Azadirachtin Induces Fat Body Apoptosis by Suppressing Caspase-8 in the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda.

Azadirachtin is a widely used botanical pesticide for agricultural pest control worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms of azadirachtin in insects are not fully understood. In this study, histological analysis and RNA sequencing were conducted to investigate the impact of azadirachtin on the larval development of Spodoptera frugiperda. Under azadirachtin exposure, the development was completely inhibited, and the major internal tissues, fat body, and midgut were strongly damaged under histological analysis. Differential gene expression analysis demonstrated that nutrient absorption and detoxification metabolism-related genes are differentially expressed. Interestingly, the expression of the apoptosis-related gene, caspase-8, was significantly inhibited under exposure to azadirachtin. In addition, after knocking down the expression of the caspase-8 gene, the fat body displayed a similar apoptotic phenotype as azadirachtin treatment; the distribution of chromatin and lipid droplets was uneven in the fat body cells. Thus, the results in this study demonstrated that exposure to azadirachtin rapidly activates apoptosis, resulting in innate tissue disruption, ultimately arresting larval development in S. frugiperda.

Ball-Milling-Enabled Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive 1,4-Alkylarylation of 1,3-Enynes under an Air Atmosphere.

A ball-mill-enabled nickel-catalyzed 1,4-alkylarylation of 1,3-enynes with organic bromides has been developed, offering a versatile method for assembling tetrasubstituted allenes. This approach, the first of ball-milling-based remote radical coupling, overcomes the limitations of traditional solution-phase methods, such as the need for air- and moisture-sensitive reagents, the use of bulk solvents, and prolonged reaction times. Given the outstanding performance of ball-milling-based radical reduction coupling reactions, we anticipate further advancements in sustainable and efficient synthetic methodologies.

Volatomic differences among Vitis amurensis cultivars and its hybrids with V. vinifera revealed the effects of genotype, region, and vintage on grape aroma.

Vitis amurensis grape, an East Asian Vitis species, has excellent cold and disease resistance and exhibits high winemaking potential. In this study, the aroma compounds in grapes from five V. amurensis cultivars ('Beiguohong', 'Beiguolan', 'Shuangfeng', 'Shuanghong', 'Shuangyou') and three interspecific hybrids ('Beibinghong', 'Xuelanhong', 'Zuoyouhong') from two regions (Zuojia and Ji'an, Jilin, China) were identified via HS-SPME-GC/MS. The results showed that V. amurensis grapes had a greater concentration of aroma compounds than the interspecific hybrid berries. 'Beibinghong' was relatively rich in terpenes, although their concentrations were all lower than the threshold. 'Shuangfeng' contained more concentrations of free C6/C9 compounds, alcohols, aromatics and aldehydes/ketones than the other cultivars. The aroma characteristics of 'Beiguolan' and 'Shuanghong' were relatively similar. The grapes from the lower temperature and more fertile soil of Zuojia contained more C6/C9 compounds, norisoprenoids and alcohols, while aromatics were more abundant in the grapes from Ji'an, which was warmer than the Zuojia region. Herbaceous, floral, fruity and sweet were the main aroma series of V. amurensis grapes. Our study could provide a reference for the development and utilization of V. amurensis grapes and lay a foundation for the development of wild grape cultivars and the production of wines with characteristic styles.

A multifactorial screening model based on the Graves ophthalmopathy quality of life scores in dysthyroid optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To validate the Graves ophthalmopathy quality of life (GO-QOL) questionnaire in screening DON and to construct an effective model. METHODS: A total of 194 GO patients were recruited and divided into DON and non-DON (mild and moderate-to-severe) groups. Eye examinations were performed, and quality of life was assessed by the GO-QOL questionnaire. The random forest, decision tree model, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, accuracy and Brier score were determined by R software. RESULTS: In GO-QOL, age, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), exophthalmos, CAS, severity, and Gorman score were found to be factors related to visual function scores. On the appearance scale, gender, duration of GO, BCVA, exophthalmos, CAS and severity of GO were relevant. Both the visual function scores and appearance scores were significantly lower in DON groups than in non-DON groups (33.18 ± 24.54 versus 81.26 ± 17.39, 60.08 ± 24.82 versus 76.14 ± 27.56). The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of the visual function scores were 91.1%, 81.7% and 0.939, respectively Visual function scores were used to construct a decision tree model. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of the model were 92.9%, 88.0% and 0.941, respectively, with an accuracy of 89.7% and a Brier score of 0.024. CONCLUSIONS: Visual function scores were qualified as a screening method for DON, with a cutoff point of 58. A multifactorial screening model based on visual function scores was constructed.

