Allergic reactions and antiasparaginase antibodies in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A children's oncology group report.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to assess the incidence of clinical allergy and end-induction antiasparaginase (anti-ASNase) antibodies in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with pegylated (PEG) Escherichia coli ASNase and to determine whether they carry any prognostic significance. METHODS: Of 2057 eligible patients, 1155 were allocated to augmented arms in which PEG ASNase replaced native ASNase postinduction. Erwinia chrysanthemi (Erwinia) ASNase could be used to replace native ASNase after allergy, if available. Allergy and survival data were complete for 990 patients. End-induction antibody titers were available for 600 patients. RESULTS: During the consolidation phase, 289 of 990 patients (29.2%) had an allergic reaction. There were fewer allergic reactions to Erwinia ASNase than to native ASNase (odds ratio, 4.33; P < .0001) or PEG ASNase (odds ratio, 3.08; P < .0001) only during phase 1 of interim maintenance. There was no significant difference in 5-year event-free survival (EFS) between patients who received PEG ASNase throughout the entire study postinduction versus those who developed an allergic reaction to PEG ASNase during consolidation phase and subsequently received Erwinia ASNase (80.8% ± 2.8% and 81.6% ± 3.8%, respectively; P = .66). Patients who had positive antibody titers postinduction were more likely to have an allergic reaction to PEG ASNase (odds ratio, 2.4; P < .001). The 5-year EFS rate between patients who had negative versus positive antibody titers (80% ± 2.6% and 77.7% ± 4.3%, respectively; P = .68) and between patients who did not receive any ASNase postconsolidation and those who received PEG ASNase throughout the study (P = .22) were significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The current results demonstrate differences in the incidence rates of toxicity between ASNase preparations but not in EFS. The presence of anti-ASNase antibodies did not affect EFS.

Subacute methotrexate neurotoxicity and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a 12-year-old with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism: homocysteine-mediated methotrexate neurotoxicity via direct endothelial injury.

From as early as the 1970s methotrexate has been associated with disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy and other neurotoxic sequelae. Yet, a clear mechanism for methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity has not been established. The authors describe the case of a 12-year-old male with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutation, who developed subacute methotrexate-induced toxicity and cerebral venous thrombosis after receiving intrathecal methotrexate. The role of homocysteine as a possible mediator in methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity via direct endothelial injury is discussed.

Exacerbation of anthracycline-induced early chronic cardiomyopathy with ATRA: role of B-type natriuretic peptide as an indicator of cardiac dysfunction.

Cardiac disease is a significant complication of childhood oncologic therapy. We report the case of a 14-year-old female with acute promyelocytic leukemia who developed symptomatic cardiomyopathy only 4 months into treatment with a combination of daunomycin and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Despite cessation of daunomycin, she demonstrated fluctuating systolic function in relation to ATRA administration. Improvement and deterioration in systolic function on echocardiogram and serum B-natriuretic peptide levels were seen while receiving ATRA 1 week on and 1 week off, respectively, during the maintenance phase of therapy.

Early postinduction intensification therapy improves survival for children and adolescents with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Longer and more intensive postinduction intensification (PII) improved the outcome of children and adolescents with "higher risk" acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and a slow marrow response to induction therapy. In the Children's Cancer Group study (CCG-1961), we tested longer versus more intensive PII, using a 2 x 2 factorial design for children with higher risk ALL and a rapid marrow response to induction therapy. Between November 1996 and May 2002, 2078 children and adolescents with newly diagnosed ALL (1 to 9 years old with white blood count 50 000/mm3 or more, or 10 years of age or older with any white blood count) were enrolled. After induction, 1299 patients with marrow blasts less than or equal to 25% on day 7 of induction (rapid early responders) were randomized to standard or longer duration (n = 651 + 648) and standard or increased intensity (n = 649 + 650) PII. Stronger intensity PII improved event-free survival (81% vs 72%, P < .001) and survival (89% vs 83%, P = .003) at 5 years. Differences were most apparent after 2 years from diagnosis. Longer duration PII provided no benefit. Stronger intensity but not prolonged duration PII improved outcome for patients with higher-risk ALL. This study is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00002812.

Analysis of outcome for patients with mass lesions of the central nervous system due to Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine.

PURPOSE: To assess the activity and tolerability of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA) in treating mass lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) due to Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of eight children and four adults with CNS LCH who were treated with 2-CDA were reviewed. The pattern of CNS disease included involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, gadolinium enhancing parenchymal as well as dural and choroid plexus based mass lesions, and atrophy. 2-CDA (5-13 mg/m(2)/day) was given on 3-5 consecutive days and repeated every 2-8 weeks for a period ranging from 3 to 12 months. RESULTS: Eight patients demonstrated a complete radiographic response to 2-CDA with resolution of all enhancing mass lesions and four patients showed a sustained, partial radiographic response. One patient died from a non-treatment related cause without evidence of LCH on autopsy. With a follow-up ranging from 2 to 10 years after completion of therapy, the 11 surviving patients remain in continuous remission or are progression free. Prolonged bone marrow suppression was the most common toxicity (four patients). Permanent sequelae of CNS LCH, such as panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus (DI) and neurocognitive dysfunction, were not found to be reversible with 2-CDA therapy. CONCLUSIONS: 2-CDA is an active agent in patients with CNS LCH, with the possible exception of neurodegenerative disease, and should be further evaluated in a prospective multi-center clinical trial for LCH patients with enhancing mass lesions of the CNS.

