Effect on hospital incentive payments and quality performance of a hospital pay for performance (P4P) programme in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Belgium initiated a hospital pay for performance (P4P) programme after a decade of fixed bonus budgets for "quality and safety contracts". This study examined the effect of P4P on hospital incentive payments, performance on quality measures, and the association between changes in quality performance and incentive payments over time. METHODS: The Belgian government provided information on fixed bonus budgets in 2013-2017 and hospital incentive payments as well as hospital performance on quality measures for the P4P programmes in 2018-2020. Descriptive analyses were conducted to map the financial repercussion between the two systems. A difference-in-difference analysis evaluated the association between quality indicator performance and received incentive payments over time. RESULTS: Data from 87 acute-care hospitals were analyzed. In the transition to a P4P programme, 29% of hospitals received lower incentive payments per bed. During the P4P years, quality performance scores increased yearly for 55% of hospitals and decreased yearly for 5% of hospitals. There was a significant larger drop in incentive payments for hospitals that scored above median with the start of the P4P programme. CONCLUSIONS: The transition from fixed bonus budgets for quality efforts to a new incentive payment in a P4P programme has led to more hospitals being financially impacted, although the effect is marginal given the small P4P budget. Quality indicators seem to improve over the years, but this does not correlate with an increase in reward per bed for all hospitals due to the closed nature of the budget.

Body mass index and occupational accidents among health care workers in a large university hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with a number of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The association of obesity with occupational accidents has been suggested although the evidence is less convincing. The objective of the study is to analyse the relationship between BMI values and ergonomic accidents in a large University Hospital. METHODS: The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the incidence of ergonomic occupational accidents over a period of 8 years was investigated in a cohort of employees of a large University Hospital, covering almost 27,000 person-years of observation. This relationship was stratified according to the variables age, gender, functional status within the organization and work schedule (part-time or full time). Height and weight were objectively measured, demographic data were obtained from the human resource department and the registration of ergonomic accidents was carried out by the safety and prevention department of the hospital. RESULTS: The number of ergonomic accidents, expressed as number/1000 person-years was higher for female employees compared to male employees, increased with age and markedly increased from functional class A (leading or expert function and higher educational level) to D (executive function in patient care and technical department). However, the incidence of ergonomic accidents accompanied by loss of working time was not significantly associated with BMI, independently of age and gender. In addition, the type of accident and the severity of the accidents expressed as the number of days absent from work were unrelated to BMI. CONCLUSION: No independent relationship between BMI and the incidence of ergonomic accidents could be identified in our cohort. Tailoring working conditions to individual BMI levels is not recommended.

A hospital wide predictive model for unplanned readmission using hierarchical ICD data.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hospitals already acquire a large amount of data, mainly for administrative, billing and registration purposes. Tapping on these already available data for additional purposes, aiming at improving care, without significant incremental effort and cost. This potential of secondary patient data is explored through modeling administrative and billing data, as well as the hierarchical structure of pathology codes of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) in the prediction of unplanned readmissions, as a clinically relevant outcome parameter that can be impacted on in a quality improvement program. METHODS: In this single-center, hospital-wide observational cohort study, we included all adult patients discharged in 2016 after applying an exclusion protocol (n = 29,702). In addition to administrative variables, such as age and length of stay, structured pathology data were taken into account in predictive models. As a first research question, we compared logistic regression against penalized logistic regression, gradient boosting and Random Forests to predict unplanned readmission. As a second research goal, we investigated the level of hierarchy within the pathology data needed to achieve the best accuracy. Finally, we investigated which prediction variables play a prominent role in predicting hospital readmission. The performance of all models was evaluated using the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) measure. RESULTS: All models have the best predictive results using Random Forests. An added value of 7% is observed compared to a baseline method such as logistic regression. The best model, based on Random Forests, achieved an AUC of 0.77, using the diagnosis category and procedure code as lowest level of the hierarchical pathology data. CONCLUSIONS: The most accurate model to predict hospital wide unplanned readmission is based on Random Forests and includes the ICD hierarchy, especially diagnosis category. Such an approach lowers the number of predictor variables and yields a higher interpretability than a model based on a detailed diagnosis. The performance of the model proved high enough to be used as a decision support tool.

Compliance with a structured bedside handover protocol: An observational, multicentred study.

