Cerebral autoregulation derived blood pressure targets in elective neurosurgery.

Poor postoperative outcomes may be associated with cerebral ischaemia or hyperaemia, caused by episodes of arterial blood pressure (ABP) being outside the range of cerebral autoregulation (CA). Monitoring CA using COx (correlation between slow changes in mean ABP and regional cerebral O2 saturation-rSO2) could allow to individualise the management of ABP to preserve CA. We aimed to explore a continuous automated assessment of ABPOPT (ABP where CA is best preserved) and ABP at the lower limit of autoregulation (LLA) in elective neurosurgery patients. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of 85 patients [median age 60 (IQR 51-68)] undergoing elective neurosurgery. ABPBASELINE was the mean of 3 pre-operative non-invasive measurements. ABP and rSO2 waveforms were processed to estimate COx-derived ABPOPT and LLA trend-lines. We assessed: availability (number of patients where ABPOPT/LLA were available); time required to achieve first values; differences between ABPOPT/LLA and ABP. ABPOPT and LLA availability was 86 and 89%. Median (IQR) time to achieve the first value was 97 (80-155) and 93 (78-122) min for ABPOPT and LLA respectively. Median ABPOPT [75 (69-84)] was lower than ABPBASELINE [90 (84-95)] (p < 0.001, Mann-U test). Patients spent 72 (56-86) % of recorded time with ABP above or below ABPOPT ± 5 mmHg. ABPOPT and ABP time trends and variability were not related to each other within patients. 37.6% of patients had at least 1 hypotensive insult (ABP < LLA) during the monitoring time. It seems possible to assess individualised automated ABP targets during elective neurosurgery.

Preoperative triage to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in surgical patients: lessons learned for resuming surgery.

PURPOSE: To define the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on hospital surgical activity and assess the incidence of perioperative COVID-19 within two protocolized screening pathways for elective and non-elective surgery. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults undergoing surgery during the COVID-19 outbreak. The elective pathway included telephone surveys and a quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction test (RT-PCR) only for patients who were asymptomatic and at low risk of infection. Only patients with negative screening underwent surgery. In the non-elective pathway, preoperative screening was performed during the hospital admission. RESULTS: Among 835 patients considered for the elective pathway, 725 had negative RT-PCR results and underwent surgery. This reflects an 83% reduction in surgical activity from 2019. Moreover, 596 patients underwent non-elective surgery, representing a 28% reduction. Preoperatively, 39 patients (6.5%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and underwent surgery through the non-elective pathway, vs. none in the elective pathway (p < 0.001). Postoperatively, 1.4% of elective surgery patients and 2.2% of non-elective surgery patients tested positive (p > 0.05). Mortality was higher in non-elective surgery (0.6% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001) and in patients with COVID-19 (0% vs. 14%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The low incidence of COVID-19 in elective surgeries during the outbreak demonstrates the importance and effectiveness of preoperative screening, combining surveys and RT-PCR.

Bilateral Bispectral Index Monitoring Performance in the Detection of Seizures in Nonanesthetized Epileptic Patients: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this observational study was to determine whether bilateral bispectral index (BIS) monitoring can detect seizures in epileptic patients. METHODS: Four-channel frontal BIS monitoring and standard 40-channel electroencephalography monitoring were conducted in epileptic patients undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery. The BIS numerical value, signal quality index, electromyography, suppression ratio, and color density spectral array were continuously recorded. In patients with electroencephalography-confirmed seizures, the mean value and trend (slope of linear regression) of bilateral BIS monitor parameters were analyzed from 1 minute before to 1 minute after seizure onset. RESULTS: Of 48 patients included in the study, 21 (43.8%) had at least 1 seizure. BIS numerical value was not able to detect focal or focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Considering all seizures, the only significant differences between recordings 1 minute before and 1 minute after seizure onset were a decrease in the signal quality index slope from 1 hemisphere (0.039±0.297 vs. -0.085±0.321, respectively; P =0.029) and in the mean signal quality index recorded from both hemispheres (left hemisphere: 65.775±30.599 vs. 61.032±26.285; P =0.016 and right hemisphere: 63.244±31.985 vs. 59.837±27.360; 0.029); these differences were not maintained after Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons. In seizures occurring during sleep, there was a change in the electromyography slope of 1 hemisphere before and after seizure onset (-0.141±0.176 vs. 0.162±0.140, respectively; P =0.038). There were variable responses in BIS parameters in the 3 patients who developed focal nonconvulsive seizure clusters. CONCLUSION: Bilateral BIS monitoring was not able to detect the occurrence of seizures in epileptic patients.

