Prevalencia de los mecanismos de adaptación del paciente con enfermedad renal bajo tratamiento de hemodiálisis / Prevalência de mecanismos de adaptação do paciente com doença renal em hemodiálise / Prevalence of coping mechanisms of patients with renal disease on hemodialysis

Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica es resultante de diversas enfermedades crónico degenerativas. El paciente con dicha enfermedad y sometido a hemodiálisis sufre muchos cambios en su estilo de vida. Es por ello que es importante evaluar la prevalencia de los mecanismos de adaptación en el paciente en los aspectos psicológico, afectivo y social. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de los mecanismos adaptativos en el área de lo psicológico, afectivo y social que utiliza el paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica bajo tratamiento de hemodiálisis. Materiales y Métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo de tipo cuantitativo, se utilizó el cuestionario “Mecanismos de adaptación de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en terapia de hemodiálisis”. Se realizó en el año 2010; y presentó un coeficiente del Alfa de Cronbach de 7.0, los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados y Discusión: El estudio arrojó una prevalencia en los mecanismos afectivos, con un 71.4% en la adaptación comprometida; los mecanismos sociales sobresalen con un 61.9% en la adaptación compensatoria; no evidenciando porcentajes favorables en los mecanismos psicológicos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las personas con enfermedad renal bajo tratamiento de hemodiálisis, utilizan diferentes mecanismos de adaptación a su proceso lo cual depende completamente del ambiente en el que se desarrollan y el acompañamiento familiar que reciben.

Introdução: A doença renal crônica é o resultado de muitas doenças crônicas degenerativas. O paciente com a doença e submetidos a hemodiálise sofre muitas mudanças em seu estilo de vida. É por isso que é importante avaliar a prevalência de mecanismos adaptativos em pacientes nos aspectos psicológicos, emocionais e sociais. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de mecanismos adaptativos na área psicológica, emocional e social que utiliza o paciente com insuficiência renal crônica em hemodiálise. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo quantitativo descritivo, o questionário "Mecanismos de adaptação de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise" foi usado. A pesquisa foi realizada em 2010; e apresentou coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 7.0, os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva. Resultados e Discussão: O estudo encontrou uma prevalência de mecanismos afetivos de 71,4% empenhados em adaptação; mecanismos sociais de 61,9% na adaptação compensatória; não mostrando percentagens favoráveis nos mecanismos psicológicos. Conclusões: A maioria das pessoas com doença renal em hemodiálise, usam mecanismos diferentes para se adaptar ao processo que depende inteiramente do ambiente em que se desenvolvem eo apoio à família que recebem.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is the result of many chronic degenerative diseases. The patient with the disease and undergoing hemodialysis undergoes many changes in your lifestyle. That is why it is important to assess the prevalence of adaptive mechanisms in patients in the psychological, emotional and social aspects. Objective: To identify the prevalence of adaptive mechanisms in the area of the psychological, emotional and social that uses the patient with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: A descriptive quantitative study, the questionnaire "Mechanisms of adaptation of patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis therapy" was used. It was made in 2010; and presented a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 7.0, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results and Discussion: The study found a prevalence of affective mechanisms, 71.4% engaged in adaptation; social mechanisms stand with 61.9% in compensatory adaptation; showing no favorable percentages in the psychological mechanisms. Conclusions: Most people with kidney disease on hemodialysis, use different mechanisms to adapt to the process which depends entirely on the environment in which they develop and the family support they receive.

Comparación entre dos aspirados traqueales en neonatos con EMH bajo ventilación mecánica para establecer el diagnóstico de neumonía neonatal / Comparison between two tracheal aspirates in neonates with HMD under mechanical ventilation to establish the dianosis of neonatal pneumonia

La neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica tiene un gran impacto en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales, considerando la misma la segunda causa de infeccion nosocomial. En el artículo se describen los aspectos microbiológicos en la toma de dos aspirados orotraqueales en neonatos que no presenta neumonía, pro si el factor de riesgo de ventilación mecánica.

Validity of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) in adult Latinas.

