A multiplex TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of H4, H6, and H10 avian influenza viruses.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have caused a large number of epidemics in domestic and wild birds, and even posed a health challenge to humans. Highly pathogenic AIVs have attracted the most public attention. However, low pathogenic AIVs, including H4, H6, and H10 subtype AIVs, have spread covertly in domestic poultry, without obvious clinical signs. The emergence of human infections with H6 and H10 AIVs and the evidence of seropositivity of H4 AIV in poultry-exposed individuals indicated that these AIVs sporadically infect humans and could cause a potential pandemic. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method to simultaneously detect Eurasian lineage H4, H6, and H10 subtype AIVs is urgently required. Four singleplex real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) assays were established based on carefully designed primers and probes of the conserved regions of the matrix, H4, H6, and H10 genes and combined into a multiplex RRT-PCR method to simultaneously detect H4, H6, and H10 AIVs in one reaction. The detection limit of the multiplex RRT-PCR method was 1-10 copies per reaction when detecting standard plasmids, and showed no cross-reaction against other subtype AIVs and other common avian viruses. Additionally, this method was suitable to detect the AIVs in samples from different sources, the results of which showed high consistency with virus isolation and a commercial influenza detection kit. In summary, this rapid, convenient, and practical multiplex RRT-PCR method could be applied in laboratory testing and clinical screening to detect AIVs.

A multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of H1, H2 and H3 subtype avian influenza viruses.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are influenza A viruses, of which subtypes H1, H2 and H3 are highly transmissible in poultry and have the risk of transmission to human as well. It is important to establish an accurate, sensitive and convenient means of virus detection. In this study, we developed a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay based on conserved sequences of the virus hemagglutinin and matrix, and designed primers and probes for the simultaneous and rapid detection of AIV subtypes H1, H2 and H3. We used different subtypes of AIVs and other avian respiratory viruses for evaluation of the specificity of this method. The results showed good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. The detection limit was 10-100 copies per reaction. The method also achieved good concordance with the virus isolation method when compared to 81 poultry samples evaluated. It provides a new method for detecting mixed infections of AIVs.

A multiplex real-time RT-PCR method for detecting H5, H7 and H9 subtype avian influenza viruses in field and clinical samples.

In recent years, H5 and H7 subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been identified in poultry worldwide, resulting in large economic losses to poultry production. Furthermore, H9N2 low pathogenic AIVs are reported to provide internal genes for generating novel reassortant AIVs, leading to potential pandemic risks. To establish an accurate, sensitive and convenient diagnostic method for H5, H7 and H9 subtype AIVs in Eurasian lineage, four groups of specific primers and probes were designed based on the conserved fragments of M, H5, H7 and H9 genes, and a multiplex real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) method was established. High sensitivity was achieved for the multiplex RRT-PCR approach, with a detection limit of 1-10 copies (plasmid DNA) per reaction. The specificity of the method was evaluated using diverse subtypes of AIVs and other avian respiratory viruses isolated in eastern China over the last 9 years. Compared with virus isolation, a higher consistency was achieved when assessing 135 field samples and 126 clinical samples. The results showed that the multiplex RRT-PCR method is a fast, convenient and practical method for AIV clinical detection and epidemiological analysis.

Directed evolution of the CpcA biosynthetic pathway and optimization of conditions for CpcA production and its properties.

To improve the production of phycocyanin holo-α-subunit (CpcA) from Spirulina maxima, five genes and their spacer region sequences involved in its biosynthesis were subject to the directed evolution by error-prone PCR using the plasmid pETDuet-6 as the template. Mutants were screened by determining the CpcA yield in 96-well plates directly. A mutant strain CPCA713 with the highest CpcA yield of 17.36 mg/l in 96-well plates was obtained, and this yield was 29.7 % higher than that from the control strain ZJGSU09 containing pETDuet-6 (13.38 mg/l). Sequence alignments indicated that 10 nucleotides and 5 amino acids were mutated. Glycerol and beef extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for accumulating CpcA in the screened CPCA713 strain, respectively. The concentrations of the key factors that affected the CpcA yield were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and were as follows: glycerol, 16.0 g/l; yeast extract, 18.2 g/l; and beef extract, 4.8 g/l. Under the optimal conditions, the CpcA yield was up to 71.21 mg/l in the shake flask. Time-course of the CpcA production before and after optimization were performed and compared. After being purified by a Hi-Trap metal chelating affinity column loaded with 100 mM nickel sulfate, CpcA presented a single protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 29 kDa in the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel. The purified CpcA had the maximal absorptive and fluorescent emission wavelengths at 623 and 650.8 nm, respectively, and was stable at temperatures of 40 °C below and pHs of 5.5-8.0, and in the dark or in the dim light. It had also a strong scavenging ability to three free radicals ·OH, ·O2 (-), and di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH). The IC50 values of ·OH, ·O2 (-), and DPPH free radicals by purified CpcA were 0.08, 0.46, and 0.48 mg/ml, respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the industrial production of CpcA by engineered Escherichia coli in future.