Association between preoperative serum lactate concentrate with tumor cell proliferative index in primary brain tumor.

BACKGROUND: Elevated preoperative lactate levels have been reported in patients admitted for resection of brain tumors. As histologic type and tumor grade have also been linked to lactate concentration, we hypothesized that preoperative lactate concentration in patients with brain tumors may be associated with tumor proliferation. We describe the relationship between preoperative plasma lactate levels, and the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 in brain tumor surgery. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, records of patients who underwent craniotomy between June 2017 and February 2018 at our Hospital were reviewed to select glioma and meningioma cases in which lactate concentrations in plasma and degree of cell proliferation were registered. Bivariable and linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between lactate concentrations and the Ki-67 Index. RESULTS: Lactate concentrations in plasma and Ki-67 Index were available in 55 patients. Meningioma cases had a mean concentration of 1.2 (0.1) mmol/L compared to diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors cases with 1.7 (0.1) mmol/L (P<0.01). Both variables had a low positive correlation in meningiomas (Spearman's r, 0.29; 95% CI, -0.10-0.61; P=0.13) and a high correlation in gliomas (Spearman's r, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.33-0.82; P<0.01). The pooled analysis showed a high correlation index (Spearman's r, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40-0.76; P<0.01). A linear regression model showed that the Ki-67 Index explained 43% of the variation in lactate (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Brain tumors with higher rates of cell proliferation have higher plasma lactate levels. In this scenario, lactate concentrations may not only reflect systemic perfusion.

Hemodynamic Response, Coughing and Incidence of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage on Awakening with an Endotracheal Tube or Laryngeal Mask Airway in Place after Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

We aimed to compare systemic and cerebral hemodynamics and coughing during emergence after pituitary surgery after endotracheal tube (ETT) extubation or after replacing ETT with a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Patients were randomized to awaken with an ETT in place or after replacing it with an LMA. We recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow velocity, regional cerebral oxygen saturation (SrO2), cardiac index, plasma norepinephrine, need for vasoactive drugs, coughing during emergence, and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. The primary endpoint was postoperative MAP; secondary endpoints were SrO2 and coughing incidence. Forty-five patients were included. MAP was lower during emergence than at baseline in both groups. There were no significant between-group differences in blood pressure, nor in the number of patients that required antihypertensive drugs during emergence (ETT: 8 patients (34.8%) vs. LMA: 3 patients (14.3%); p = 0.116). MCA flow velocity was higher in the ETT group (e.g., mean (95% CI) at 15 min, 103.2 (96.3-110.1) vs. 89.6 (82.6-96.5) cm·s-1; p = 0.003). SrO2, cardiac index, and norepinephrine levels were similar. Coughing was more frequent in the ETT group (81% vs. 15%; p < 0.001). CSF leakage occurred in three patients (13%) in the ETT group. Placing an LMA before removing an ETT during emergence after pituitary surgery favors a safer cerebral hemodynamic profile and reduces coughing. This strategy may lower the risk for CSF leakage.

Use of second generation supraglottic airway device for endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a retrospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the feasibility of using supraglottic devices as an alternative to orotracheal intubation for airway management during anesthesia for endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurisms in our department over a nine-year period. METHODS: Retrospective single center analysis of cases (2010-2018). Primary outcomes: airway management (supraglottic device repositioning, need for switch to orotracheal intubation, airway complications). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: aneurysm complexity, history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, hemodynamic monitoring, and perioperative complications. RESULTS: We included 187 patients in two groups: supraglottic device 130 (69.5%) and orotracheal intubation 57 (30.5%). No adverse incidents were recorded in 97% of the cases. Three supraglottic device patients required supraglottic device repositioning and 1 supraglottic device patient required orotracheal intubation due to inadequate ventilation. Three orotracheal intubation patients had a bronchospasm or laryngospasm during awakening. Forty-five patients (24.1%) had complex aneurysms or a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Thirty-three of them (73.3%) required orotracheal intubation compared to 24 of the 142 (16.9%) with non-complex aneurysms. Two patients in each group died during early postoperative recovery. Two in each group also had intraoperative bleeding. A post-hoc analysis showed that orotracheal intubation was used in 55 patients (44%) in 2010 through 2014 and 2 (3.2%) in 2015 through 2018, parallel to a trend toward less invasive blood pressure monitoring from the earlier to the later period from 34 (27.2%) cases to 5 (8.2%). CONCLUSION: Supraglottic device, like other less invasiveness protocols, can be considered a feasible alternative airway management approach in selected patients proposed for endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurisms.

