The Effect of Montelukast on Urinary Symptoms in Children With Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Montelukast by inhibiting leukotriene receptors in the bladder can prevent the activation of mast cells. We investigated the effectiveness of Montelukast in reducing the symptoms of children with bladder pain syndrome (BPS). In this randomized clinical trial, children were allocated into groups of intervention (Montelukast and oxybutynin) and the control (oxybutynin). At the beginning and after 14 days, questions from mothers of children about their urinary condition were asked about the frequency of nocturnal enuresis, frequent urination, urinary incontinence, urinary urgency, and their pain severity. There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of frequency of nocturnal enuresis, frequent urination, urinary incontinence, and urinary urgency. Regarding the frequency of pain distribution, the frequency of pain-free people in the Montelukast group was higher than control group (84.4% vs 56.3%, P = .023). The results showed that adding Montelukast to oxybutynin has a significant decrease in pain in children with BPS.

Thyroid Function in Children with Cyanotic and Non-Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the common diseases of childhood, which is classified into non-cyanotic and cyanotic types. It can affect thyroid function and lead to disruptions in thyroid hormone secretion and hypofunction. This study aimed to evaluate thyroid function in patients younger than 2 years old with cyanotic and non-cyanotic CHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study, 101 patients (female/male: 50/51) were included. The thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured using the electrochemiluminescence method, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subclinical hypothyroidism referred to normal levels of T4, with elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum. RESULTS: The frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism in patients with cyanotic CHD was estimated at 27.5% and 10%, respectively, and 1 patient had hyperthyroidism. The majority of cyanotic and non-cyanotic CHD cases were diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot (30%) and patent ductus arteriosus (32.79%). There were no significant differences between cyanotic and non-cyanotic groups regarding T3, T4, free T3, free T4, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody levels (0.389, 0.142, 0.354, 0.248, and 0.333, respectively). CONCLUSION: Based on the present findings, subclinical hypothyroidism is a common finding in cyanotic CHD patients during childhood, which is associated with increased levels of oxygen saturation, severity of cyanosis, and age.

High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D3 among pregnant women in central Iran: correlation with newborn vitamin D3 levels and negative association with gestational age.

OBJECTIVE: Hypovitaminosis D3 is a significant concern among pregnant women and their newborns because vitamin D3 (Vit-D3) plays a crucial role in embryonic growth, development, and health. This study aimed to evaluate the Vit-D3 status of a group of pregnant Iranian women and its association with newborn Vit-D3 levels, medical and clinical indices after delivery. METHODS: A total of 206 pregnant women and their newborns were assessed for Vit-D3 levels and their correlation with gestational age. Mean±standard deviation (SD) or the orders (non-parametric tests) of variables were compared, and correlation estimations were performed to elucidate any differences or associations between groups, with a confidence interval of at least 0.95. RESULTS: The mean±SD of mothers' age and gestational age were 29.65±6.18 years and 35.59±1.6 weeks, respectively. Neonatal Vit-D3 levels were associated with maternal age. Using a 30 ng/mL cutoff point for serum Vit-D3 levels, 83.5% of pregnant women and 84.7% of newborns had hypovitaminosis D3. The average Vit-D3 levels of mothers and newborns at delivery time were 23.5±8.07 ng/mL and 20.76±9.14 ng/mL, respectively. Newborn Vit-D3 levels were positively correlated with maternal Vit-D3 serum levels (R=0.744; P<0.001) and gestational age (R=0.161; P=0.022). In newborns, head circumference was inversely correlated with bilirubin level (R=-0.302; P<0.001) but directly associated with weight (R=0.640; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Hypovitaminosis D3 remains a significant challenge for pregnant Iranian women. Maternal Vit-D3 levels provide for the newborn's needs, particularly in the late stages of pregnancy. Therefore, Vit-D3 supplementation and regular monitoring are essential for pregnant women and their newborns.