The History of Classification Systems for Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures: A Literature Review.

Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PPFFs) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) present a significant clinical challenge due to their increasing incidence with an aging population and evolving surgical practices. Historically, classifications were primarily based on anatomical fracture location, the stability of the implant, and bone quality surrounding the implant. We critically analyzed 25 classification systems, highlighting the emergence and adaptations of key systems such as the Vancouver classification system (VCS) and the Unified classification system (UCS), which are lauded for their simplicity and effectiveness yet require further refinement. VCS, developed in 1995, categorizes fractures based on the site, implant stability, and bone quality, and remains widely used due to its robust applicability across different clinical settings. Introduced in 2014, UCS expands the VCS to encompass all periprosthetic fractures with additional fracture types, aiming for a universal application. Despite their widespread adoption, these systems exhibit shortcomings, including the incomplete inclusion of all PPFF types and the imprecise assessment of implant stability and surrounding bone loss. These gaps can result in misclassification and suboptimal treatment outcomes. This paper suggests the necessity for ongoing improvements in classification systems to include emerging fracture types and refined diagnostic criteria, ensuring that they remain relevant to contemporary orthopedic practices and continue to facilitate the precise tailoring of treatment to patient-specific circumstances. This comprehensive historical review serves as a foundation for future innovations in classification systems, ultimately aiming to standardize PPFF treatment and improve patient prognosis.

Clinical observation of ultrasound-guided acupotomy assisting percutaneous cervical disc nucleoplasty in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. / è¶ å£°å¼•å¯¼ä¸‹é’ˆåˆ€ç–—æ³•è¾ åŠ©å°„é¢‘æ¶ˆèžæœ¯æ²»ç–—ç¥žç»æ ¹åž‹é¢ˆæ¤Žç— çš„ä¸´åºŠè§‚å¯Ÿ.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided acupotomy in adjuvant treatment of residual symptoms after percutaneous cervical disc nucleoplasty (PCDN) for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR). METHODS: A total of 70 CSR patients were divided into treatment group and control group according to random number table, with 35 cases in each group. Patients in the control group received PCDN, while patients in the treatment group further received ultrasound-guided acupotomy, which was performed once every 5 to 7 days for a total of 4 to 6 times (adjusted according to the condition of patients). The visual analog score (VAS), neck dysfunction index (NDI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association cervical spondylosis scale (JOA score), and Tanaka Yasuhisa 20-point scale were adopted in the assessment before PCDN and 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months after PCDN. The clinical efficacy, postoperative adverse reactions and complications of the 2 groups were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with those before PCDN, the VAS score and NDI score of the 2 groups were decreased (P<0.05), JOA score and Tanaka Yasuhisa 20-point score were increased (P<0.05) at 1 day and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Compared with same group 1 day after surgery, the VAS score and NDI score of the treatment group were decreased (P<0.05), while JOA score and Tanaka Yasuhisa 20-point score were increased (P<0.05) at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Compared with the control group at the same time points, the VAS score and NDI score of the treatment group were decreased (P<0.05), while JOA score and Tanaka Yasuhisa 20-point score were increased (P<0.05) at 1, 3 and 6 months after operation. The effective rate and excellent rate of the treatment group 1, 3 and 6 months after PCDN were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Follow-up to 1 year after surgery, no significant postoperative adverse reactions and complications were found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided acupotomy can significantly improve the residual symptoms after PCDN for CSR patients, and the clinical efficacy is significantly better than that of PCDN alone, and this therapy is safe and reliable.