BACKGROUND: Valid and reliable self-report measures of physical activity (PA) are needed to evaluate the impact of interventions aimed at increasing the levels of PA. However, few valid measures for assessing PA in Latino populations exist. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the GPAQ is a valid measure of PA among Latinas and to examine its sensitivity to intervention change. Intervention attendance was also examined. METHODS: Baseline and postintervention data were collected from 72 Latinas (mean age = 43.01; SD = 9.05) who participated in Caminando con Fe/Walking with Faith, a multilevel intervention promoting PA among church-going Latinas. Participants completed the GPAQ and were asked to wear the accelerometer for 7 consecutive days at baseline and again 6 months later. Accelerometer data were aggregated into 5 levels of activity intensity (sedentary, light, moderate, moderate-vigorous, and vigorous) and correlated to self-reported mean minutes of PA across several domains (leisure time, work, commute and household chores). RESULTS: There were significant correlations at postintervention between self-reported minutes per week of vigorous LTPA and accelerometer measured vigorous PA (r = .404, P < .001) as well as significant correlations of sensitivity to intervention change (post intervention minus baseline) between self-reported vigorous LTPA and accelerometer-measured vigorous PA (r = .383, P < .003) and self-reported total vigorous PA and accelerometer measured vigorous PA (r = .363, P < .003). CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study suggest that the GPAQ may be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of programs aimed at increasing vigorous levels of PA among Latinas.

Cultural adaptation of physical activity self-report instruments.

CONTEXT: The validity of physical activity (PA) self-report measures can be a problem when using these measures with target populations that differ from the population for which the measures were originally developed. OBJECTIVES: Describe an approach to further tailor PA self-report measures to a target community, and report on focus group and cognitive interview findings. PROCESS: Topics relevant to culturally tailoring measures are discussed, including translation, focus groups, and cognitive interviews. We describe examples from our own work, including focus groups and cognitive interviews conducted to assess Latinos' interpretations of PA questions derived from various epidemiological surveys that were developed in White communities. FINDINGS: Findings from focus groups and cognitive interviews provide valuable information about the comprehension, interpretation, and cultural relevance of the PA questions to Latino communities. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that investigators collect formative data to better assess the equivalence of items being applied to a different cultural group. Guidelines for cultural attunement of self-report instruments are described to promote more uniform and rigorous processes of adaptation and facilitate cross-cultural investigations.

Nurturing social responsibility through community service-learning: Lessons learned from a pilot project.

BACKGROUND: Community service-learning (CSL) has been proposed as one way to enrich medical and dental students' sense of social responsibility toward people who are marginalized in society. AIM: We developed and implemented a new CSL option in the integrated medical/dental curriculum and assessed its educational impact. METHODS: Focus groups, individual open-ended interviews, and a survey were used to assess dental students', faculty tutors' and community partners' experiences with CSL. RESULTS: CSL enabled a deeper appreciation for the vulnerabilities that people who are marginalized experience; students gained a greater insight into the social determinants of health and the related importance of community engagement; and they developed useful skills in health promotion project planning, implementation and evaluation. Community partners and faculty tutors indicated that equal partnership, greater collaboration, and a participatory approach to course development are essential to sustainability in CSL. CONCLUSIONS: CSL can play an important role in nurturing a purposeful sense of social responsibility among future practitioners. Our study enabled the implementation of an innovative longitudinal course (professionalism and community service) in all 4 years of the dental curriculum.

Características de la dieta de un grupo de niños pertenecientes a un colegio particular de Santiago / Characteristics of a children diet at a private school of Santiago, Chile

En Chile, el principal problema de origen nutricional es la malnutrición por exceso, en la que influyen una alimentación inadecuada y la inactividad física. En este problema de salud no puede estar ajena la enfermera, porque ella es quien tradicionalmente juega un rol importante en la promoción de salud,mediante la supervición del crecimiento y desarrollo del niño en la atención primaria, principalmente en consultorios y colegios. Debido a la relevancia de este tema en la actualidad, se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en escolares entre 4 y 11 años de edad, de un Colegio Particular de Santiago, durante el segundo semestre de 2000. El objetivo fue conocer las características de la dieta, comparando la proporción de proteínas, lípidos y carbohidratos de las calorías totales,con las recomendaciones. la información se obtuvo mediante la antropometría de los niños y la aplicación de una encuesta "recordatorio de 24 horas" de un día al azar. Los resultados muestran que un 55.9 por ciento de los niños tiene una situación nutricional normal, mientras que un 43.3 por ciento presenta malnutrición por exceso. Un 57.6 por ciento de los niños realizan actividad física fuera del colegio y un 98.3 por ciento permanecen inactivos frente al televisor y/o computador