The effect of adding Montelukast to oxybutynin on daily urination in children with pollakiuria: a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Pollakiuria is defined as a change in the pattern of daily urination. Students have mentioned wetting their pants at school as the third tragic event after the death of a parent or going blind. In this study, the effect of adding Montelukast to oxybutynin on the improvement of urinary symptoms of patients with pollakiuria was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a pilot clinical trial in which children with pollakiuria aged 3-18 years old were included. These children were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (Montelukast plus oxybutynin) and the control group (only oxybutynin). At the beginning and the end of the study (after 14 days), mothers were asked about the frequency of daily urination. Finally, the gathered data were compared between two groups. RESULTS: In the present study, 64 patients were examined in two intervention and control groups (32 in each group). The results revealed that although significant changes were observed in both groups before and after intervention, the average changes in the intervention group were significantly higher (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that adding montelukast to oxybutynin has a significant decrease in frequency of daily urination in patients with pollakiuria, although further studies are recommended in this area.

Evaluation of the association between asthma and non-neurogenic urinary incontinence in children; a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children. Asthma can lead to sleep disorders and psychiatric issues, which are often accompanied by urinary incontinence in children. Furthermore, several studies have shown a relationship between allergic diseases and urinary incontinence. This study aims to examine the association between asthma and non-neurogenic urinary incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study included 314 children over three years old referred to Amir Kabir Hospital; 157 with asthma and 157 without asthma. After explaining each urinary disorder in accordace with the International Children's Continence Society's definitions, parents and children were asked about their presence. The disorders included monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis(MNE), nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE), vaginal reflux (VR), pollakiuria, infrequent voiding, giggle incontinence (GI), and overactive bladder (OAB). The analysis was performed using Stata 16. RESULTS: The average age of the children was 8.19 ± 3.15 years. Patients with asthma (p = 0.0001) and GI (p = 0.027) had a considerably lower average age than patients without these disorders. Asthma and urinary incontinence, including NMNE, Infrequent voiding, and OAB, were significantly correlated (p = 0.017, 0.013, and 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, the association between MNE and asthma was significant in males (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Due to the relationship between asthma and urinary incontinence, children with asthma must be evaluated for the presence of urinary disorders and, if present, receive the proper treatment in order to improve their quality of life.

Evaluation of Renal Function and Urinalysis in Children With Simple Febrile Convulsions.

Febrile convulsion (FC) is the most prevalent type of seizure in children. Febrile diseases have been associated with alterations in kidney function and urine indices. Therefore, in this study, renal function and urine analysis were examined in children with simple FC. The study comprised children with simple FC who were referred to the Amirkabir hospital in Arak between 2020 and 2021. Children were examined for urinalysis and kidney function by assessing the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). A total of 157 patients with FC were admitted. Hematuria, proteinuria, and pyuria were detected in 8.9%, 1.9%, and 5.1% of cases, respectively. The urine cultures of 2 children were positive. Moreover, it was found that in simple FC, eGFR decreases regardless of gender (P > .05), although kidney function decreases more in children older than 24 months. In conclusion, all children with FC must undergo renal function assessments. Furthermore, urinalysis and urine culture are advised to rule out infection.

Evaluation of Early Repolarization Pattern in Children with Mitral Valve Prolapse.