CircNSD1 promotes cardiac fibrosis through targeting the miR-429-3p/SULF1/Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

Cardiac fibrosis is a detrimental pathological process, which constitutes the key factor for adverse cardiac structural remodeling leading to heart failure and other critical conditions. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of various cardiovascular diseases. It is known that several circRNAs regulate gene expression and pathological processes by binding miRNAs. In this study we investigated whether a novel circRNA, named circNSD1, and miR-429-3p formed an axis that controls cardiac fibrosis. We established a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) for in vivo studies and a cellular model of cardiac fibrogenesis in primary cultured mouse cardiac fibroblasts treated with TGF-ß1. We showed that miR-429-3p was markedly downregulated in the cardiac fibrosis models. Through gain- and loss-of-function studies we confirmed miR-429-3p as a negative regulator of cardiac fibrosis. In searching for the upstream regulator of miR-429-3p, we identified circNSD1 that we subsequently demonstrated as an endogenous sponge of miR-429-3p. In MI mice, knockdown of circNSD1 alleviated cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, silence of human circNSD1 suppressed the proliferation and collagen production in human cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. We revealed that circNSD1 directly bound miR-429-3p, thereby upregulating SULF1 expression and activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. Collectively, circNSD1 may be a novel target for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis and associated cardiac disease.

Activated interferon response from DNA damage in multiple myeloma cells contributes to the chemotherapeutic effects of anthracyclines.

Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disease caused by abnormal proliferation of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow. Upfront identification of tumor subgroups with specific biological markers has the potential to improve biologically-driven therapy. Previously, we established a molecular classification by stratifying multiple myeloma into two subtypes with a different prognosis based on a gene module co-expressed with MCL-1 (MCL1-M). Methods: Gene Ontology (GO) analysis with differentially expressed genes was performed to identify signal pathway. Drug sensitivity was analyzed using the OncoPredict algorithm. Drug sensitivity of different myeloma cell lines was detected by CCK8 and flow cytometry. RNA-seq was performed on drug-sensitive cell lines before and after adriamycin treatment. RT-qPCR was used to further verify the sequencing results. The expression of γ-H2AX and dsDNA in sensitive and resistant cell lines was detected by immunofluorescence method. Results: In our study, we demonstrated that MCL1-M low MM were more sensitive to anthracyclines. We treated different myeloma cell lines with doxorubicin in vitro and discovered the association of drug sensitivity with IFN signaling. Herein, we demonstrate that the doxorubicin-sensitive myeloma cell line showed significant DNA damage and up-regulated expression of genes related to the IFN response, which was not observed in drug-insensitive cell lines. Discussion: Our results suggest that the active IFN signaling pathway may serve as a marker for predicting chemotherapy sensitivity in patients with myeloma. With our MCL1-M molecular classification system, we can screen patients with a potentially good response to the interferon signaling pathway and provide individualized treatment for MM. We propose IFN-a as adjuvant therapy for patients with myeloma sensitive to anthracyclines to further improve the therapeutic effect and prolong the survival of patients.

A Transformable Specific-Responsive Peptide for One-Step Synergistic Therapy of Bladder Cancer.

Synergistic therapy has shown greater advantages compared with monotherapy. However, the complex multiple-administration plan and potential side effects limit its clinical application. A transformable specific-responsive peptide (TSRP) is utilized to one-step achieve synergistic therapy integrating anti-tumor, anti-angiogenesis and immune response. The TSRP is composed of: i) Recognition unit could specifically target and inhibit the biological function of FGFR-1; ii) Transformable unit could self-assembly and trigger nanofibers formation; iii) Reactive unit could specifically cleaved by MMP-2/9 in tumor micro-environment; iv) Immune unit, stimulate the release of immune cells when LTX-315 (Immune-associated oncolytic peptide) exposed. Once its binding to FGFR-1, the TSRP could cleaved by MMP-2/9 to form the nanofibers on the cell membrane, with a retention time of up to 12 h. Through suppressing the phosphorylation levels of ERK 1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways downstream of FGFR-1, the TSRP significant inhibit the growth of tumor cells and the formation of angioginesis. Furthermore, LTX-315 is exposed after TSRP cleavage, resulting in Calreticulin activation and CD8+ T cells infiltration. All above processes together contribute to the increasing survival rate of tumor-bearing mice by nearly 4-folds. This work presented a unique design for the biological application of one-step synergistic therapy of bladder cancer.

