Local and systemic autoimmune manifestations linked to hepatitis A infection.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) represents a global burdening infectious agent causing in the majority of cases a self-limiting acute icteric syndrome, the outcome is related to the hepatic substrate and the potential pre-existing damage, whereas a plethora of extra-hepatic manifestations has also been reported. Despite the absence of post- HAV chronicity it has been associated with an additional burden on existing chronic liver diseases. Moreover, the induced immune response and the antigenic molecular mimicry are considered as triggering factors of autoimmunity with regional and distal impact. Diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's syndrome, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antiphospholipid syndrome, systematic lupus erythematosus or cryoglobulinemic vasculitis have been described in patients with HAV infection. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, this review aims to accumulate and clarify the pathways related to this linkage.

Prevalence and significance of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 infection.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 is the causative factor of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Early in the pandemic, mediastinal lymphadenopathy was not considered to be a significant radiologic finding of the SARS-COV-2 disease. Nevertheless, most recent studies associate mediastinal lymphadenopathy with more severe COVID-19 disease and poorer patient outcomes.

The Emerging Role of Helicobacter Pylori-Induced Metabolic Gastrointestinal Dysmotility and Neurodegeneration.

Helicobacter pylori infection (Hp-I) is a prevalent disorder identified in the majority of the population in many countries around the world and is responsible for substantial gastrointestinal morbidity. Likewise, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis or glaucoma defined as ocular Alzheimer's disease, are associated with a large public health burden and are among the leading causes of disability. Emerging evidences suggest that Hp-I may be associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, Hp-I could be a predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Hp-I and its related MetS may induce gastrointestinal tract dys-motility disorders with systemic complications possibly including central nervous system neurodegenerative pathologies. We hereby explore the emerging role of Hprelated metabolic gastrointestinal dys-motilities on the molecular pathophysiology of Hprelated neurodegenerative and gastrointestinal disorders. Improving understanding of such Hp-I pathophysiology in brain pathologies may offer benefits by application of new relative therapeutic strategies including novel opportunities toward enhancing Hp eradication.

Mycotic encephalitis and nephritis in a dog due to infection with Cladosporium cladosporioides.

The dematiaceous fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides is a widely distributed saprophyte that is reported to occasionally infect the lung, skin, eye and brain of humans. This report describes a German shepherd dog with granulomatous encephalitis and nephritis due to C. cladosporioides infection. Although the fungal organisms appeared non-pigmented in haematoxylin and eosin stained sections, they were readily identified with histochemical stains. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction using universal fungal primers amplified fungal DNA from fixed tissue that had identity to that of C. cladosporioides on sequencing.

Primary gastric choriocarcinoma in a dog.

Primary gastric choriocarcinoma (PGC) is a rare neoplasm to date only reported in humans. This report describes a canine gastric tumour with microscopical, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of PGC. The tumour diffusely infiltrated the submucosa and muscularis propria of the pylorus and anterior duodenum, and metastasized to the gastric lymph node. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells displayed aberrant expression of beta-catenin and E-cadherin, but normal expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein. Expression of the oncogenes c-myc and Ras was also increased. These observations suggest that this canine PGC had synchronous activation of both the Wnt/beta-catenin and Ras signalling pathways of carcinogenesis.