BACKGROUND: Patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may be prone to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death and presence early repolarization pattern (ERP) in electrocardiography may be predict for ventricle arrhythmia. This study aimed to evaluation ERP in Children with MVP. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled ERP in 70 MVP children with 70 age-and sex-matched healthy individuals. After echocardiography procedure for confirmation MVP, standard 12-lead electrocardiography recordings with sweeping rate of 25mm/s and an amplitude of 10mV/cm, and two cardiologists assessed who were blinded to the both groups. RESULT: We detected ERP in 17.14% of MVP patient's and seen in 8 case (11.43%) in control group, (P=0.23). the ERP occurred in MVP patient's mild, moderate and severe 4, 6 and 2 cases, (P=0.29). The ERP found in patients with and without chest pain 13 and 7, respectively (P=0.46) and, in patients with and without palpitations 15 and 5 cases, respectively (P=0.24). The ERP occurred 1.6 time more in patient with MVP in comparing with individual without MVP. The ERP occurred more frequently in among patients with moderate MVP in comparing with severe and mild. Chest pain and palpitation occurred more frequently in among patients with severe MVP. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ERP in children with MVP has been at a higher-level incidence, especially among patients with complaining from chest pain. We suggested that children with MVP are in need of follow up considering the occurrence of arrhythmias.

Determining the TSH reference range in national newborn screening program for congenital hypothyroidism.

Objective: Since the initiation of the thyroid screening program in Iran in 2005, 5 mIU/L has been selected as the threshold for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Given the specific disease pattern in the region and current controversies of the TSH cutoff point, a new cutoff point has been proposed in this study.Methods: This study was conducted on the existing database of the screening program consisting of 127,112 neonates in Markazi Province, center of Iran, during 2006-2012. Data on 614 referred neonates consisting of 414 neonates diagnosed of having hypothyroidism and 200 screened healthy neonates, were analyzed. The heel prick test had been done on the studied neonates to determine the TSH levels. The receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve and diagnostic values were used for data analysis.Results: The 5-mIU/L cutoff point in the study had a sensitivity and specificity and AUC of 86.5, 10 and 47%, respectively. Among the eleven selected cutoff points, 6.5 mIU/L had the appropriate sensitivity, specificity and AUC (58.9, 56.5 and 57%, respectively), negative and positive likelihood ratios (0.73 and 1.35, respectively).Conclusion: Given the very low specificity of the 5-mIU/L cutoff point for referral and with respect to the high rate of referrals and many false positive cases, we suggest to use the 6.5-mIU/L cutoff point which is more suitable.

Evaluation of left ventricular function in obese children without hypertension by a tissue Doppler imaging study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Obese children without hypertension are becoming an important health challenge. AIMS: Complications of obesity in adults are well established, but in obese children, cardiac dysfunction has not been reported clinically. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The present crosssectional study investigates subclinical systolic and diastolic dysfunction using echocardiographic modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twentyfive youngsters with body mass index (BMI) >30 and 25 healthy children with BMI <25 were assigned into case and control group, respectively. In all participants, complete cardiovascular examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography were fulfilled. Echocardiography surveys included standard, pulsed wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: SPSS software, version 24. RESULTS: The two groups were matched for age and sex. The resting heart rate and blood pressure were markedly higher in the obese group (P = 0.0001) though they were within the normal range in either category. Ejection fraction in the two groups was similar. Left ventricular (LV) mass (P = 0.0001), LV mass index (P = 0.029), left atrialtoaortic diameter ratio (P = 0.0001), and LV enddiastolic diameter (P = 0.008) were significantly greater in the case group, indicating cardiomegaly and subclinical systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Except for the aortic velocity, all PWD variables were considerably lower in the case group, suggesting subclinical diastolic dysfunction. All TDI parameters varied significantly between the two categories. There was a direct correlation between isovolumetric relaxation time and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity in children without hypertension is associated with subclinical systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction. We propose the evaluation of blood pressure as well as myocardial performance using PWD and TDI in all obese children without hypertension, regularly.

Congenital urogenital abnormalities in children with congenital hypothyroidism.