BACKGROUND: Bedside handover is the delivery of the nurse-to-nurse shift handover at the patient's bedside. The method is increasingly used in nursing, but the evidence concerning the implementation process and compliance to the method is limited. OBJECTIVES: To determine the compliance with a structured bedside handover protocol following ISBARR and if there were differences in compliance between wards. DESIGN: A multicentred observational study with unannounced and non-participatory observations (n = 638) one month after the implementation of a structured bedside handover protocol. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Observations of individual patient handovers between nurses from the morning shift and the afternoon shift in 12 nursing wards in seven hospitals in Flanders, Belgium. METHODS: A tailored and structured bedside handover protocol following ISBARR was developed, and nurses were trained accordingly. One month after implementation, a minimum of 50 observations were performed with a checklist, in each participating ward. To enhance reliability, 20% of the observations were conducted by two researchers, and inter-rater agreement was calculated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVAs and multilevel analysis. RESULTS: Average compliance rates to the structured content protocol during bedside handovers were high (83.63%; SD 11.44%), and length of stay, the type of ward and the nursing care model were influencing contextual factors. Items that were most often omitted included identification of the patient (46.27%), the introduction of nurses (36.51%), hand hygiene (35.89%), actively involving the patient (34.44%), and using the call light (21.37%). Items concerning the exchange of clinical information (e.g., test results, reason for admittance, diagnoses) were omitted less (8.09%-1.45%). Absence of the patients (27.29%) and staffing issues (26.70%) accounted for more than half of the non-executed bedside handovers. On average, a bedside handover took 146 s per patient. CONCLUSIONS: When the bedside handover was delivered, compliance to the structured content was high, indicating that the execution of a bedside handover is a feasible step for nurses. The compliance rate was influenced by the patient's length of stay, the nursing care model and the type of ward, but their influence was limited. Future implementation projects on bedside handover should focus sufficiently on standard hospital procedures and patient involvement. According to the nurses, there was however a high number of situations where bedside handovers could not be delivered, perhaps indicating a reluctance in practice to use bedside handovers.

Patient and public involvement in hospital policy-making: Identifying key elements for effective participation.

The involvement of patients and the public in healthcare decisions becomes increasingly important. Although patient involvement on the level of the individual patient-healthcare worker relationship is well studied, insight in the process of patient and public involvement on a more strategic level is limited. This study examines the involvement of patient and public (PPI) in decision-making concerning policy in six Flemish hospitals. The hospitals organized a stakeholder committee which advised the hospital on strategic policy planning. A three-phased mixed- methods study design with individual questionnaires (n = 69), observations (n = 10) and focus groups (n = 4) was used to analyze, summarize and integrate the findings. The results of this study indicate that: (1) PPI on hospital level should include the possibility to choose topics, like operational issues; (2) PPI-stakeholders should be able to have proper preparation; (3) PPI-stakeholders should be externally supported by a patient organization; (4) more autonomy should be provided for the stakeholder committee. Additionally, the study indicates that the influence of national legislation on stakeholder initiatives in different countries is limited. In combination with the growing importance of PPI and the fact that the recommendations presented are not claimed to be exhaustive, more transnational and conceptual research is needed in the future.

The Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW) on general hospital wards: A development and psychometric validation study.

BACKGROUND: Patient participation is an important subject for modern healthcare. In order to improve patient participation on a ward, the ward's culture regarding patient participation should first be measured. In this study a measurement tool for patient participation culture from the healthcare worker's perspective, the Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW), was developed and psychometrically evaluated. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a tool that measures the healthcare worker-related factors of patient participation and information sharing and dialogue in patient participation from the healthcare worker's perspective in order to represent the patient participation culture on general and university hospital wards. DESIGN: A four-phased validation study was conducted: (1) defining the construct of the PaCT-HCW, (2) development of the PaCT-HCW, (3) content validation, and (4) psychometric evaluation. SETTINGS: The Belgian Federal Government invited all Flemish general and university hospitals by e-mail to distribute the PaCT-HCW in their organization. Fifteen general hospitals took part in the study. PARTICIPANTS: Units for surgery, general medicine, medical rehabilitation, geriatric and maternal care were included. Intensive care-units, emergency room-units, psychiatric units and units with no admitted patients (e.g. radiology) were excluded. The respondents had to be caregivers, with hands-on patient contact, who worked on the same ward for more than six months. Nursing students and other healthcare workers with short-time internship on the ward were excluded. The tool was completed by 1329 respondents on 163 wards. METHODS: The PaCT-HCW was psychometrically evaluated by use of an exploratory factor analysis and calculation of the internal consistency. RESULTS: A model containing eight components was developed through a literature review, individual interviews, and focus interviews. The developed model showed high sampling adequacy and the Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant. An exploratory factor analysis identified eight components, explaining 49.88% of the variances. The eight original included components were retained. The PaCT-HCW also showed high internal consistency. CONCLUSION: The PaCT-HCW offers an in-depth and differentiated perspective of the healthcare worker-related factors of patient participation and information sharing and dialogue in patient participation. The PaCT-HCW has been developed thoroughly, resulting in a strong, psychometric evaluated tool and is a valuable measure for both scientists and clinicians to measure these two aspects in general and university hospitals. By using the PaCT-HCW, the opportunity is created to develop specific actions to improve patient participation.

Aptitude-based assignment of nurses to depressed patients.

In psychiatric units, head nurses face the daily challenge of assigning nurses to patients. The 'match' between a patient and a nurse is not always optimal. This can hinder the therapeutic relationship. Aptitude is an important component of competence, especially for psychiatric nurses involved in therapeutic relationships. In this study, we undertook explorative research to investigate possible relationships between nurse aptitudes and outcomes in depressed patients. We found statistically significant relationships between specific nurse aptitudes, along professional rank, and particular patient outcomes. During the hospital stay, patients' depressive feelings change as they recover. Our results indicate that, as a patient's depressive feelings change, another type of nurse, one with an aptitude that supports the patient's current needs, should be assigned to care for that patient. This suggestion is at odds with current practises of assigning a patient to one nurse for the entire hospital stay.