Asparaginase antibody and asparaginase activity in children with higher-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-1961.

We investigated the anti-asparaginase antibody (Ab) and asparaginase enzymatic activity in the sera of 1,001 patients (CCG-1961) with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL). Patients received nine doses of native Escherichia coli asparaginase during induction. Half of rapid early responders (RER) were randomly assigned to standard intensity arms and continued to receive native asparaginase. The other RER patients and all slow early responders received 6 or 10 doses of PEG-asparaginase. Serum samples (n = 3,193) were assayed for determination of asparaginase Ab titers and enzymatic activity. Three hundred ninety of 1,001 patients (39%) had no elevation of Ab among multiple evaluations-that is, were Ab-negative (<1.1 over negative control)-and 611 patients (61%) had an elevated Ab titer (>1.1). Among these 611 patients, 447 had no measurable asparaginase activity during therapy. Patients who were Ab-positive but had no clinical allergies continued to receive E. coli asparaginase, the activity of which declined precipitately. No detectable asparaginase activity was found in 81 of 88 Ab-positive patients shortly after asparaginase injections (94% neutralizing Ab). The Ab-positive patients with clinical allergies subsequently were given Erwinase and achieved substantial activity (0.1-0.4 IU/ml). An interim analysis of 280 patients who were followed for 30 months from induction demonstrated that the Ab-positive titers during interim maintenance-1 and in delayed intensification-1 were associated with an increased rate of events. The CCG-1961 treatment schedule was very immunogenic, plausibly due to initially administrated native asparaginase. Anti-asparaginase Ab was associated with undetectable asparaginase activity and may be correlated with adverse outcomes in HR ALL.

Preradiation chemotherapy in primary high-risk brainstem tumors: phase II study CCG-9941 of the Children's Cancer Group.

PURPOSE: This Children's Cancer Group group-wide phase II trial evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of two chemotherapy arms administered before hyperfractionated external-beam radiotherapy (HFEBRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with newly diagnosed brainstem gliomas were randomly assigned to regimen A and 31 to regimen B. Regimen A comprised three courses of carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine; regimen B comprised cisplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine. Both arms included granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Patients were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging after induction chemotherapy and HFEBRT at a dose of 72 Gy. RESULTS: Ten percent +/- 5% of regimen A patients objectively responded to chemotherapy. For combined induction and radiotherapy, 27% +/- 9% of patients improved. The neuroradiographic response rate for regimen B was 19% +/- 8% for chemotherapy and 23% +/- 9% after HFEBRT. Response rates were not statistically significant between regimens after induction or chemotherapy/HFEBRT. Event-free survival was 17% +/- 5% (estimate +/- SE) at 1 year and 6% +/- 3% at 2 years. Survival was significantly longer among patients who responded to chemotherapy (P <.05). Among patients who received regimen A induction, grades 3 and 4 leukopenia were observed in 50% to 65%, with one toxicity-related death. For regimen B, severe leukopenia occurred in 86% to 100%, with febrile neutropenia in 48% to 60% per course. CONCLUSION: Neither chemotherapy regimen meaningfully improved response rate, event-free survival, or overall survival relative to previous series of patients with brainstem gliomas who received radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy.

A randomized comparison of native Escherichia coli asparaginase and polyethylene glycol conjugated asparaginase for treatment of children with newly diagnosed standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study.

For this study, 118 children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were given randomized assignments to receive native or pegylated Escherichia coli asparaginase as part of induction and 2 delayed intensification phases. Patients treated with pegaspargase had more rapid clearance of lymphoblasts from day 7 and day 14 bone marrow aspirates and more prolonged asparaginase activity than those treated with native asparaginase. In the first delayed intensification phase, 26% of native asparaginase patients had high-titer antibodies, whereas 2% of pegaspargase patients had those levels. High-titer antibodies were associated with low asparaginase activity in the native arm, but not in the pegaspargase arm. Adverse events, infections, and hospitalization were similar between arms. Event-free survival at 3 years was 82%. A population pharmacodynamic model using the nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM) program was developed that closely fit the measured enzyme activity and asparagine concentrations. Half-lives of asparaginase were 5.5 days and 26 hours for pegaspargase and native asparaginase, respectively. There was correlation between asparaginase enzymatic activity and depletion of asparagine or glutamine in serum. In cerebrospinal fluid asparagine, depletion was similar with both enzyme preparations. Intensive pegaspargase for newly diagnosed ALL should be tested further in a larger population.