A systematic review and meta-analysis on mortality rate following total pelvic exenteration in cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Total pelvic exenteration (TPE), an en bloc resection is an ultraradical operation for malignancies, and refers to the removal of organs inside the pelvis, including female reproductive organs, lower urological organs and involved parts of the digestive system. The aim of this meta-analysis is to estimate the intra-operative mortality, in-hospital mortality, 30- and 90-day mortality rate and overall mortality rate (MR) following TPE in colorectal, gynecological, urological, and miscellaneous cancers. METHODS: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis in which three international databases including Medline through PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science on November 2023 were searched. To screen and select relevant studies, retrieved articles were entered into Endnote software. The required information was extracted from the full text of the retrieved articles by the authors. Effect measures in this study was the intra-operative, in-hospital, and 90-day and overall MR following TPE. All analyzes are performed using Stata software version 16 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). RESULTS: In this systematic review, 1751 primary studies retrieved, of which 98 articles (5343 cases) entered into this systematic review. The overall mortality rate was 30.57% in colorectal cancers, 25.5% in gynecological cancers and 12.42% in Miscellaneous. The highest rate of mortality is related to the overall mortality rate of colorectal cancers. The MR in open surgeries was higher than in minimally invasive surgeries, and also in primary advanced cancers, it was higher than in recurrent cancers. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it can be said that performing TPE in a specialized surgical center with careful patient eligibility evaluation is a viable option for advanced malignancies of the pelvic organs.

Preterm Birth and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUNDS: Changes in estrogen levels during pregnancy as well as histologic changes in breast tissue can justify the relationship of preterm birth (PTB) and the risk of BC. Therefore, there is a hypothesis that the duration of pregnancy can be associated with BC, so the aim of this study was to find out whether PTB is a risk factor for BC. METHODS: Published studies were located back to the earliest available publication date (1983), using the Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science bibliographic databases. This review included the cohort or case control studies that assessed the association between PTB and BC. Pooled effect sizes with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS: Thirteen studies including a total of 2,845,553 women were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results suggested that PTB could increase the risk of BC (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.07; I2= 62.5%). The risk was significantly increased in women who delivered at 37-39 (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06) and 26-31 weeks of gestation (RR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47) compared to women who delivered at 40-41 weeks of gestation. A significant increment in the risk of BC was observed in primiparous (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) and women older than 45 years (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.24). There was no difference between other gestational age categories. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings add to evidence that short gestation pregnancies may increase the risk of BC, especially in primiparous and women older than 45 years. Considering the methodological weaknesses existed in included studies, minor clinical differences, and the complexity of the exact pathophysiology of PTB on BC, the precise position of PTB as a risk factor for BC in clinical practice is undetermined. Further studies are still needed.
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A systematic review and meta-analysis on tubal ligation and breast cancer risk.

BACKGROUND: Based on previous studies, it has been hypothesized that tube sterilization may be associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tubal ligation and the risk of breast cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant non randomized studies published up to November 2020. Then, we screened the papers to include the eligible papers in the meta-analysis. Finally, we pooled the extracted results of individual studies to estimate the summary effect size. All analyses were done using Stata software version 13 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-four papers were retrieved from PubMed/Medline (160), Scopus (165), and Web of Science (139), and 21 papers from Google Scholar and manual search of references in selected full texts. After the removal of duplicates and screening of the papers, 11 articles (6 cohort and 5 case-control study) were included in the final analysis. The results of cohort (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.97-1.0, I2 = 21.1%) and case control studies (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.62-1.12, I2 = 88.9%) revealed that tubal ligation was not significantly associated with breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, tubal ligation cannot be considered as a risk factor associated with breast cancer risk.

A Systematic Review on Overall Survival and Disease-Free Survival Following Total Pelvic Exenteration.

BACKGROUNDS: Total Pelvic Exenteration (TPE) is a radical operation for malignancies in which all of the organs inside the pelvic cavity, including the female reproductive organs, the lower urinary tract, and a part of the rectosigmoid are removed. In this study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) following TPE. METHODS: This systematic review is composed of a comprehensive review of PubMed and Scopus databases with various related keywords to synthesis the overall survival and disease-free survival following TPE. The Synthesis Without Meta-analysis guideline was used to summarize the results. RESULTS: We included the results of 39 primary studies and the results revealed that one-year OS of gynecological cancer in patients who have undergone TPE ranged from 50.0% to 72.0% and the 5-years OS ranged from 6.0% to 64.6%. The one-year survival rate of colorectal cancer patients was reported to be over 80% in almost all studies. The 3-year survival rate of patients varied from 25% to 75% and the lowest 5-year survival rate was 8% and the highest survival rate was 92%. To synthesis the disease-free survival rate in colorectal cancer, ten studies were included and one-year recurrence rate was 9.1% and the one-year DFS was reported as 61.0%. Three-year recurrence rate study was 20.4% and 3 and 5-year DFS ranged from 22.0% to 78.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that DFS in primary advanced cancers is higher than locally recurrence tumors. This review showed that patient overall survival and disease-free survival rates have increased over time, especially at high volume centers that are more experienced and possibly better equipped. Therefore, it can be suggested that the attitude towards PE as a palliative surgery can be turned into curative surgery.

