Reduction in the potential distribution of bumble bees (Apidae: Bombus) in Mesoamerica under different climate change scenarios: Conservation implications.

Bumble bees are an ecologically and economically important group of pollinating insects worldwide. Global climate change is predicted to affect bumble bee ecology including habitat suitability and geographic distribution. Our study aims to estimate the impact of projected climate change on 18 Mesoamerican bumble bee species. We used ecological niche modeling (ENM) using current and future climate emissions scenarios (representative concentration pathway 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) and models (CCSM4, HadGEM2-AO, and MIROC-ESM-CHEM). Regardless of the scenario and model applied, our results suggest that all bumble bee species are predicted to undergo a reduction in their potential distribution and habitat suitability due to projected climate change. ENMs based on low emission scenarios predict a distribution loss ranging from 7% to 67% depending on the species for the year 2050. Furthermore, we discovered that the reduction of bumble bee geographic range shape will be more evident at the margins of their distribution. The reduction of suitable habitat is predicted to be accompanied by a 100-500 m upslope change in altitude and 1-581 km shift away from the current geographic centroid of a species' distribution. On average, protected natural areas in Mesoamerica cover ~14% of each species' current potential distribution, and this proportion is predicted to increase to ~23% in the high emission climate change scenarios. Our models predict that climate change will reduce Mesoamerican bumble bee habitat suitability, especially for rare species, by reducing their potential distribution ranges and suitability. The small proportion of current and future potential distribution falling in protected natural areas suggests that such areas will likely have marginal contribution to bumble bee habitat conservation. Our results have the capacity to inform stakeholders in designing effective landscape management for bumble bees, which may include developing restoration plans for montane pine oak forests habitats and native flowering plants.

Caracterización fisicoquímica y antimicrobiana de la miel de nueve especies de abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini) de Guatemala / Physicochemical and antimicrobial characterization of nine stingless bees (Meliponini) honey from Guatemala / Caracterização fisicoquímica e antimicrobiana do mel de nove especies de abelhas sem ferrão (Meliponini) de Guatemala

La miel de meliponinos es reconocida popularmente en Latinoamérica por sus propiedades terapéuticas. En Guatemala, unas 13 especies son criadas artesanalmente para la obtención de miel. Debido al reciente interés en la utilización de la miel de meliponinos en Guatemala y a su comercialización, se hace necesario conocer las características fisicoquímicas y validar el uso terapéutico de la misma. En el presente trabajo se realizó una caracterización fisicoquímica y antibacteriana de la miel producida en Guatemala de nueve especies de meliponinos: Geotrigona acapulconis (Strand, 1919); Melipona beecheii Bennett, 1831; Melipona solani Cockerell, 1912; Melipona aff. yucatanica; Nannotrigona perilampoides Cresson, 1878; Plebeia sp.; Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin, 1845; Scaptotrigona pectoralis Dalla Torre, 1896; y Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811). Los valores promedio obtenidos en 18 muestras fueron: humedad 21,55g/100g de miel; acidez 22,45meq/kg; cenizas 0,29g/100g; hidroximetilfurfural 0,23mg/kg; actividad de la diastasa 10,94DN; y pH 3,89. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana frente a ocho microorganismos, determinando una concentración inhibitoria mínima de 2,5 a 10% (v/v). Se realizó un análisis preliminar de tipos polínicos que permitió identificar la presencia de 21 familias vegetales visitadas por los meliponinos en Guatemala, donde la miel de T. angustula presentó la mayor diversidad. Este trabajo es el primer aporte al conocimiento sobre la composición fisicoquímica y antibacteriana de las mieles de nueve especies de meliponinos en este país.

The honey of stingless bees is popularly known in Latin America for its therapeutic properties. In Guatemala some 13 species are traditionally bred to obtain honey. Due to the recent interest and trading of meliponine honey, it is necessary to know the physicochemical properties and to validate its therapeutic use. The antimicrobial activity, the physicochemical composition and the botanical origin of the honey produced by nine species of stingless bees from Guatemala is reported. The species were Geotrigona acapulconis (Strand, 1919); Melipona beecheii Bennett, 1831; Melipona solani Cockerell, 1912; Melipona aff. yucatanica; Nannotrigona perilampoides Cresson, 1878; Plebeia sp.; Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin, 1845; Scaptotrigona pectoralis Dalla Torre, 1896; and Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811). The average values obtained in 18 samples were: Moisture 21.55g for 100g of honey, acidity 22.45meq/100g, ash 0.29g/100g, hidroximetilfurfural 0.23mg/kg, diastase activity 10.94 N, and pH 3.89. The antibacterial activity of the honey against eight microorganisms was determined; the minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be of 2.5 to 10% (v/v). A preliminary palynological analysis permitted the identification of 21 vegetal families in the honey samples of Guatemala, among which the honey of T. angustula presented the greatest diversity. This work is the first contribution about the composition of honey from nine species of meliponini in the country.