Effects on cerebral blood flow of position changes, hyperoxia, CO2 partial pressure variations and the Valsalva manoeuvre: A study in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining adequate blood pressure to ensure proper cerebral blood flow (CBF) during surgery is challenging. Induced mild hypotension, sitting position or unavoidable intra-operative circumstances such as haemorrhage, added to variations in carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, may influence perfusion. Several of these circumstances may coincide and it is unclear how these may affect CBF. OBJECTIVE: To describe the variation in transcranial Doppler and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2), as a surrogate of CBF, after cardiac preload and gravitational positional changes. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Operating room at Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. VOLUNTEERS: Ten healthy volunteers, white, both sexes. INTERVENTIONS: Measurements were performed in the supine, sitting and standing positions during hyperoxia, hypocapnia and hypercapnia protocols and after a Valsalva manoeuvre. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cardiac index (CI), haemodynamic and respiratory variables, maximal and mean velocities (Vmax, Vmean) (transcranial Doppler) and rSO2 were acquired. Results were analysed using a generalised estimating equation technique. RESULTS: CI increases more than 16% after a preload challenge were not accompanied by differences in rSO2 or Vmax - Vmean. With positional changes, Vmean decreased more than 7% (P = 0.042) from the supine to the seated position. Hyperoxia induced a cerebral rSO2 increase more than 6% (P = 0.0001) with decreases in Vmax, Vmean and CI values more than 3% (P = 0.001, 0.022 and 0.001) in the supine and standing position. During hypocapnia, CI rose more than 20% from supine to seated and standing (P = 0.0001) with a 4.5% decrease in cerebral rSO2 (P = 0.001) and a decrease of Vmax - Vmean more than 24% in all positions (P = 0.001). Hypercapnia increased cerebral rSO2 more than 17% (P = 0.001), Vmax - Vmean more than 30% (P = 0.001) with no changes in CI. After a Valsalva manoeuvre, rSO2 decreased more than 3% in the right hemisphere in the upright position (P = 0.001). Vmax - Vmean decreased more than 10% (P = 0.001) with no changes in CI. CONCLUSION: CBF changes in response to cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilatation were detected with rSO2 and transcranial Doppler in healthy volunteers during cardiac preload and in different body positions. Acute hypercapnia had a greater effect on recorded brain parameters than hypocapnia.

Postoperative Pain Management in Spanish Hospitals: A Cohort Study Using the PAIN-OUT Registry.

Pain after surgery remains a problem worldwide, although there are no published data on postoperative outcomes in Spain. We evaluated 2,922 patients on the first day after surgery in 13 tertiary care Spanish hospitals, using the PAIN-OUT questionnaire. The aims were to: assess postoperative outcomes and anesthetic/analgesic management in Orthopedics (ORT) and General Surgery (GEN) patients; explore the influence of the analgesic therapy on outcomes and opioid requirements; evaluate and compare outcomes and analgesic management according to surgical procedure. Mean worst pain and percentage of patients in severe pain were 5.6 (on a numeric rating scale of 0-10) and 39.4%, respectively, slightly lower than those reported in Western countries (range, 5.0-8.4 and 33-55%). Patients' pain assessment (83.1%) and information were high (63.3%), but participation in decision-making (4.8) was lower than in the United States (7.0) and Europe (Germany, France, Norway, and Denmark; mean, 5.9). Patients after orthopedic surgery had the worst outcomes. General anesthesia was more frequent in GEN patients, whereas regional (central and peripheral) was more frequent in ORT surgery patients. Mean opioid consumption (20.2 mg per patient per 24 hours, oral morphine equivalents), was lower than reported and decreased >50% after regional analgesia. Intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia was seldom used (6.2%). Acute opioid treatments were associated with worsened outcomes whereas multimodal analgesia (mainly antipyretic analgesics-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-opioids) were associated with improved results. Epidurals in abdominal surgery (16.7%) were also associated with better outcomes. Presurgical chronic pain (>7) and/or chronic opioid consumption, were associated with worsened pain outcomes; the latter with a 50% increase in postoperative opioid requirements. Tibia/fibula and foot surgeries (ORT), and gastric, small intestine, and anterior abdominal wall procedures (GEN) were the most painful. Rigorous control of chronic pain before surgery, and combining opioids with adjuvants and other analgesics perioperatively, might improve postoperative outcomes. PERSPECTIVE: We analyzed postoperative outcomes and analgesic management in patients from tertiary care Spanish hospitals. The study serves as a point of comparison with other Western countries and shows that pain intensity outcomes and opioid consumption were slightly better in the Spanish population. Chronic pain before surgery (numeric rating scale score >7) and/or chronic opioid consumption, were associated with worsened pain outcomes, suggesting that rigorous control of chronic pain before surgery, and combining opioids with adjuvants and other analgesics perioperatively, might improve outcomes. Patients' pain participation in decision-making was inadequate and should be improved in Spanish hospitals.

