Spectrophotometric determination of olanzapine, fluoxetine HCL and its impurity using univariate and chemometrics methods reinforced by latin hypercube sampling: Validation and eco-friendliness assessments.

Novel univariate and chemometrics-aided UV spectrophotometric methods were tailored to undergo the fundamentals of green and white analytical chemistry for the simultaneous estimation of a ternary mixture of olanzapine (OLA), fluoxetine HCL (FLU), and its toxic impurity 4-(Trifluoromethyl) phenol (FMP) without any prior separation. The dual-wavelength ratio spectrum univariate method was used to determine OLA and FLU in the presence of FMP in the range of (4-20) and (5-50) µg/ml, respectively. In compliance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) standards, the technique was validated and established Remarkable accuracy (98-102%) and precision (< 2%) with limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.432 and 2.002 µg/ml, respectively. Partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) are chemometric methodologies that have advantages over the univariate method and use significant innovations employing Latin hypercube sampling (LHS), allowing the generation of a reliable validation set to guarantee the effectiveness and sustainability of these models. The concentration ranges used were (2-20), (2-20), and (5-50) µg/ml; for PLS, the LOQs were 0.602, 0.508, and 1.429 µg/ml, and the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEPs) were 0.087, 0.048, and 0.159 for OLA, FMP, and FLU, respectively; and for ANNs, the LOQs were 0.551, 0.465, and 0.965 µg/ml, with RMSEPs of 0.056, 0.047, and 0.087 for OLA, FMP, and FLU, respectively. The developed methods yield a greener National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) with an eco-scale assessment (ESA) score of 90 and a complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (complex GAPI) in quadrants with an analytical greenness metric (AGREE) score of 0.8. The Red‒Green-Blue 12 algorithm (RGB 12) scored 88.9, outperforming on reported methods and demonstrating widespread practical and environmental approval. Statistical analysis revealed no noteworthy differences (P > 0.05) among the proposed and published techniques. Both pure powders and pharmaceutical capsules were analyzed via these methods.

Resolution of overlapping spectra using chemometric manipulations of UV-spectrophotometric data for the determination of Atenolol, Losartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage form.

Simultaneous determination of atenolol (ATN), losartan potassium (LOS), and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) in presence of HCZ impurity B was conducted by chemometric approaches and radial basis function network (RBFN) using UV-spectrophotometry without preliminary separation. Three chemometric models namely, classical least-squares (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least-squares (PLS) along with RBFN were utilized using the ternary mixtures of the three drugs. The multivariate calibrations were obtained by measuring the zero-order absorbance of the mixtures from 250 to 270 nm at the interval of 0.2 nm. The models were built covering the concentration range of (4.0 to 20.0), (3.8 to 20.2), and (0.9 to 50.1) µg mL-1 for ATN, LOS, and HCZ, respectively. The regression coefficient was calculated between the actual and predicted concentrations of the 3 drugs using CLS, PCR, PLS and RBFN. The accuracy of the developed models was evaluated using the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) giving satisfactory results. The proposed methods were simple, accurate, precise and were applied efficiently for the quantitation of the three components in laboratory-prepared mixtures, and in dosage form showing good recovery values. In addition, the obtained results were compared statistically with each other using ANOVA test showing non-significant difference between them.

The potential off-target neuroprotective effect of sister gliflozins suggests their repurposing despite not crossing the blood-brain barrier: From bioanalytical assay in rats into theory genesis.

Gliflozins are successfully marketed antidiabetic agents with a reported neuroprotective effect, and this study tests their blood-brain barrier crossing ability. Henceforward, a computational hypothesis interpreting their effects was reasonable after failure to cross into the brain. A chromatographic bioassay for canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin was developed, validated, and applied to the rat's and rat's plasma and brain. HPLC method robustness was tested over two levels using Design of Experiment on MINITAB. It is the first method for gliflozins' detection in rats' brain tissue. The method was applied on 18 rats and six for each drug. Concentrations in plasma were determined but neither of them was detected in brain at the described chromatographic conditions. A computational study for the three drugs was endorsing two techniques. First, ligand-based target fishing reveals possible targets for gliflozins. They showed an ability to bind with human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, a regulator of adenosine extracellularly. Second, a docking study was carried out on this protein receptor. Results showed perfect alignment with a minimum of one hydrogen bond. Dapagliflozin achieved the lowest energy score with two hocking hydrogen bonds. This is proposing gliflozins ability to regulate equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 receptors in peripheries, elevating the centrally acting neuroprotective adenosine.