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), as one of the most common congenital endocrine disorders, may be significantly associated with congenital malformations. This study investigates urogenital abnormalities in children with primary CH (PCH). Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 200 children aged three months to 1 year, referred to Amir-Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran. One hundred children with PCH, as the case group, and 100 healthy children, as the control group, were selected using convenient sampling. For all children, demographic data checklists were filled, and physical examination, abdomen and pelvic ultrasound and other diagnostic measures (if necessary) were performed to evaluate the congenital urogenital abnormalities including anomalies of the penis and urethra, and disorders and anomalies of the scrotal contents. Results: Among 92 (100%) urogenital anomalies diagnosed, highest frequencies with 37 (40.2%), 26(28.2%) and 9 (9.7%) cases including hypospadias, Cryptorchidism, and hydrocele, respectively. The frequency of urogenital abnormalities among 32 children with PCH, with 52 cases (56.5%) was significantly higher than the frequency of abnormalities among the 21 children in the control group, with 40 cases (43.4%). (OR=2.04; 95%CI: 1.1-3.6; p=0.014). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that PCH is significantly associated with the congenital urogenital abnormalities. However, due to the lack of evidence in this area, further studies are recommended to determine the necessity of conducting screening programs for abnormalities of the urogenital system in children with CH at birth.

A randomized controlled trial of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide on overactive bladder and idiopathic hypercalciuria.

Overactive bladder is a stressful condition which affects around 15%-20% of 5- year-old and up to 2% of young adults. One of the most common causes of overactive bladder is hypercalciuria. Our study investigated the effect of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on overactive bladder and hypercalciuria. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 88 patients with overactive bladder and idiopathic hypercalciuria. They were randomly divided into the intervention group receiving 1 mg/kg/day of HCTZ for 3 months, and the control group receiving training without any intervention. Treatment compliance and response were reviewed monthly in each patient using a 30-day bedwetting diary. In the 1st month, the mean of bedwetting was 14.47 ± 7.06 and 12.61 ± 7.57 in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P = 0.23). In the 2nd month, it was 10.04 ± 6.32 and 10.79 ± 7.83 in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P = 0.62); and in the 3rd month, it was 6.49 ± 7.13 and 7.64 ± 7.95 in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P = 0.59). There was no significant difference between the two groups. Thus, use of HCTZ was not found to be better than urine retention control training. Therefore, one may conclude that treating hypercalciuria with HCTZ had no demonstrable effect on overactive bladder.

Comparing between results and complications of doing voiding cystourethrogram in the first week following urinary tract infection and in 2-6 weeks after urinary tract infection in children referring to a teaching hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infection is the most common genitourinary disease in children so about 40% of the children with urinary tract infection suffering from reflux that caused some consequences such as pyelonephritis and kidney parenchymal injury. OBJECTIVES: This research was conducted to compare the timing of voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) in children with urinary tract infection in first week and after the first week of urinary tract infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This research is a case-control study that both case and control groups include 208 children from 1 month to 12 years old with the complain of urinary tract infection. In case group, the VCUG was performed at the first week of infection and in control group, the VCUG was performed after the first week of infection. RESULTS: complication such as dysuria was observed in two-thirds of children who VCUG was performed during first week after urinary tract infection. Parents stress in case group was more than the other (P=0.015). For overall, the incidence of reflux in case and control groups was 49.5% and 50%, respectively. The mean of reflux grading in right kidney in case group was lower than control group resulting in significant differences between two groups. CONCLUSION: According to higher grade of stress in parents and complications due to VCUG at the first week of urinary tract infection, it is suggested that VCUG be conducted on selective patients in the hospital at the first week of urinary tract infection and during hospitalization.

Omega-3 and Zinc supplementation as complementary therapies in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of zinc and omega-3 supplements as adjunctive drugs in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of children. METHODS: This study is a randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted on 150 children aged 6-15 years old that diagnosed as new cases of ADHD. Study subjects were evaluated for 8 weeks. Besides of drug of choice (methylphenidate) for the ADHD, patients received placebo in the control group (n = 50), zinc sulfate in second group (n = 50), and omega-3 (n = 50) in third group. Clinical improvement was checking by Conners' Parent and Teacher Rating Scales before and in 2(nd), 4(th), and 8(th) week of treatment. Results were analyzed with SPSS version 16 software. FINDINGS: In this study, mean scores of Conners' scale showed significant improvement during treatment in the zinc group compared to control group in children that affected to attention-deficit disorder subtype of ADHD (P = 0.02). Moreover, in omega-3 group, better clinical response was seen than other groups (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between omega-3 group compared to placebo group in the mean scores of Conners' scale (P = 0.89). CONCLUSION: Zinc supplementation accompanied by the main treatment significantly improves symptom of attention-deficit disorder subtype of ADHD. However, omega-3 supplementation was superior to zinc and placebo in the clinical improvement of ADHD.