MyoD Over-Expression Rescues GST-bFGF Repressed Myogenesis.

During embryogenesis, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is released from neural tube and myotome to promote myogenic fate in the somite, and is routinely used for the culture of adult skeletal muscle (SKM) stem cells (MuSC, called satellite cells). However, the mechanism employed by bFGF to promote SKM lineage and MuSC proliferation has not been analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the question of if the post-translational modification (PTM) of bFGF is important to its stemness-promoting effect has not been answered. In this study, GST-bFGF was expressed and purified from E.coli, which lacks the PTM system in eukaryotes. We found that both GST-bFGF and commercially available bFGF activated the Akt-Erk pathway and had strong cell proliferation effect on C2C12 myoblasts and MuSC. GST-bFGF reversibly compromised the myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts and MuSC, and it increased the expression of Myf5, Pax3/7, and Cyclin D1 but strongly repressed that of MyoD, suggesting the maintenance of myogenic stemness amid repressed MyoD expression. The proliferation effect of GST-bFGF was conserved in C2C12 over-expressed with MyoD (C2C12-tTA-MyoD), implying its independence of the down-regulation of MyoD. In addition, the repressive effect of GST-bFGF on myogenic differentiation was almost totally rescued by the over-expression of MyoD. Together, these evidences suggest that (1) GST-bFGF and bFGF have similar effects on myogenic cell proliferation and differentiation, and (2) GST-bFGF can promote MuSC stemness and proliferation by differentially regulating MRFs and Pax3/7, (3) MyoD repression by GST-bFGF is reversible and independent of the proliferation effect, and (4) GST-bFGF can be a good substitute for bFGF in sustaining MuSC stemness and proliferation.

Establishment and application of a reverse dot blot assay for 13 mutations of hearing-loss genes in primary hospitals in China.

Background: Hearing loss is a common sensorineural dysfunction with a high incidence in China. Although genetic factors are important causes of hearing loss, hearing-related gene detection has not been widely adopted in China. Objective: Establishing a rapid and efficient method to simultaneously detect hotspot hearing loss gene mutations. Methods: A reverse dot blot assay combined with a flow-through hybridization technique was developed for the simultaneous detection of 13 hotspot mutations of 4 hearing loss-related genes including GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4, and the mitochondrial gene MT-RNR1. This method involved PCR amplification systems and a hybridization platform. Results: The technique can detect 13 hotspot mutations of 4 hearing loss-related genes. And a total of 213 blood samples were used to evaluate the availability of this method. Discussion: Our reverse dot blot assay was a simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method to identify hotspot mutations of 4 hearing loss-related genes in a Chinese population.

MRI quantitative assessment of the effects of low-carbohydrate therapy on Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Objective: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an inflammatory disease, and research suggests that a low-carbohydrate diet may have potential anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to utilize Dixon-T2-weighted imaging (WI) sequence for a semi-quantitative assessment of the impact of a low-carbohydrate diet on the degree of thyroid inflammation in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Methods: Forty patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were recruited for this study and randomly divided into two groups: one with a normal diet and the other with a low-carbohydrate diet. Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb) were measured for all participants. Additionally, thyroid water content was semi-quantitatively measured using Dixon-T2WI. The same tests and measurements were repeated for all participants after 6 months. Results: After 6 months of a low-carbohydrate diet, patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis showed a significant reduction in thyroid water content (94.84 ± 1.57% vs 93.07 ± 2.05%, P < 0.05). Concurrently, a decrease was observed in levels of TPOAb and TgAb (TPOAb: 211.30 (92.63-614.62) vs 89.45 (15.9-215.67); TgAb: 17.05 (1.47-81.64) vs 4.1 (0.51-19.42), P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences in thyroid water content or TPOAb and TgAb levels for patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis following a normal diet after 6 months (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Dixon-T2WI can quantitatively assess the degree of thyroid inflammation in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Following a low-carbohydrate diet intervention, there is a significant reduction in thyroid water content and a decrease in levels of TPOAb and TgAb. These results suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet may help alleviate inflammation in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Gut microbiota-derived LCA mediates the protective effect of PEDV infection in piglets.