Synchronous LC-MS/MS determination of pantoprazole and amitriptyline in rabbit plasma: application to comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study of novel formulated effervescent granules with its marketed tablet dosage form.

In the present study the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics properties of pantoprazole (proton pump inhibitor)/amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) in novel formulated effervescent granules was estimated in rabbit plasma using a validated, selective and rapid LC-MS/MS method. Separation and detection of pantoprazole, amitriptyline and internal standards namely omeprazole and dothiepin, respectively, were achieved at ambient column temperature on C18. Acetonitrile: 4mM ammonium acetate solution (comprising 0.05 % formic acid) (40:60, v/v) was used as mobile phase and the flow rate of 0.6 mLmin-1 was applied. Liquid-liquid extraction technique with diethyl ether: dichloromethane (70:30, v/v) was used to extract the cited drugs from rabbit plasma. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) in the positive ionization mode was carried out for quantification. The method was validated over linear concentration range of 0.01-4µgmL-1 and 0.001-0.1 µgmL-1 for Pan and Ami respectively, with regression coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.9961. The intra- and inter-run precisions (%CV) were ≤4.03. The extraction recoveries were in the range of 95.92%-100.24 %. Pan and Ami were stable during three freeze-thaw cycle and post-preparative stability. The work also aimed to formulate immediate release novel effervescent granules by melt granulation technique. Nine formulae were assessed by validated dissolution test for their micrometric properties and dissolution profile. Experimental design was applied to select formula that fulfilled the desired criteria of optimum release of pantoprazole and amitriptyline with optimum micrometric properties for the study. A single period randomized open-label parallel design was applied on Chancellor's rabbit. The selected formula showed superior pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole and amitriptyline than that of marketed products.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new prodrugs of etodolac and tolfenamic acid with reduced ulcerogenic potential.

Gastric irritation and ulcerogenic effect of the acidic NSAIDs are of the most challenging problems in designing novel anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, the new prodrugs were prepared through Steglich esterification reaction between the carboxylic acid functional group of etodolac or tolfenamic acid and thymol. The structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Their chemical stability in addition to a kinetic study of their hydrolysis in 20% liver homogenate and 10% buffered plasma were investigated. In vitro enzymatic hydrolysis showed half-life times 88.84 and 106.61 min for the prodrugs of etodolac and tolfenamic acid, respectively. Their ability to inhibit paw edema and their ulcerogenic potential were assessed in rats and compared to their parent drugs. the prodrugs were found to be stable in different pHs at room and body temperatures. Both prodrugs proved to possess high percentage of inhibition of paw edema (94.68 & 97.1%) in rats comparable to that of the parent drugs (90.33 & 93.23%) and, most importantly with lower ulcerogenic potential. The prodrugs are expected to be converted to their parent drugs rapidly in plasma and liver in vivo and proved to be safer than their parent drugs. The study opens a perspective chance that can be a backbone for further investigations.

Roflumilast analogs with improved metabolic stability, plasma protein binding, and pharmacokinetic profile.

With the aim of studying their in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics, new chromatographic methods were developed for the determination of three new roflumilast synthetic analogs (I-III) as PDE-4B inhibitors in rat liver S9 fraction, phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, and human and rat plasma. The developed high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet (HPLC-UV) methods were performed on a Zorbax Eclipse C8 column and UV detection was carried out at 215 nm. The three compounds were tested for their metabolic stability and were found to be metabolically more stable than roflumilast especially the 2-mercaptobenzothiazol-6-yl analog (III) which displayed an in vitro half-life time (247.55 minutes) higher than that of roflumilast (12.29 minutes) and a low in vitro clearance of 5.67 mL/min./kg. Possible phase I metabolites were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) showing hydroxylation of the unsubstituted benzothiazol-2-yl (I) and benzothiazole-6-yl (II) analogs and a cleaved benzothiazole metabolite of the 2-mercaptobenzothiazol-6-yl analog (III). Plasma protein binding affinity was tested using equilibrium membrane dialysis method showing a very high percentage (more than 95%) of plasma protein binding of compounds I and II where compound III exhibited lower percentage (53.71%) demonstrating its accessibility for tissue distribution. Also, a UPLC-MS/MS method was developed using an Acquity UPLC BEH shield RP C18 column to be applied to an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats following a subcutaneous dose (1 mg/kg). Compounds I-III showed improved in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters especially compound III which displayed a half-life 3-fold greater than roflumilast (21 hours) and a Cmax value of 113.958 ng/mL. Accordingly, this new chemical entity should be subjected to further investigation as it can be a good drug candidate for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Validated analytical study of the effect of Lycopene on the pharmacokinetics of Paracetamol and Chlorzoxazone in rats

