RESUMEN
Acute limb ischemia induced by arterial vasospasm remains an exceptional situation, favoured by the use of arterial vasoconstrictors. The risk of these substances is largely underestimated in the general population, especially with the co-administration of strong cytochrome inhibitors like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors. A 33-year-old woman, who used to take dihydroergotamine for orthostatic hypotension, was prescribed a post-exposure HIV prophylaxis including lopinavir and ritonavir. One day later, she presented an acute bilateral limb ischemia with a sudden pain in both calves, initially while walking and then at rest with bilateral ischemic toes. Angiography confirmed diffuse arterial vasospasm of the lower limb arteries. A first-line therapy with isosorbide dinitrate and amlodipine was ineffective, with rapid clinical worsening. A combination of intra-arterial injections and intra-venous infusions of vasodilators, transluminal balloon angioplasty and bilateral 4-Compartment fasciotomies permitted rapid improvement and finally resulted in both lower limbs rescue. This case and literature review illustrate ergotism due to ergotamine overdose after taking HIV protease inhibitors. It also demonstrates the benefit of an interventional procedure besides medical therapy with vasodilators in severe arterial vasospasm. All along the lower limb arterial tree, transluminal balloon angioplasty restored the blood flow, without vasospasm recurrence. CONCLUSION: In case of ergotism with acute lower limbs ischemia, combining medical vasodilator therapy with interventional procedure can restore the arterial blood flow, thus allowing to save lower limbs.
Asunto(s)
Angioplastia de Balón , Dihidroergotamina/efectos adversos , Ergotismo/etiología , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/efectos adversos , Isquemia/terapia , Vasoconstrictores/efectos adversos , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Ergotismo/diagnóstico , Ergotismo/fisiopatología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Humanos , Isquemia/inducido químicamente , Isquemia/diagnóstico por imagen , Isquemia/fisiopatología , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Aneurisma Falso/microbiología , Aneurisma Infectado/microbiología , Aneurisma Ilíaco/microbiología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Arteria Esplénica/microbiología , Tuberculosis Cardiovascular/microbiología , Adulto , Aneurisma Falso/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma Falso/terapia , Aneurisma Infectado/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma Infectado/terapia , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Embolización Terapéutica , Humanos , Aneurisma Ilíaco/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma Ilíaco/terapia , Masculino , Arteria Esplénica/diagnóstico por imagen , Resultado del Tratamiento , Tuberculosis Cardiovascular/complicaciones , Tuberculosis Cardiovascular/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Cardiovascular/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
This paper reviews risk factors associated with assaultive behaviour. The author will look at specific risk factors to evaluate when assessing patients with an aggressive potential and he will examine patient-staff relationships that might trigger assaultive behaviour. The author believes that a better knowledge of risk factors allows us to develop preventive attitudes, and these will be discussed in the latter part of this paper.
Asunto(s)
Agresión/prevención & control , Conducta Peligrosa , Hospitalización , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Violencia/prevención & control , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The purpose of this research was to determine whether brain stimulation reward and exploration are induced by activation of the same set of neurons along the medial forebrain bundle. The behavioral version of the collision test was utilized with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). A collision effect obtained between LH and VTA in one behavior at the exclusion of the other was treated as evidence of the involvement of two different sets of fibers. In 4 rats, a collision effect was observed only in self-stimulation, whereas in 1 rat, a collision was obtained in exploration at the exclusion of self-stimulation. Three animals showed no collision in either behavior. These data suggest that coexistence of self-stimulation and exploration following medial forebrain bundle stimulation can be explained by current spread on two different sets of fibers.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Exploratoria/fisiología , Haz Prosencefálico Medial/fisiología , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Autoestimulación/fisiología , Animales , Mapeo Encefálico , Área Hipotalámica Lateral/fisiología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Tegmento Mesencefálico/fisiologíaRESUMEN
All therapists working in psychiatry will have to deal orte day with an aggressive patient. Besides, the probability of such an encounter is more and more to be expected in view of the increase of violence in psychiatry. Witnessing this, the author set about researching the subject. He presents in this article a review of literature on this theme (aetiologic hypothesis, statistics, etc.) and illustrates his ideas with specific examples. He ends his article by wishing that a better understanding of this problem may help the therapists to improve treatment of these patients and to prevent their act of violence.
RESUMEN
With the use of moveable electrodes, 28 rat mesencephalic sites were examined for self-stimulation behavior (SS). The relative importance of each site in SS was established according to (1) a traditional method which consists of comparing sites based on the rates of responding (2) a psychophysical procedure based on the pulse frequency required at each site in order for the stimulation to elicit a criterion behavioral performance. It was shown that anatomical conclusions reached by the use of behavioral output procedures depend purely on the arbitrary choice of stimulation parameters. It was also demonstrated that the combination of moveable electrodes with psychophysical measurements results in enhanced mapping resolution and enables one to trace the boundaries of behaviorally relevant structures and pathways with significantly better confidence.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal , Encéfalo/fisiología , Animales , Estimulación Eléctrica , Masculino , Microelectrodos , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Autoestimulación , Técnicas EstereotáxicasRESUMEN
We report a clinical and biochemical survey of 23 patients with Friedreich's ataxia from southern Italy. They were studied clinically and by means of a clinical rating scale devised by us (Inherited Ataxias Clinical Rating Scale). Laboratory tests, based on the Quebec Cooperative Study, were also performed on our patients. No major clinical or biochemical differences were found between Italian and Canadian patients. Investigation of CSF monoamine metabolites showed that HVA decreased after probenecid and metoclopramide loading.
Asunto(s)
Ataxia de Friedreich/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Electrocardiografía , Electroencefalografía , Femenino , Ataxia de Friedreich/sangre , Ataxia de Friedreich/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Humanos , Enfermedad de Huntington/diagnóstico , Italia , Masculino , Destreza Motora , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnósticoRESUMEN
HLA antigen typing was carried out in a family with an autosomal dominant form of spinocerebellar degeneration [possibly olivoponto cerebellar atrophy (O.P.C.A.)--Type 1]. Eleven ataxic patients, three possibly ataxic subjects, two unrelated spouses and 13 clinically normal at risk siblings were typed for ABO and Rh blood groups, HLA-A and HLA-B antigens, C4 component of the complement and a number of other serum proteins (Clq, beta-1A, beta-1C, C5, beta-lipoproteins). No solid evidence for linkage between the ataxia gene and the HLA or C4 loci could be demonstrated in this family. Certain serum proteins, and particularly beta-lipoproteins were found to be significantly reduced in some sub-groups of subjects.