Renewable-based treatment solution of Reactive Blue 21 dye on fly ash as low-cost and sustainable adsorbent.

This study investigated the removal of Reactive Blue 21 (RB 21) dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption, evaluating the waste fly ash (FA). The effects of the parameters, such as initial dye concentration (100-750 mg/L), initial pH (2.0-8.0), adsorbent dose (1.0-4.0 g/L), and temperature (298-323 K) on the adsorption process were investigated. The optimum initial pH value was 2.0 for the highest RB21 dye removal (75.2 mg/g). At optimized conditions (pH 2.0, an adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g/L, a dye concentration of 750 mg/L, and an equilibrium time of 72 h), the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 105.2 mg/g. Moreover, the results of the kinetic studies fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 103.41 mg/g at 323 K. ΔGads0 values were negative and varied from 11.64 to 9.50 kJ/mol in the temperature range of 298-323 K, the values of enthalpy (ΔHadso) and entropy (ΔSadso) of thermodynamics parameters were calculated as 37.62 kJ/mol and 86.67 J/mol K, respectively, indicating that this process was endothermic. Furthermore, the adsorbent costs for powdered activated carbon (PAC) and FA to remove 1 kg of RB 21 dye from aqueous solutions are calculated as 2.52 U.S. $ and 0.34 U.S. $, respectively. It is seen that the cost of FA is approximately 7.4 times lower than PAC. The results showed that FA, a low-cost industrial waste, was promising for the adsorption of RB 21 from aqueous solutions.

Removal of arsenic in groundwater from western Anatolia, Turkey using an electrocoagulation reactor with different types of iron anodes.

Electrocoagulation (EC) is a significantly efficient method for As removal from waters and received considerable attention recently. In this study, the natural groundwater (GW) samples containing As concentrations of GW-1: 538.8 µg L-1, GW-2: 1132.1 µg L-1, and GW-3: 52, 000 µg L-1 were obtained from different provinces and treated by EC process using different iron anodes (plate, ball, and scrap). To achieve drinking water As standard (10 µg L-1), the operational time, applied current, and As removal optimization for all anode types were studied. At applied current of 0.025 A, the As removal efficiency, EC time, and operating cost were >99.9%, 180 min and 0.406 $ m-3 for ball anodes, >99.9%, 100 min and 0.0813 $ m-3 for plate anodes, >99.9%, 80 min and 0.0815 $ m-3 for scrap anodes for GW-3, respectively. It was observed that as the As concentration in the GW increased, the EC time and operating cost increased. Overall, it was concluded that Fe scrap anodes are more advantageous than other types of anodes in terms of operating cost in EC reactor for As removal.

Structural characterization and electrochemical properties of novel salicylidene phosphonate derivatives.

In this study, three novel salicylidene phosphonate ligands, diethyl (4-{[(1E)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}benzyl)phosphonate (HL1), diethyl (4-{[(1E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}benzyl)phosphonate (HL2) and diethyl (4-{[(1E)-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}benzyl)phosphonate (HL3) were synthesized and characterized by the analytical and spectroscopic techniques. We obtained their single crystals from the ethanolic solution. There are intramolecular phenol-imine hydrogen bonds in all three compounds between O1 and N1 atoms. The ligand HL3 contains a second phenol group and this is makes an intermolecular hydrogen bond with the phosphine oxide of a neighbouring molecule O2-O3 (under symmetry operation -x, 0.5+y, 0.5-z). In order to investigate the redox behaviours of the salicylidene phosphonate ligands (HL1-HL3), we were studied electrochemical properties of the ligands at the different pH and scan rates.

Synthesis, structural characterization, catalytic, thermal and electrochemical investigations of bidentate Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes.

In this study, we prepared the Schiff base ligand (L) and its Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes. The compounds were characterized by the analytical and spectroscopic methods. The ligand (L) behaves as a bidentate ligand and coordinates to the metal ions via the nitrogen atoms. The complexes have the mononuclear structures. The analytical and spectroscopic results indicated that the chloride ions coordinate to the metal ions. The complexes have the general formulae [M(L)(Cl)(2)] (M: Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) metal ions). Electrochemical properties were investigated as ligand and metal centres in the different solvents and at the scan rates, respectively. The thermal properties of the metal complexes were studied in the N(2) atmosphere. We investigated the improved catalytic activity of the Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes on the cyclohexane as a substrate. Obtained data showed that the best catalyst is the Cu(II) complex. The single crystal of the ligand (L) was obtained from CH(3)CN solution. There is a C-H...N H-bond linking the molecules into chains (C6)...N(2) 3.4415(18)A under symmetry operation (x+1,y,z) as well as pi-pi stacking on the outside of the "V" shape--nothing on the inside.

Synthesis, structural characterization, thermal and electrochemical studies of the N,N'-bis[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methylidene]cyclohexane-1,4-diamine and its Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) metal complexes.

In this study, N,N'-bis[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methylidene]cyclohexane-1,4-diamine (L) and its Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes were prepared and characterized by the analytical and spectroscopic methods. The analytical data show the composition of the metal complex to be [M(2)L(Cl)(4)(H(2)O)(2)], where L is the Schiff base ligand. The conductance data indicate that all the complexes are non-electrolytes. The compound (L) behaves as a monodentate ligand. But, obtained complexes have binuclear nature. The electrochemical properties of the metal complexes are dependent on reversible, irreversible and quasi-reversible redox waves in the anodic and cathodic regions due to oxidation and reduction of the metal ions. The single crystal of the ligand (L) was obtained from CH(3)CN solution. Space group and crystal system of the ligand are P2(1)/C and monoclinic, respectively.