Overexpression of the energy metabolism transcriptome within clonal plasma cells is associated with the pathogenesis and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma.

Altered energy metabolism and changes in glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways are hallmarks of all cancer cells. The expression of select genes associated with the production of various enzymes and proteins involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation were assessed in the clonal plasma cells derived from patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) enrolled in the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) CoMMpass data set. A scoring system consisting of assigning a point for every gene where their fragments per kilobase of transcript per million (FPKM) was above the median yielded a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 12 for the set of genes in the glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways to create a total energy metabolism molecular signature (EMMS) score. This EMMS score was independently associated with worse progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes of patients with NDMM. A higher EMMS score was more likely to be present in clonal plasma cells derived from Multiple myeloma (MM) patients than those from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). This was functionally confirmed by the clonal plasma cells from MM patients having a higher rate of mitochondrial and glycolysis-derived ATP formation than clonal plasma cells from MGUS patients. Thus, this study provides evidence for the effect of energy metabolism within clonal plasma cells on pathogenesis and outcomes of patients with MM. Exploiting the energy-producing metabolic pathways within clonal plasma cells for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in MM should be explored in the future.

The Impact of Socioeconomic Risk Factors on the Survival Outcomes of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Cross-analysis of a Population-based Registry and a Tertiary Care Center.

BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous clonal plasma cell disorder leading to differences in clinical outcomes such as overall survival (OS) among patients. We hypothesized that with expensive, novel therapeutic agents and paradigm shifts to maintain continuous therapy and improvement in OS, patients with MM are subject to the pressures of financial toxicity and the need for social support, which may be of prognostic importance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we examined the records of 122,458 patients from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to determine the significance of socioeconomic factors such as estimated annual household income and education level, which were based on the patient's ZIP Code and the United States Census Bureau's 5-year report from 2008 to 2012. These socioeconomic factors, in addition to marital status, were then assessed individually and as a cumulative socioeconomic score for prognostic significance in a cohort of 2543 patients treated at a tertiary care center utilizing known biologic risk factors, such as cytogenetic risk, International Staging System classification, and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. RESULTS: Only marital status and estimated annual household income at diagnosis negatively impacted OS in a univariate analysis, but not in the context of a multivariable analysis incorporating known biologic risk factors. CONCLUSION: Future analyses in other academic and non-academic centers located in urban and rural regions are required to understand the socioeconomic drivers of OS disparity among patients with MM observed nationally.

In vivo assessment of glutamine anaplerosis into the TCA cycle in human pre-malignant and malignant clonal plasma cells.

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of c-Myc is required for the progression of pre-malignant plasma cells in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM). c-Myc also increases glutamine anaplerosis into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle within cancer cells. Whether increased glutamine anaplerosis is associated with the progression of pre-malignant to malignant plasma cells is unknown. METHODS: Human volunteers (N = 7) and patients with MGUS (N = 11) and MM (N = 12) were prospectively recruited to undergo an intravenous infusion of 13C-labeled glutamine followed by a bone marrow aspiration to obtain bone marrow cells and plasma. RESULTS: Despite notable heterogeneity, stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) revealed that the mean 13C-labeled glutamine anaplerosis into the TCA cycle was higher in malignant compared to pre-malignant bone marrow plasma cells relative to the remainder of their paired bone marrow mononuclear cells. RNA sequencing demonstrated a higher relative mRNA expression of c-Myc and glutamine transporters such as ASCT2 and SN2 in malignant compared to pre-malignant bone marrow plasma cells. Finally, higher quantitative levels of TCA cycle intermediates in the bone marrow plasma differentiated MM from MGUS patients. CONCLUSION: Measurement of the in vivo activity of glutamine anaplerosis into the TCA cycle provides novel insight into the metabolic changes associated with the transformation of pre-malignant plasma cells in MGUS to malignant plasma cells in MM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03384108 and NCT03119883.

Utilizing multiparametric flow cytometry in the diagnosis of patients with primary plasma cell leukemia.

The diagnosis of primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) has been made by quantifying circulating plasma cells (cPCs) morphologically on a peripheral blood (PB) smear. However, this technique is not sufficiently sensitive. Multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) provides a readily available and highly sensitive method to identify and quantify cPCs that could complement PB smear assessment. However, an optimal quantitative cutoff for cPCs by MFC to identify pPCL has not been established. Thus, a total of 591 patients newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients who had their PB samples evaluated morphologically by PB smear, and immunophenotypically by MFC prior to beginning therapy were evaluated. The presence of ≥200 cPCs/µL by MFC (N = 25 or 5% of the total population) was chosen to identify patients with ≥5% cPCs by PB smear with a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 77%. For patients with ≥200 cPCs/µL by MFC compared to the remainder of the cohort, the median Time to next therapy (TTNT) was 18 vs 30 months and the median OS was 38 vs 70 months respectively. Thus, MFC assessment of PB can be utilized in conjunction with the morphological assessment of a PB smear to aid in improving the identification of pPCL among NDMM patients.