Lycopene was reported to influence some cytochrome P450 enzymes activity. The present study investigates the effect of lycopene on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol and chlorzoxazone. Lycopene (20 mg/kg) was intra-peritoneally administered to two groups of rats for eight consecutive days and two other groups were given vehicle. On the eighth day, chlorzoxazone and paracetamol were separately intravenously administered to a lycopene group and a control group. Blood samples were collected at different time intervals, treated and analyzed using HPLC. The HPLC method used for paracetamol analysis was based on isocratic elution using a mobile phase consisting of water: methanol, (77:23 v/v) at a flow rate 1 mL min−1, Kromasil C18 column, and UV detection at 254 nm using caffeine as internal standard. About chlorzoxazone, separation was carried out using water: acetonitrile (60: 40, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate 1 mL min−1, Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column, UV detection at 283 nm and esomeprazole as internal standard. Statistical analysis of the pharmacokinetic data using student t test showed a significant increase in AUC 0-t , AUC 0-Inf and t1/2 of paracetamol (P<0.05) and of chlorzoxazone (P<0.05) in the groups pretreated with lycopene (20 mg/kg), significant increase in the volume of distribution of paracetamol (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in that of chlorzoxazone. In other words, paracetamol and chlorzoxazone showed significant decrease (P < 0.05), respectively. These results demonstrate that treatment of rats with Lycopene (20mg/kg, ip) has a significant effect on the metabolic clearance and the pharmacokinetics of both drugs

Synthesis and molecular docking of new roflumilast analogues as preferential-selective potent PDE-4B inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic profile.

In the present work, we designed and synthesized new roflumilast analogues with preferential-selective PDE-4B inhibition activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The unsubstituted benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl and -6-yl benzamide derivatives (4a and 6a) showed both good potency and preferential selectivity for PDE-4B. More remarkably, 6c revealed 6 times preferential PDE-4B/4D selectivity with a significant increase of in vitro cAMP and good % inhibition of TNF-α concentration. In addition, the in vitro pharmacokinetics of 6c showed good metabolic stability with in vitro CLint (5.67 mL/min/kg) and moderate % plasma protein binding (53.71%). This was reflected onto increased in vivo exposure with a half-life greater than roflumilast by 3 folds (21 h) and a Cmax value of 113.958 ng/mL. Molecular docking attributed its good activity to its key binding interactions in PDE-4B active site with additional hydrogen bonding with amino acids lining the metal pocket. Summing up, 6c can be considered as suitable candidate for further investigation for the treatment of COPD.

A Versatile Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Metformin, Sitagliptin, Simvastatin, and Ezetimibe in Different Dosage Forms.

A new LC method is introduced with the concept of its versatile application to widely used drugs from different pharmacological classes. Metformin hydrochloride (MTF), sitagliptin phosphate (SIT), simvastatin (SIM) and ezetimibe (EZB) were simultaneously determined with a simple reversed-phase LC method in which a SIT-SIM binary mixture, present in a dosage form brand, was considered central for its development. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 5.2) (77 + 23, v/v) flowing through a C18 column (BDS Hypersil, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) at 1.2 mL/min at ambient temperature. UV detection was programmed to be carried out at 210 nm for EZB, SIT, and MTF, whereas SIM was detected at 240 nm. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were satisfactory over concentration ranges 4-40 µg/mL for EZB and SIM, 0.5-50 µg/mL for SIT, and 5-500 µg/mL for MTF. Coefficients of determination were >0.99 for the four drugs. LOQs found were 0.01 µg/mL for EZB, 0.02 µg/mL for SIT, 0.2 µg/mL for MTF, and 0.02 µg/mL for SIM. The developed method is simple, rapid, accurate, precise, and suitable for the routine QC analysis of the cited drugs in pharmaceutical products by conventional HPLC systems.

Quantitative analysis of anti-inflammatory drugs using FTIR-ATR spectrometry.