Congenital anomalies of kidney and upper urinary tract in children with congenital hypothyroidism; a case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may be significantly associated with congenital malformations. However, there is little evidence on the relationship between renal and urinary tract anomalies and CH. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the renal and upper urinary tract anomalies in children with and without primary CH (PCH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 200 children aged 3 months to 1 year, referring to Amir-Kabir hospital, Arak, Iran. One hundred children with PCH, as the case group, and 100 children without CH, as the control group, were selected. For all children, ultrasonography and other diagnostic measures (if necessary) were performed to evaluate renal and upper urinary tract anomalies (ureter and bladder). RESULTS: The frequency of renal and upper urinary tract anomalies among 43 children with primary CH, with 83 cases (72.8%), was significantly higher than the frequency of anomalies among the 19 children in the control group, with 31 cases (27.1%) (OR = 3; CI 95%: 1.6-5.4; P = 0.001). Among the anomalies studied, only the differences in frequency of uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) (OR = 6; CI 95%: 1.3-28; P = 0.018) and hydronephrosis (OR = 22; CI 95%: 5-95; P = 0.001) was significant between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that PCH is significantly associated with the frequency of congenital anomalies of the kidneys and upper urinary tracts. However, further studies are recommended to determine the necessity of conducting screening programs for anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract in children with CH at birth.

Oral Zinc Sulfate as Adjuvant Treatment in Children With Nephrolithiasis: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Nephrolithiasis in children is associated with a high rate of complications and recurrence. OBJECTIVES: Since some evidences reported that zinc has an important place amongst inhibitors of crystallization and crystal growth, we decided to assess the effectiveness of oral zinc sulfate as adjuvant treatment in children with nephrolithiasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. 102 children in the age range 1 month to 11 years with first nephrolithiasis were recruited. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups (intervention and control groups). Intervention group received conservative measures for stones and 1 mg/kg/day (maximum 20 mg/day) oral zinc sulfate syrup for 3 months. Control group received placebo in addition to conservative measures, also for 3 months. Patients were followed up by ultrasonography for 9 months, in 5 steps (at the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 9th month after treatment) assessing size and number of stones in the kidneys. RESULTS: Only at the end of the first month, the average number (intervention: 1.15 ± 3.78, control: 1.3 ± 2.84) (P = 0.001) and size (cm) (intervention: 0.51 ± 1.76, control: 0.62 ± 1.39) (P = 0.001) of stones was significantly lower in the intervention group, and in other points there was no significant therapeutic efficacy in oral zinc adjuvant treatment compared to conservative treatment alone. Also, during the 9-month follow-up, the number and size of stones in both groups decreased significantly (both: P < 0.0001) in a way that the decrease in the intervention group showed no difference with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant treatment with zinc is not more effective than consecutive treatment in children with nephrolithiasis. However, further studies are recommended due to the lack of clinical evidence in this field.