BACKGROUND: The gut microbiota is a critical factor in the regulation of host health, but the relationship between the differential resistance of hosts to pathogens and the interaction of gut microbes is not yet clear. Herein, we investigated the potential correlation between the gut microbiota of piglets and their disease resistance using single-cell transcriptomics, 16S amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and untargeted metabolomics. RESULTS: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection leads to significant changes in the gut microbiota of piglets. Notably, Landrace pigs lose their resistance quickly after being infected with PEDV, but transplanting the fecal microbiota of Min pigs to Landrace pigs alleviated the infection status. Macrogenomic and animal protection models identified Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus in the gut microbiota as playing an anti-infective role. Moreover, metabolomic screening of the secondary bile acids' deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) correlated significantly with Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus, but only LCA exerted a protective function in the animal model. In addition, LCA supplementation altered the distribution of intestinal T-cell populations and resulted in significantly enriched CD8+ CTLs, and in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that LCA increased SLA-I expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells via FXR receptors, thereby recruiting CD8+ CTLs to exert antiviral effects. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings indicate that the diversity of gut microbiota influences the development of the disease, and manipulating Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus, as well as LCA, represents a promising strategy to improve PEDV infection in piglets. Video Abstract.

Maximizing Electrostatic Interaction in Ultramicroporous Metal-Organic Frameworks for the One-Step Purification of Acetylene from Ternary Mixture.

Developing efficient adsorbents for acetylene purification from multicomponent mixtures is of critical significance in the chemical industry, but the trade-off between regenerability and selectivity significantly restricts practical industrial applications. Here, we report ultramicroporous metal-organic frameworks with acetylene-affinity channels to enhance electrostatic interaction between C2H2 and frameworks for the efficient one-step purification of C2H2 from C2H2/CO2/C2H4 mixtures, in which the electrostatic interaction led to high regenerability. The obtained SNNU-277 exhibits significantly higher adsorption capacity for C2H2 than that for both C2H4 and CO2 at 298 K and 0.1 bar, while an ultrahigh selectivity of C2H2/C2H4 (100.6 at 298 K) and C2H2/CO2 (32.8 at 298 K) were achieved at 1 bar. Breakthrough experiments validated that SNNU-277 can efficiently separate C2H2 from C2H2/C2H4/CO2 mixtures. CO2 and C2H4 broke through the adsorption column at 4 and 14.8 min g-1, whereas C2H2 was detected until 177.6 min g-1 at 298 K. Theoretical calculations suggest that the framework is electrostatically compatible with C2H2 and electrostatically repels C2H4 and CO2 in the mixed components. This work highlights the importance of rational pore engineering for maximizing the electrostatic effect with the preferentially absorbed guest molecule for efficient multicomponent separation.

Integrating ecology, physiology and transcriptomics reveals the response of Zostera marina to rusting of iron transplantation frame.

Frame Transplantation System (FTS) is considered an efficient method for seagrass restoration, but the effect of the rusting of iron frame on seagrass restoration remains unclear. We transplanted Zostera marina plants using iron FTS treated with fluorocarbon paint (painted treatment, PT) and traditional unpainted iron FTS (unpainted treatment, UT) under controlled mesocosm conditions for 24 days. Our results showed that the survival rate of Z. marina under the UT was significantly 31.2 % lower than that of the plants under the PT. Soluble sugar content in Z. marina rhizomes under the UT was significantly 2.19 times higher than that of the plants under the PT. Transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in photosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction functions. The results provide valuable data that could prove helpful in the development of efficient restoration techniques for Z. marina beds.