Clear-cell carcinoma originating from cesarean section scar: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Clear-cell carcinoma arising from the surgical cesarean section scar is very infrequent. The present study reports two patients with clear-cell carcinoma arising from an abdominal wall scar 20 and 23 years after their last cesarean section. CASE PRESENTATION: Both Iranian patients had prior cesarean sections nearly 20 years earlier. Patients 1 and 2 had transverse and vertical abdominal incisions, respectively. The initial clinical presentation was a huge lower abdominal mass at the site of the previous cesarean section scar. Both patients underwent abdominal wall mass biopsy. The histological analysis revealed the presence of malignancy. Both patients underwent full-thickness resection of the abdominal wall mass. All surgical margins were tumor-free; however, patient 1 had a very narrow tumor-free margin near the pubic symphysis. As the imaging report of patient 2 revealed the presence of a pelvic mass, the exploration of the intraperitoneal space, simple total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO), and the excision of enlarged pelvic lymph nodes were performed during the surgery. Six cycles of paclitaxel and carboplatin every 3 weeks as adjuvant chemotherapy was administered for both patients after the surgery. One of the patients had disease recurrence 5 months after the termination of chemotherapy, and the other is still disease-free. These two patients had similar pathology and received a similar initial adjuvant treatment; however, they were different in terms of the direction of tumor spread, tumor distance from the pubic symphysis, status of tumor margins, and surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: We encountered distinct prognoses in the clear-cell carcinoma of cesarean section scars presented herein. The researchers can recommend complete surgical excision of the abdominal wall mass with wide tumor-free margins, exploration of the abdominopelvic space, TAH, and BSO during the first surgery.

The comparison of the effect of soybean and fish oil on supplementation on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The effect of soybean and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial postmenopausal women were randomly given either soybean (Soygan 500 mg capsule; n = 60), or omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-rex 1000 mg soft gel; n = 60), or placebo (n = 60) daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was a change on the menopause rating scale score (MRS), while the secondary outcome was any adverse symptoms and effect was effect of soybean or omega-3 fatty acid supplements on the blood lipids and thyroid hormone. RESULTS: Based on the results of post-hoc in terms of overall MRS score there was a significant difference between the control and Soygan (p < 0.001) and Omega-rex groups (p = 0.03); however, there was no significant difference between the two intervention groups (p = 0.86). Soygan and Omega-rex had no effects on the blood lipids and thyroid hormone. CONCLUSION: Soygan and Omega-rex reduced the MRS score and improved menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women.

Tubal ligation and endometrial Cancer risk: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Studies on relationship between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer have led to contradictory findings. In several studies, however, a reduced endometrial cancer risk was suggested following tubal ligation. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer risk. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies published up to May 30th, 2018. We compared endometrial cancer risk in women with and without tubal ligation in retrieved studies. RESULTS: Two hundred nine studies were initially retrieved from the data bases. After exclusion of duplicates and studies which did not meet inclusion criteria, ten cohort and case-control studies, including 6,773,066 cases, were entered into the quantitative meta-analysis. There was 0.90% agreement between two researchers who searched and retrieved the studies. The summary OR (SOR) was reported using a random effect model. Begg's test suggested that there was no publication bias, but a considerable heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 95.4%, P = 0.001). We pooled the raw number of tables cells (i.e. a, b, c, and d) of eight studies. The SOR suggested that tubal ligation was significantly associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer (SOR = 0.577, 95% CI = 0.420-0.792). Also, given the rare nature of endometrial cancer (< 5%), different effect sizes were considered as comparable measures of risk. Therefore we pooled ten studies and SOR of these studies revealed that tubal ligation was significantly associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer (SOR = 0.696, 95% CI = 0.425-0.966). Besides that, we pooled eight studies in which adjusted effect sizes were reported and a subsequent analysis revealed that the summary estimate of adjusted odds ratio (SAOR) was significant (SAOR = 0.862, 95% CI = 0.698-1.026). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a protective effect of tubal ligation on endometrial cancer risk (approximately 42% lower risk of cancer). It is recommended that studies should be designed to reveal mechanisms of this relationship.