Four simple, accurate, sensitive and economic Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (ATR-FTIR) methods have been developed for the quantitative estimation of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The first method involves the determination of Etodolac by direct measurement of the absorbance at 1716cm-1. In the second method, the second derivative of the IR spectra of Tolfenamic acid and its reported degradation product (2-chlorobenzoic acid) was used and the amplitudes were measured at 1084.27cm-1 and 1056.02cm-1 for Tolfenamic acid and 2-chlorobenzoic acid, respectively. The third method used the first derivative of the IR spectra of Bumadizone and its reported degradation product, N,N-diphenylhydrazine and the amplitudes were measured at 2874.98cm-1 and 2160.32cm-1 for Bumadizone and N,N-diphenylhydrazine, respectively. The fourth method depends on measuring the amplitude of Diacerein at 1059.18cm-1 and of rhein, its reported degradation product, at 1079.32cm-1 in their first derivative spectra. The four methods were successfully applied on the pharmaceutical formulations by extracting the active constituent in chloroform and the extract was directly measured in liquid phase mode using a specific cell. Moreover, validation of these methods was carried out following International Conference of Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of glimepiride and pioglitazone in binary mixture and combined dosage form using chemometric-assisted techniques.

In the present work, pioglitazone and glimepiride, 2 widely used antidiabetics, were simultaneously determined by a chemometric-assisted UV-spectrophotometric method which was applied to a binary synthetic mixture and a pharmaceutical preparation containing both drugs. Three chemometric techniques - Concentration residual augmented classical least-squares (CRACLS), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least-squares (PLS) were implemented by using the synthetic mixtures containing the two drugs in acetonitrile. The absorbance data matrix corresponding to the concentration data matrix was obtained by the measurements of absorbencies in the range between 215 and 235nm in the intervals with Δλ=0.4nm in their zero-order spectra. Then, calibration or regression was obtained by using the absorbance data matrix and concentration data matrix for the prediction of the unknown concentrations of pioglitazone and glimepiride in their mixtures. The described techniques have been validated by analyzing synthetic mixtures containing the two drugs showing good mean recovery values lying between 98 and 100%. In addition, accuracy and precision of the three methods have been assured by recovery values lying between 98 and 102% and R.S.D. % ˂0.6 for intra-day precision and ˂1.2 for inter-day precision. The proposed chemometric techniques were successfully applied to a pharmaceutical preparation containing a combination of pioglitazone and glimepiride in the ratio of 30: 4, showing good recovery values. Finally, statistical analysis was carried out to add a value to the verification of the proposed methods. It was carried out by an intrinsic comparison between the 3 chemometric techniques and by comparing values of present methods with those obtained by implementing reference pharmacopeial methods for each of pioglitazone and glimepiride.

Simultaneous Determination of Metformin, Glipizide, Repaglinide, and Glimepiride or Metformin and Pioglitazone by a Validated LC Method: Application in the Presence of Metformin Impurity (1-Cyanoguanidine).

A rapid, simple, and precise RPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the widely used oral antidiabetic, metformin hydrochloride (MTF), with some commonly coadministered oral antidiabetics from different pharmacological classes-glipizide (GPZ), pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ), glimepiride (GLM), and repaglinide (RPG)-in bulk, laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations in the presence of metformin-reported impurity [1-cyanoguanidine (CNG)]. Chromatographic separation was achieved using isocratic elution mode with a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.17; 50-50, v/v) flowing through a CN Phenomenex column (Phenosphere Next, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) at a rate of 1.5 mL/min at ambient temperature. UV detection was carried out at 220 nm. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were satisfactory for concentration ranges: 0.175-350 µg/mL for MTF, 0.0525-105 µg/mL for GPZ, 0.125-250 µg/mL for PGZ, and 0.05-100 µg/mL for GLM and RPG. Correlation coefficients were >0.99 for all analytes. LOQs were 0.009 µg/mL for MTF, 0.009 µg/mL for GPZ, 0.04 µg/mL for GLM, 0.124 µg/mL for PGZ, and 0.044 µg/mL for RPG. The developed method is specific, accurate, and suitable for the QC and routine analysis of the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical products.

Resolution of overlapped spectra for the determination of ternary mixture using different and modified spectrophotometric methods.