Postoperative surveillance in neurosurgical patients - usefulness of neurological assessment scores and bispectral index / Monitoramento de pacientes neurocirúrgicos no pós-operatório - utilidade dos escores de avaliação neurológica e do índice bispectral

Abstract Background and objectives: We examined the additive effect of the Ramsay scale, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Bispectral Index (BIS) to see whether along with the assessment of pupils and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) it improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications. Methods: We designed a prospective observational study of two elective neurosurgery groups of patients: craniotomies (CG) and non-craniotomies (NCG). We analyze the concordance and the odds ratio (OR) of altered neurological scales and BIS in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for postoperative neurological complications. We compared the isolated assessment of pupils and GCS (pupils-GCS) with all the neurologic assessment scales and BIS (scales-BIS). Results: In the CG (n = 70), 16 patients (22.9%) had neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS registered more alterations than the pupils-GCS (31.4% vs. 20%; p < 0.001), were more sensitive (94% vs. 50%) and allowed a more precise estimate for neurological complications in PACU (p = 0.002; OR = 7.15, 95% CI = 2.1-24.7 vs. p = 0.002; OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 2.3-39.4). In the NCG (n = 46), there were no neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS showed alterations in 18 cases (39.1%) versus 1 (2.2%) with the pupils-GCS (p < 0.001). Altered CNS on PACU admission increased the risk of neurological complications in the ward (p = 0.048; OR = 7.28, 95% CI = 1.021-52.006). Conclusions: Applied together, the assessment of pupils, GCS, Ramsay scale, CNS, Nu-DESC and BIS improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications in PACU after elective craniotomies.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Avaliamos o efeito aditivo da escala de Ramsay, Escala Neurológica Canadense (CNS), Escala da Enfermagem de Triagem de Delírio (Nu-DESC) e Índice Bispectral (BIS) para observar se, juntamente com a avaliação das pupilas e da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (GCS), melhorava a detecção precoce de complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório. Métodos: Projetamos um estudo observacional, prospectivo, de dois grupos de pacientes submetidos à neurocirurgia eletiva: craniotomia (Grupo C) e não craniotomia (Grupo NC). Analisamos a concordância e a razão de chance (OR) de alterações nas escalas neurológicas e no BIS na sala de recuperação pós-anestesia (SRPA) para complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório. Comparamos a avaliação isolada das pupilas e da GCS (pupilas-GCS) com todas as escalas de avaliação neurológica e o BIS (escalas-BIS). Resultados: No Grupo C (n = 70), 16 pacientes (22,9%) apresentaram complicações neurológicas na SRPA. As escalas-BIS registraram mais alterações do que as pupilas-GCS (31,4% vs. 20%; p < 0,001), foram mais sensíveis (94% vs. 50%) e permitiram uma estimativa mais precisa das complicações neurológicas na SRPA (p = 0,002; OR = 7,15, IC 95% = 2,1-24.7 vs. p = 0,002; OR = 9,5, IC 95% = 2,3-39,4). No grupo NC (n = 46) não houve complicações neurológicas na SRPA. As escalas-BIS mostraram alterações em 18 casos (39,1%) versus um caso (2,2%) com as pupilas-GCS (p < 0,001). Alteração na CNS na admissão à SRPA aumentou o risco de complicações neurológicas na enfermaria (p = 0,048; OR = 7,28, IC 95% = 1,021-52,006). Conclusões: Aplicados em conjunto, avaliação das pupilas, GCS, escala de Ramsay, CNS, Nu-DESC e BIS melhoraram a detecção precoce de complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório na SRPA após craniotomias eletivas.