Impact of Unintended Pregnancy on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy outcomes might be affected by unintended pregnancy such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, cesarean section and low birth weight. The aim of the present study is to assess the association between unintended pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 103 hospitals in Tehran, Iran, in July 2015. The data were collected by trained midwives. The interested independent variable was unintended pregnancy and also preeclampsia, weight gain during pregnancy, preterm birth, cesarean section and low birth weight were considered as interested outcomes, and the association of unintended pregnancy and interested outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Out of 5152 cases, 1021 (19.82%) cases were unintended pregnancy. There was no significant relationship between unintended pregnancy and low birth weight (adjusted OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.403-1.13, P = 0.138), the risk of preterm birth (adjusted OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.850-1.57, P = 0.351) and preeclampsia (adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.846-1.75, P = 0.289). The results of multiple linear regression model showed that the mean difference between two groups was 0.70 kg, and weight gain mean in unintended pregnant women significantly was lower than unintended pregnant women (mean difference = 0.70, 95% CI 0.14-1.26 kg, P = 0.014). Multiple logistic regression showed that after adjusting confounders, there was a significant relationship between unintended pregnancy and cesarean section, and the adjusted odds of cesarean section in unintended pregnant women was 1.32 times of intended pregnant women (95% CI 1.07-1.63, P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: We found higher risk of cesarean section and inappropriate weight gain during pregnancy as adverse outcomes of unintended pregnancy in adjusted model.

Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with preeclampsia in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is relatively a common complication in pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in urine during pregnancy. Consistent with the adverse outcomes followed by preeclampsia, this study designed to investigate the how preeclampsia is associated with preterm, low birth weight (LBW), cesarean section, and weigh gain during pregnancy. METHODS: In this population-based cross-sectional study, 5166 deliveries from 103 hospitals in Tehran (Capital of Iran) were included in the analysis in 2015. The independent variable was preeclampsia during pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy, preterm birth, cesarean section, and LBW were considered as interested outcomes. The data were analyzed by statistical Stata software (version 13, Stata Inc., College Station, TX). RESULTS: Adjusted results showed that the mean of weight gain in women with preeclampsia was significantly higher than women without preeclampsia (mean difference: 1.77 kg, 95%CI: 0.76-12.78, p = .001). The adjusted odds ratio for preterm birth, cesarean section, and LBW were 4.19 (95%CI: 2.71-6.48, p = .001), 1.92 (95%CI: 1.24-2.98, p = .003), and 1.19 (95%CI: 0.61-2.31, p = .599), respectively. CONCLUSION: Weight gain in women with preeclampsia was higher than women without preeclampsia and also the odds of preterm birth, cesarean section and LBW in women with preeclampsia was higher than women without preeclampsia.

An unusual appearance of the post-pubertal Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome with acute abdominal pain: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome is a rare congenital urogenital defect. It is detected by unilateral low vaginal obstruction, uterus didelphys, and ipsilateral kidney agenesis. It usually becomes apparent with pain, dysmenorrhea, and presence of a vaginal or pelvic mass. Purulent vaginal discharge may also happen rarely because of infective complications of the obstructed hemivagina. In this report, we describe a post-pubertal case with acute abdominal pain. CASE: The patient was a 13-yr-old girl who was referred to us with acute abdominal pain one year after the onset of her menarche. In the pelvic examination, we detected hematocolpos. Abdominopelvic-computed tomography scan confirmed the presence of mullerian duct anomalies with uterus didelphys. This case of HWW syndrome along with pyocolpus was managed by vaginal septum resection, drainage of pus, and salpingectomy. CONCLUSION: The symptoms of HWW syndrome should be monitored in early puberty to prevent more complications.

Impact of Gestational Weight Gain on Cesarean Delivery Risk, Perinatal Birth Weight and Gestational Age in Women with Normal Pre-pregnancy BMI.

BACKGROUND: Gestational weight gain (GWG) proportional to body mass index before pregnancy is one of the factors on maternal and neonatal outcomes. The aim of the current study was to assess association between GWG, and cesarean section, birth weight and gestational age at birth in women with normal BMI prior to pregnancy. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in 103 hospitals in Tehran, the capital of Iran, from July 6 to 21, 2015. The data were extracted by 103 trained midwives. Finally, 2394 pregnant women with normal BMI before pregnancy and singleton birth were examined. GWG was categorized based on Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations. RESULTS: Prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) was 5.41% and prevalence of macrosomia was 2.18%. The prevalence of LBW in women with GWG less than the weight gain recommended by IOM was 2.13 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-4.02, P = 0.019] more than in women with GWG equal to the weight gain recommended by IOM. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of LBW between women with GWG more than recommended weight gain by IOM and women with GWG equal to the weight gain recommended by IOM (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.61-2.38, P = 0.580). CONCLUSION: After controlling for confounding variables, the prevalence of cesarean section and preterm birth had no significant difference at various levels of GWG. Accordingly, the prevalence of LBW among women with GWG less than the recommended weight gain by IOM was significantly 2.13 more than that among women with GWG equal to the recommended weight gain by IOM.