Four new spectrophotometric methods were developed, applied to resolve the overlapped spectra of a ternary mixture of [aliskiren hemifumarate (ALS)-amlodipine besylate (AM)-hydrochlorothiazide (HCT)] and to determine the three drugs in pure form and in combined dosage form. Method A depends on simultaneous determination of ALS, AM and HCT using principal component regression and partial least squares chemometric methods. In Method B, a modified isosbestic spectrophotometric method was applied for the determination of the total concentration of ALS and HCT by measuring the absorbance at 274.5nm (isosbestic point, Aiso). On the other hand, the concentration of HCT in ternary mixture with ALS and AM could be calculated without interference using first derivative spectrophotometric method by measuring the amplitude at 279nm (zero crossing of ALS and zero value of AM). Thus, the content of ALS was calculated by subtraction. Method C, double divisor first derivative ratio spectrophotometry (double divisor (1)DD method), was based on that for the determination of one drug, the ratio spectra were obtained by dividing the absorption spectra of its different concentrations by the sum of the absorption spectra of the other two drugs as a double divisor. The first derivative of the obtained ratio spectra were then recorded using the appropriate smoothing factor. The amplitudes at 291nm, 380nm and 274.5nm were selected for the determination of ALS, AM and HCT in their ternary mixture, respectively. Method D was based on mean centering of ratio spectra. The mean centered values at 287, 295.5 and 269nm were recorded and used for the determination of ALS, AM and HCT, respectively. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and proved to be accurate, precise and selective. Satisfactory results were obtained by applying the proposed methods to the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.

Simultaneous Determination of Aliskiren Hemifumarate, Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide in Spiked Human Plasma Using UPLC-MS/MS.

A sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of aliskiren hemifumarate (ALS), amlodipine besylate (AML) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) in spiked human plasma using valsartan as an internal standard (IS). Liquid-liquid extraction was used for purification and pre-concentration of analytes. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in ammonium acetate buffer (0.02 M, pH 3.5) and methanol (25:75, v/v), flowing through XBridge BEH (50 × 2.1 mm ID, 5 µm) C18 column, at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min(-1). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were measured using an electrospray source in the positive ion mode for ALS and AML, whereas HCZ and IS were measured in negative ion mode. Validation of the method was performed as per US-FDA guidelines with linearity in the range of 2.0-400.0, 0.3-25.0 and 5.0-400.0 ng mL(-1) for ALS, AML and HCZ, respectively. In human plasma, ALS, AML and HCZ were stable for at least 1 month at -70 ± 5°C and for at least 6 h at ambient temperature. After extraction from plasma, the reconstituted samples of ALS, AML and HCZ were stable in the autosampler at ambient temperature for 6 h. The LC-MS/MS method is suitable for bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies of this combination.

Stability-indicating RP-LC method for determination of azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone in pharmaceutical dosage forms: application to degradation kinetics.

A RP-LC method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the active components, azilsartan medoxomil (AZL) and chlorthalidone (CLT), in their novel antihypertensive combined recipe. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Eclipse XDB-C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm) column using a mobile phase consisting of methanol/potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 8, 0.05 M) (40:60, v/v) in isocratic mode. The flow rate was maintained at 0.8 mL min(-1) at ambient temperature. Detection was carried out at 210 nm. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were satisfactory over the concentration range of 5.0-50.0 and 2.5-25.0 µg mL(-1) for AZL and CLT, respectively (r (2) = 0.9999). LODs for AZL and CLT were 0.90 and 0.32 µg mL(-1), whereas LOQs were 2.72 and 0.98 µg mL(-1), respectively. Both drugs were subjected to forced degradation studies under hydrolysis (neutral, acidic, and alkaline), oxidative, and photolytic extensive stress conditions. The proposed method is stability indicating by the resolution of the investigated drugs from their degradation products. Moreover, the kinetics of the acidic degradation of AZL as well as the kinetics of the alkaline degradation of CLT were investigated. Arrhenius plots were constructed and the apparent first-order rate constants, half-life times, shelf-life times, and the activation energies of the degradation processes were calculated. The method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs simultaneously in their coformulated tablet. The developed method is specific and stability indicating for the quality control and routine analysis of the cited medications in their pharmaceutical preparations.

Kinetic Study of the Alkaline Degradation of Oseltamivir Phosphate and Valacyclovir Hydrochloride using Validated Stability Indicating HPLC.