Postoperative surveillance in neurosurgical patients - usefulness of neurological assessment scores and bispectral index.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the additive effect of the Ramsay scale, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Bispectral Index (BIS) to see whether along with the assessment of pupils and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) it improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications. METHODS: We designed a prospective observational study of two elective neurosurgery groups of patients: craniotomies (CG) and non-craniotomies (NCG). We analyze the concordance and the odds ratio (OR) of altered neurological scales and BIS in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for postoperative neurological complications. We compared the isolated assessment of pupils and GCS (pupils-GCS) with all the neurologic assessment scales and BIS (scales-BIS). RESULTS: In the CG (n=70), 16 patients (22.9%) had neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS registered more alterations than the pupils-GCS (31.4% vs. 20%; p<0.001), were more sensitive (94% vs. 50%) and allowed a more precise estimate for neurological complications in PACU (p=0.002; OR=7.15, 95% CI=2.1-24.7 vs. p=0.002; OR=9.5, 95% CI=2.3-39.4). In the NCG (n=46), there were no neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS showed alterations in 18 cases (39.1%) versus 1 (2.2%) with the pupils-GCS (p<0.001). Altered CNS on PACU admission increased the risk of neurological complications in the ward (p=0.048; OR=7.28, 95% CI=1.021-52.006). CONCLUSIONS: Applied together, the assessment of pupils, GCS, Ramsay scale, CNS, Nu-DESC and BIS improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications in PACU after elective craniotomies.

[Postoperative surveillance in neurosurgical patients - usefulness of neurological assessment scores and bispectral index]. / Monitoramento de pacientes neurocirúrgicos no pós­operatório ­ utilidade dos escores de avaliação neurológica e do índice bispectral.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the additive effect of the Ramsay scale, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Bispectral Index (BIS) to see whether along with the assessment of pupils and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) it improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications. METHODS: We designed a prospective observational study of two elective neurosurgery groups of patients: craniotomies (CG) and non-craniotomies (NCG). We analyze the concordance and the odds ratio (OR) of altered neurological scales and BIS in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for postoperative neurological complications. We compared the isolated assessment of pupils and GCS (pupils-GCS) with all the neurologic assessment scales and BIS (scales-BIS). RESULTS: In the CG (n=70), 16 patients (22.9%) had neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS registered more alterations than the pupils-GCS (31.4% vs. 20%; p<0.001), were more sensitive (94% vs. 50%) and allowed a more precise estimate for neurological complications in PACU (p=0.002; OR=7.15, 95% CI=2.1-24.7 vs. p=0.002; OR=9.5, 95% CI=2.3-39.4). In the NCG (n=46), there were no neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS showed alterations in 18 cases (39.1%) versus 1 (2.2%) with the pupils-GCS (p<0.001). Altered CNS on PACU admission increased the risk of neurological complications in the ward (p=0.048; OR=7.28, 95% CI=1.021-52.006). CONCLUSIONS: Applied together, the assessment of pupils, GCS, Ramsay scale, CNS, Nu-DESC and BIS improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications in PACU after elective craniotomies.

Laryngeal Mask Ventilation During Lumbar Spine Neurosurgery in Knee-Chest Position is Feasible.

BACKGROUND: This study describes our experience with laryngeal mask (LM) inserted after anesthetic induction in patients already in knee-chest position for lumbar neurosurgery. METHODS: Airway management (need for LM repositioning, orotracheal intubation because of failed LM insertion), anticipated difficult airway, and airway complications were registered. Statistics were compared between groups with the t test or the χ test, as appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 358 cases were reviewed from 2008 to 2013. Tracheal intubation was performed in 108 patients and LM was chosen for 250 patients (69.8%). Intubated patients had a higher mean age and rate of anticipated difficult airway; duration of surgery was longer (P<0.001, all comparisons). LM insertion and anesthetic induction proved effective in 97.2% of the LM-ventilated patients; 7 patients (2.8%) were intubated because of persistent leakage. Incidences with airway management were resolved without compromising patient safety. CONCLUSION: LM airway management during lumbar neurosurgery in knee-chest position is feasible for selected patients when the anesthetist is experienced.

