Whey Protein, Vitamins C and E Decrease Interleukin-10 in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Pioneer, Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of supplementation with whey protein combined with vitamins C and E on inflammatory markers in hemodialysis (HD) patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a pioneer, randomized and double-blinded study. Patients were randomized into two groups and stratified by HD frequency. The supplementation group received 20 g of whey protein, 250 mg of vitamin C, and 600 IU of vitamin E; the placebo group, 20 g of rice flour, and microcrystalline cellulose capsules. The interventions were given after HD, 3 times a week, for 8 weeks. The inflammatory markers were assessed: interleukin (IL) IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. For statistical analysis, the χ2 test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, analysis of variance for repeated two-way measurements, paired t test, and Wilcoxon test were performed. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients completed the study. No significant differences were found in inflammatory markers when comparing the groups postintervention. In the intragroup was a decrease in IL-10 in the supplementation group after 8 weeks (P = .0382). IL-6 tended to decrease by 810.95% in the supplementation group and increased by 732.8% (nonsignificant) in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: Whey protein combined with vitamins C and E significantly reduced IL-10 in the supplementation group and could be beneficial to reduce IL-6 in HD patients. Future studies are suggested with a larger sample size, different supplementation doses, and longer interventions.

Synthesis and antiplatelet activity of antithrombotic thiourea compounds: biological and structure-activity relationship studies.

The incidence of hematological disorders has increased steadily in Western countries despite the advances in drug development. The high expression of the multi-resistance protein 4 in patients with transitory aspirin resistance, points to the importance of finding new molecules, including those that are not affected by these proteins. In this work, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of N,N'-disubstituted thioureas derivatives using in vitro and in silico approaches. New designed compounds inhibit the arachidonic acid pathway in human platelets. The most active thioureas (compounds 3d, 3i, 3m and 3p) displayed IC50 values ranging from 29 to 84 µM with direct influence over in vitro PGE2 and TXA2 formation. In silico evaluation of these compounds suggests that direct blockage of the tyrosyl-radical at the COX-1 active site is achieved by strong hydrophobic contacts as well as electrostatic interactions. A low toxicity profile of this series was observed through hemolytic, genotoxic and mutagenic assays. The most active thioureas were able to reduce both PGE2 and TXB2 production in human platelets, suggesting a direct inhibition of COX-1. These results reinforce their promising profile as lead antiplatelet agents for further in vivo experimental investigations.

Administração oral de piperina em frangos de corte / Piperine oral administration on broiler' chikens

O efeito tóxico da piperina, principal amida presente em diversas espécies de pimenta, foi avaliada em frangos de corte por meio da administração oral (0,00, 1,12, 2,25 e 4,5mg kg-1 peso vivo) por 14 dias consecutivos. Foram empregados 60 pintos machos (Cobb Avian 48) com sete dias de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n=15). Foram avaliados parâmetros como: ganho de peso, peso relativo do fígado e alterações hematológicas e anatomopatológicas. A administração oral de piperina não interferiu no ganho de peso ou no peso relativo do fígado, além de não promover alteração no tamanho e na coloração dos órgãos ou no aparecimento de lesões de parênquima e nas mucosas do órgão. Todavia, alterações histopatológicas dose-dependentes foram observadas. A piperina não foi capaz de alterar significativamente os parâmetros hematológicos analisados, com exceção do leucograma, em que as doses de 1,12mg e 2,25mg kg-1 promoveram aumento do número de heterófilos e do número total de leucócitos, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que a dose oral de 1,12mg de piperina por quilo não é tóxica para frangos de corte, sendo semelhante aos resultados obtidos para ratos e camundongos. Além disso, constatou-se a capacidade da piperina em aumentar o número total de leucócitos circulantes a partir da dose de 2,25mg kg-1 nessa espécie animal.

The toxic effect of piperine, the main amide compound of different pepper species, was evaluated on broiler chickens by oral administration at 0.00, 1.12, 2.25 and 4.50mg kg-1 concentrations for 14 days. Sixty seven days old male chicks (Cobb Avian 48) randomly allocated to four experimental groups (n=15) were used in this work. Parameters such as: body weight gain, liver relative weight, hematological and anatomopathological alterations were analyzed. The oral route administration did not interfere on weight gain or liver relative weight, as well as, any modification on size and organs' color and/or parenchyma/mucous membranes injuries were observed; however, liver histopathological changes were noticed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, piperine did not alter hematological parameters, except for leukocytes counting, which at 1.12 and from 2.25mg kg-1 caused an increase of heterophils and in the total number of leukocytes, respectively. The results suggest that 1.12mg kg-1 of piperine orally administrated is not toxic for broiler chickens, as previously observed for rats and mice. Moreover, 2.25mg kg-1 of piperine seems to increase the total number of leukocytes for this animal specie.