis and follow up of early pregnancy complications during the first five to six gestational weeks.

Evaluation of the Effects of Favipiravir Combined with Vitamin C on Alveolar Bone in Rats.

Introduction: Favipiravir and Vitamin C (Vit C) were used together in the treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the effects of favipiravir on the periodontium are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Favipiravir and Vit C treatment on alveolar bone metabolism. Experimental: Fifty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (2-3 months old) were randomly divided into five equal groups (n = 10): Control, Favi 20, Favi 100, Favi 20+Vit C, Favi 100+Vit C. Favipiravir (20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, i.m.) and Vit C (150 mg/kg/day, oral) were administered to the rats for 14 days. Alveolar bone loss (ABL) and histopathological changes were examined using a light microscope. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), caspase-3, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the bone tissues. Results: Favipiravir increased the levels of RANKL and caspase-3 expression but decreased BMP-2 and ALP levels in a dose-dependent manner. Favi 20+Vit C and Favi 100 +Vit C groups showed decreased RANKL and caspase-3 levels in addition to increased BMP-2 and ALP levels. Conclusion: Favipiravir can cause histopathological damage to the periodontium, but administration of favipiravir combined with Vit C can provide a protective effect against this damage.