Aqueous alkaline degradation was performed for oseltamivir phosphate (OP) and valacyclovir hydrochloride (VA). Isocratic stability indicating the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was presented for each drug in the presence of its degradation product. The separations were performed using the Nucleosil ODS column and a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (pH = 7), acetonitrile, and methanol 50:25:25 (v/v/v) for OP. For VA separation, a Nucleosil CN column using phosphate buffer (pH = 7) and methanol 85:15 (v/v) was used as a mobile phase. Ultraviolet detection at 210 nm and 254 nm was used for OP and VA, respectively. The method showed high sensitivity concerning linearity, accuracy, and precision over the range 1-250 µg mL(-1) for both drugs. The proposed method was used to determine the drug in its pharmaceutical formulation and to investigate the degradation kinetics of each drug's alkaline-stressed samples. The reactions were found to follow a first-order reaction. The activation energy could also be estimated. International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines were adopted for method validation.

Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric studies on azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone to be utilized in their determination in pharmaceuticals.

The recently approved angiotensin II receptor blocker, azilsartan medoxomil (AZL), was determined spectrophotometrically and spectrofluorimetrically in its combination with chlorthalidone (CLT) in their combined dosage form. The UV-spectrophotometric technique depends on simultaneous measurement of the first derivative spectra for AZL and CLT at 286 and 257 nm, respectively, in methanol. The spectrofluorimetric technique depends on measurement of the fourth derivative of the synchronous spectra intensities of AZL in presence of CLT at 298 nm in methanol. The effects of different solvents on spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric responses were studied. For, the spectrofluorimetric study, the effect of pH and micelle-assisted fluorescence enhancement were also studied. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were found to be satisfactory over the concentration ranges of 8-50 µg mL(-1) and 2-20 µg mL(-1) for AZL and CLT, respectively, in the spectrophotometric method as well as 0.01-0.08 µg mL(-1) for AZL in the spectrofluorimetric method. The methods were successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in their co-formulated tablets. The developed methods are inexpensive and simple for the quality control and routine analysis of the cited drugs in bulk and in pharmaceuticals.

Steady-state and synchronous spectrofluorimetric methods for simultaneous determination of aliskiren hemifumarate and amlodipine besylate in dosage forms.

Aliskiren hemifumarate (ALS) and amlodipine besylate (AML) were simultaneously determined by two different spectrofluorimetric techniques. The first technique depends on direct measurement of the steady-state fluorescence intensities of ALS and AML at 313 nm and 452 nm upon excitation at 290 and 375 nm, respectively, in a solvent composed of methanol and water (10: 90, v/v). The second technique utilizes synchronous fluorimetric quantitative screening of the emission spectra of ALS and AML at 272 and 366 nm, respectively using Δλ of 97 nm. Effects of different solvents and surfactants on relative fluorescence intensity were studied. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be satisfactory in both techniques over the concentration ranges of 1-15 and 0.4-4 µg/mL for ALS and AML, respectively. In the first technique, limit of detection and limit of quantification were estimated and found to be 0.256 and 0.776 µg/mL for ALS as well as 0.067 and 0.204 µg/mL for AML, respectively. Also, limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated in the synchronous method and found to be 0.293 and 0.887 µg/mL for ALS as well as 0.034 and 0.103 µg/mL for AML, respectively. The methods were successfully applied for the determination of the two drugs in their co-formulated tablets. The results were compared statistically with reference methods and no significant difference was found. The developed methods are rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and accurate for the quality control and routine analysis of the cited drugs in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations without pre-separation.

Synthesis and Characterization of Maillard Reaction Products of Salbutamol and Terbutaline with Lactose and Development and Validation of an LC Method for the Determination of Salbutamol and Terbutaline in the Presence of These Impurities.

Being secondary amines, both salbutamol (SLB) and terbutaline (TRB) react by Maillard reaction (MR) with lactose, which is added as an inactive ingredient in tablets. The Amadori rearrangement products were synthesized, isolated, and characterized by mass spectrometry. In addition, a simple, selective, and precise reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method was developed and validated for the determination of SLB and TRB in tablets, each in the presence of its MR impurity. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Symmetry(®) Waters C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using a mobile phase consisting of 0.5% aqueous phosphoric acid to acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL minute(-1). Quantitation was achieved using UV detection at 230 nm. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were found to be acceptable for the determination of SLB and TRB in the concentration range of 0.2-60 and 0.5-80 µg mL(-1), respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of SLB and TRB in bulk and in their tablets.