Comparison of In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycle Outcome in Patients with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Modified Poisson Regression Model.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent condition in reproductive age women with a prevalence rate of 5-10%. This study intends to determine the relationship between PCOS and the outcome of assisted reproductive treatment (ART) in Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this historical cohort study, we included 996 infertile women who referred to Royan Institute (Tehran, Iran) between January 2012 and December 2013. PCOS, as the main variable, and other potential confounder variables were gathered. Modified Poisson Regression was used for data analysis. Stata software, version 13 was used for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: Unadjusted analysis showed a significantly lower risk for failure in PCOS cases compared to cases without PCOS [risk ratio (RR): 0.79, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.66-0.95, P=0.014]. After adjusting for the confounder variables, there was no difference between risk of non-pregnancy in women with and without PCOS (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.72-1.05, P=0.15). Significant predictors of the ART outcome included the treatment protocol type, numbers of embryos transferred (grades A and AB), numbers of injected ampules, and age. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this model showed no difference between patients with and without PCOS according to the risk for non-pregnancy. Therefore, other factors might affect conception in PCOS patients.

A large uterine leiomyoma leading to non-puerperal uterine inversion: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Although leiomyomas are the most common gynecologic disorders, non-puerperal uterine inversion due to leiomyoma is considered as a rare clinical problem. This condition can occur as a complication of a large sub-mucous leiomyoma that leads to dilate cervix and protrude into vagina. The patient may have several symptoms such as heavy vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and intermittent acute urinary retention. CASE: We presented a 32-year-old nulliparous woman with 17 years of unexplained infertility and diagnosis of a large vaginal prolapsed non-pedunculated leiomyoma. CONCLUSION: Haultain's procedure was used to reposition uterine inversion and remove leiomyoma through a posterior incision, using laparotomy.

17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate versus vaginal progesterone suppository for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographically short cervix: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHP-C) with vaginal progesterone suppository for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographically short cervix and to evaluate the changes of the cervical length (CL) over time. METHODS: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, eligible patients were asymptomatic pregnant women with a sonographically short cervix. The participants in group 1 (n = 147) received vaginal progesterone suppositories at a dose of 400 mg daily and the women in group 2 (n = 150) received an i.m. dose of 250 mg 17OHP-C once a week. Transvaginal sonography was repeated every 3 weeks until 36 gestational weeks or the occurrence of preterm labor. RESULTS: A total of 304 singleton pregnant women between 16 and 24 gestational weeks with CL < 25 mm were enrolled in our study. The rates of preterm birth were 10.4% in the progesterone group and 14% in the 17OHP-C group: a difference that was not statistically significant (P = 0.416). Moreover, 264 participants underwent ultrasound examination five times and CL changes were studied for 15 weeks. The results showed that the CL changes over 15 weeks were statistically significant (P < 0.001), but the method of intervention (progesterone/17OHP-C) had no significant effect on CL change (P = 0.64). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that vaginal progesterone and 17OHP-C had the same effect on the risk of preterm labor in asymptomatic women with a sonographically short cervix. We detected no significant difference between the effect of 17OHP-C and vaginal progesterone on CL changes over time.

Comparison of Risk of Preterm Labor between Vaginal Progesterone and17-Alpha-Hydroxy-Progesterone Caproate in Women with Threatened Abortion: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Threatened miscarriage is a common complication in pregnancy that leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm labor. This study aimed to compare the vaginal progesterone (Cyclogest) versus 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Proluton) on preventing preterm labor in pregnant women with threatened abortion at less than 34 weeks' gestational age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This balanced randomized, double-blind, single-center controlled clinical trial included 190 women with threatened abortion. They were then randomly allocated into Cyclogest (n=95) and 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Proluton, n=95) groups. Interested outcome was preterm labor less than 34 weeks. The Pearson chi-square and Student's t test were used to compare two groups. The data were analyzed by Stata software version 13. RESULTS: The risks of preterm labor less than 34 weeks in Proluton and Cyclogest groups were 8.6 and 6.52%, respectively. There was no significant difference for risk of preterm labor less than 34 weeks [relative ratio (RR): 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47- 3.66, P=0.59] between two groups. CONCLUSION: Risk of preterm labor in the vaginal progesterone group and 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate group in pregnant women with threatened abortion is the same ( REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT2014123120504N1).