Effect of movement and developmental factors in growth and evolution in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

INTRODUCTION: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a backward flow of urine from bladder to ureter or kidney. Potential reflux is harmful because of kidney being faced with the hemodynamic high-pressure during urination. This project was carried out for high prevalence of VUR and delay in growth of children with chronic diseases. In case of growth disorder in children with this disease and its difference with healthy person, treatment can be tried by treating the growth disorder. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is survey of children with VUR about growth and developmental impairment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who performed voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)because of UTI, divided into 2 groups, healthy and sick. History and checklist filled, patients' height and weight measured in a standard way and ASQ questionnaires adjusted to age, used for the studying development effect. The height and weight of children measured by standard meter and scale and used the curves adjusted to age and sex. Control group entered the study with the same characteristics of case group without VUR, however, their height and weight were recorded. The way of evolution studied according to Nelsons evolution table and ASQ questionnaire. RESULTS: The both groups (total of 150 studied children) in the area of development of fine motor, gross motor and indicators of mean and percentile of height and weight and parents' literacy, had a significant difference (P< 0.05). It is can be due to better assessment and follow, higher education levels and better socioeconomic situation. CONCLUSION: Children with VUR, in terms of height and weight growth and index of gross and fine movements and communicate were better than normal children.

Assessing the prevalence distribution of abnormal laboratory tests in patients with simple febrile seizure.

INTRODUCTION: Febrile seizure is an important issue in pediatric practice. Even some pediatricians do not have a proper approach to febrile seizure, making the sick child undergo complex laboratory tests or invasive procedures or even long-term treatment with anticonvulsant drugs. In spite of multiple studies, many controversies have still remained about the significance of febrile seizure. The goal of this study is to assess the prevalence distribution of routinely requested laboratory tests results in simple febrile seizure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a descriptive study, 549 patients with simple febrile seizure were studied. The routine lab tests including complete blood count, electrolyte, urine analysis, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis had already been performed for all patients and the results had been recorded in their medical data. These results were collected and statistically analyzed through SPSS software. RESULTS: About 58.7% of our cases were male. Most of the cases were 12-24 months old and the mean body temperature of them was 38.2°C. 99.3% of blood sugar tests, 98% of blood calcium tests, 100% and 99.5% of sodium, and potassium tests, respectively, 100% of blood creatinine, 96.9% of blood urea nitrogen, and 99.1% of urine analysis tests were normal. CSF analysis was done in only 49 cases and the results were normal in all of them. CONCLUSION: The percentage of abnormal laboratory test results was not statistically significant in febrile seizure and shows that performing all these tests in all patients with simple febrile seizure as routine is not necessary.

Epidemiology of congenital hypothyroidism in Markazi Province, Iran.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) among newborns in Markazi Province, Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2006 to 2012. Blood samples were taken between 3 to 5 days after birth from the heel. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and was employed as the screening test. Newborns with abnormal screening results (TSH >5 mIU/L) were re-examined. The data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: A total of 127 112 infants were screened. Of these, 51.2% were male and 48.8% were female. The coverage rate of the screening program was 100%. Of 6102 recalled subjects (re-call rate 4.8%), 414 cases with CH were detected, yielding a CH prevalence of 1:307 (female:male ratio 1:0.95). The prevalence of permanent and transient CH was 1:581 and 1:628, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that the prevalence of CH is higher compared to worldwide levels. Comprehensive and complementary studies for recognizing related risk factors should be a priority for health system research in this province.

Urinary tract infection due to salmonella in an otherwise healthy child.

Salmonella species are a rare cause of urinary tract infection in children. They are associated with a high incidence of structural abnormalities or immunosuppressive status. We report the case of a healthy 7-year-old boy with pyelonephritis due to Salmonella group. He did not have a history of recent gastroenteritis.

Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on reducing recurrent abdominal pain in girls with idiopathic hypercalciuria.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the possible effect of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) on soothing recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). METHODS: A hundred girls with RAP and IH were randomly assigned into two groups of experiment (treated with hydrochlorothiazide 1mg/kg/day) and control and all patients were followed for 3 months. RESULTS: In the experiment group, the mean of painful attacks in the first, second and third month were 0.38, 0.4 and 0.26, respectively which were far less than their counterparts in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Single daily dose of HCT is a safe and effective therapeutic option in the treatment of RAP in children with IH.