O mel de meliponíneos é reconhecido popularmente na América Latina por suas propriedades terapêuticas. Na Guatemala, umas 13 espécies são criadas artesanalmente para a obtenção de mel. Devido ao recente interesse na utilização do mel de meliponíneos na Guatemala e a sua comercialização, se faz necessário conhecer as características físico-químicas e validar o uso terapêutico da mesma. No presente trabalho se realizou uma caracterização físico-química e antibacteriana do mel produzido na Guatemala de nove espécies de meliponíneos: Geotrigona acapulconis (Strand, 1919); Melipona beecheii Bennett, 1831; Melipona solani Cockerell, 1912; Melipona aff. yucatanica; Nannotrigona perilampoides Cresson, 1878; Plebeia sp.; Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin, 1845; Scaptotrigona pectoralis Dalla Torre, 1896; e Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811). Os valores médios obtidos em 18 amostras foram: umidade 21,55g/100 g de mel; acidez 22,45meq/kg; cinzas 0,29g/100g; hidroximetilfurfural 0,23mg/kg; atividade da diastasa 10,94DN; y pH 3,89. Avaliou-se a atividade antibacteriana frente a oito microorganismos, determinando uma concentração inibitória mínima de 2,5 a 10% (v/v). A análise preliminar de tipos polínicos permitiu identificar a presença de 21 famílias vegetais visitadas pelos meliponíneos na Guatemala, onde o mel de T. angustula apresentou a maior diversidade. Este trabalho é o primeiro aporte ao conhecimento sobre a composição físico-química e antibacteriana do mel de noves espécies de meliponíneos neste país.

The number of families of Triatoma dimidiata in a Guatemalan house.

Triatoma dimidiata is an important vector of Chagas disease in Guatemala. To help understand the biology and population dynamics of the insect, we estimated the number of full sibling families living in one house. Forty one families with an average size of 2.17 individuals were detected using random amplification of polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction genetic markers. This result suggests high levels of migration of the vector, polyandry, and a significant capability for spreading the disease.

The number of families of Triatoma dimidiata in a Guatemalan house

Triatoma dimidiata is an important vector of Chagas disease in Guatemala. To help understand the biology and population dynamics of the insect, we estimated the number of full sibling families living in one house. Forty one families with an average size of 2.17 individuals were detected using random amplification of polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction genetic markers. This result suggests high levels of migration of the vector, polyandry, and a significant capability for spreading the disease.

Composition of stingles bee honey: setting quality standards

Se compilaron datos de composición de 152 mieles de abejas sin aguijón (Meliponini) en estudios realizados desde 1964, y se evaluaron para proponer requisitos de calidad para este producto. Dado que la miel de abejas sin aguijón tienen una composición distinta a la de Apis mellifera, algunos parámetros físico-químicos fueron presentados según la especie abejas sin aguijón. El origen entomológico de la miel se asignó a 17 especies de Meliponini de Brasil, una de Costa Rica, seis de México, 27 de Panamá, una de Surinam, dos de Trinidad & Tobago, y siete de Venezuela, mayormente del género Melipona. Los resultados variaron así: humedad (19,9-41,9g/100g), pH (3,15-4,66), acidez libre (5,9-109,0meq/Kg), cenizas (0,01-1,18g/100g), actividad de la diastasa (0,9-23,0DN), conductividad eléctrica (0,49-8,77mS/cm), HMF (0,9-78,4mg/Kg), actividad de la invertasa (19,8-90,1IU), nitrógeno (14,34-144,00mg/100g), azúcares reductores (58,0-75,7g/100g) y sacarosa (1,1-4,8g/100g), El contenido de humedad de las mieles de abejas sin aguijón es generalmente superior al máximo de 20 por ciento establecido para la miel de A. mellifera. Las directrices ofrecidas pueden ayudar a la expansión consistente de la base de datos físico-químicos de miel de abejas sin aguijón, para establecer sus requisitos de calidad en un futuro. El análisis de polen debería dirigirse hacia el reconocimiento de las mieles uniflorales producidas por las abejas sin aguijón, a fin de obtener productos estandarizados según las especies botánicas. Se necesita una campaña de control de calidad de miel tanto para los recolectores de miel de abejas sin aguijón como para los meliponicultores, junto con la armonización de los métodos analíticos