Experience with "Fast track" postoperative care after deep brain stimulation surgery.

BACKGROUND: A 24-h-stay in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) is a common postoperative procedure after deep brain stimulation surgery (DBS). OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the impact of a fast-track (FT) postoperative care protocol. METHODS: An analysis was performed on all patients who underwent DBS in 2 periods: 2006, overnight monitored care (OMC group), and 2007-2013, FT care (FT group). RESULTS: The study included 19 patients in OMC and 95 patients in FT. Intraoperative complications occurred in 26.3% patients in OMC vs. 35.8% in FT. Post-operatively, one patient in OMC developed hemiparesis, and agitation in 2 patients. In FT, two patients with intraoperative hemiparesis were transferred to the ICU. While on the ward, 3 patients from the FT developed hemiparesis, two of them 48h after the procedure. Thirty eight percent of FT had an MRI scan, while the remaining 62% and all patients of OMC had a CT-scan performed on their transfer to the ward. One patient in OMC had a subthalamic hematoma. Two patients in FT had a pallidal hematoma, and 3 a bleeding along the electrode. CONCLUSIONS: A FT discharge protocol is a safe postoperative care after DBS. There are a small percentage of complications after DBS, which mainly occur within the first 6h.

Anestesia para Neurocirugía Mínimamente Invasiva / Anesthesia for minimally invasive neurosurgery

Introduction: Advances in imaging, computing and optics have encouraged the application of minimally invasive surgical approach to a variety of neurosurgical procedures. The advantages include accurate localization of lesions usually inaccessible to conventional surgery, less trauma to healthy brain, blood vessels and nerves, shorter operating time, reduced blood loss, and early recovery and discharge. Nevertheless minimally invasive neurosurgical (MIN) procedures still have potential intra-and post-operative complications that can cause morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to review and analyze published literature describing experiences in the anesthetic management of the most commonly performed MIN procedures. Materials and methods: Neurosurgical and neuroanesthesia literature (1990-2013) was reviewed and description of anesthetic technique/management and perioperative morbidity/mortality was reported. We also compared the different authors' experience with MIN procedures. Results: The neurosurgical literature dealing with MIN has expanded, but there are few references in relation to anesthetic management. Anesthesia goals remain the same: careful pre-operative assessment and planning, and meticulous cerebral hemodynamic control to ensure adequate cerebral perfusion pressure. The degree of postoperative care depends on local practice, patient factors and postoperative brain imaging.

Introducción: Los avances en la formación de imágenes, la computación y la óptica han alentado la aplicación del enfoque quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo a una variedad de procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos. Las ventajas incluyen la localización exacta de las lesiones generalmente inaccesibles a la cirugía convencional, menos trauma al cerebro sano, vasos sanguíneos y nervios, más corto el tiempo de funcionamiento, la reducción de la pérdida de sangre, la recuperación temprana y el alta. Sin embargo los procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos mínimamente invasivos (NMI) todavía tienen potencial complicaciones intra y post-operatorias que pueden causar morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar y analizar la literatura publicada que describe las experiencias en el manejo anestésico de los procedimientos más comúnmente realizados en NMI. Materiales y métodos: Literatura sobre neurocirugía y neuroanestesia (1990-2013). Revisión y descripción de la técnica anestésica/gestión y morbilidad perioperatoria/mortalidad notificada. Comparación de la experiencia de los diferentes autores en procedimientos de NMI. Resultados: La literatura sobre NMI se ha expandido, pero hay pocas referencias en relación con el manejo anestésico. Las metas anestésicas siguen siendo las mismas: la evaluación preoperatoria cuidadosa y la planificación, el meticuloso control de hemodinámica cerebral para asegurar la presión de perfusión cerebral adecuada. El grado de cuidado postoperatorio depende de la práctica local, factores del paciente y de imagen cerebral postoperatoria.