Efficacy and safety of Qingda granule versus valsartan capsule in Chinese grade 1 hypertensive patients with low-moderate risk: A randomized, double-blind, double dummy, non-inferiority, multi-center trial.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of Qingda granule (QDG) in managing blood pressure (BP) among grade 1 hypertensive patients with low-moderate risk remain uncertain. METHODS: In the randomized, double-blind, double dummy, non-inferiority and multicenter trial, 552 patients with grade 1 hypertension at low-moderate risk were assigned at a ratio of 1:1 to receive either QDG or valsartan for 4 weeks, followed up by a subsequent 4 weeks. RESULTS: Post-treatment, clinic systolic/diastolic BPs (SBP/DBP) were reduced by a mean change of 9.18/4.04 mm Hg in the QDG group and 9.85/5.05 mm Hg in the valsartan group (SBP P = 0.47, DBP P = 0.16). Similarly, 24-hour, daytime and nighttime BPs were proportional in both groups (P > 0.05) after 4 weeks treatment. After discontinuing medications for 4 weeks, the mean reduction of clinic SBP/DBP were 0.29/0.57 mm Hg in the QDG group compared to -1.59/-0.48 mm Hg in the valsartan group (SBP P = 0.04, DBP P = 0.04). Simultaneously, the 24-hour SBP/DBP were reduced by 0.9/0.31 mm Hg in the QDG group and -1.66/-1.08 mm Hg in the valsartan group (SBP P = 0.006, DBP P = 0.02). And similar results were observed regarding the outcomes of daytime and nighttime BPs. There was no difference in occurrence of adverse events between two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: QDG proves to be efficacious for grade 1 hypertension at a low-to-medium risk, even after discontinuation of the medication for 4 weeks. These findings provide a promising option for managing grade 1 hypertension and suggest the potential for maintaining stable BP through intermittent administration of QDG. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2000033890.

Reversible SAHH inhibitor ameliorates MIA-induced osteoarthritis of rats through suppressing MEK/ERK pathway.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by gradual articular cartilage degradation, accompanied by persistent low-grade joint inflammation, correlating with radiographic and pain-related progression. The latent therapeutic potential of DZ2002, a reversible inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), holds promise for OA intervention. This study endeavored to examine the therapeutic efficacy of DZ2002 within the milieu of OA. The cytotoxicity of DZ2002 was evaluated using the MTT assay on bone marrow-derived macrophages. The inhibitory impact of DZ2002 during the process of osteoclastogenesis was assessed using TRAP staining, analysis of bone resorption pits, and F-actin ring formation. Mechanistic insights were derived from qPCR and Western blot analyses. Through the intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), an experimental rat model of OA was successfully instituted. This was subsequently accompanied by a series of assessments including Von Frey filament testing, analysis of weight-bearing behaviors, and micro-CT imaging, all aimed at assessing the effectiveness of DZ2002. The findings emphasized the effectiveness of DZ2002 in mitigating osteoclastogenesis induced by M-CSF/RANKL, evident through a reduction in TRAP-positive OCs and bone resorption. Moreover, DZ2002 modulated bone resorption-associated gene and protein expression (CTSK, CTR, Integrin ß3) via the MEK/ERK pathway. Encouragingly, DZ2002 also alleviates MIA-induced pain, cartilage degradation, and bone loss. In conclusion, DZ2002 emerges as a potential therapeutic contender for OA, as evidenced by its capacity to hinder in vitro M-CSF/RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and mitigate in vivo osteoarthritis progression. This newfound perspective provides substantial support for considering DZ2002 as a compelling agent for osteoarthritis intervention.

Syphilis as the great mimicker: A case of full-house pattern membranous nephropathy.

Syphilis is a known cause of membranous nephropathy. We describe a case of a patient presenting with nephrotic syndrome whose renal biopsy demonstrated a 'full house' immunohistochemical pattern with positive IgG, IgM, C1q, IgA, C3c, and C4d staining. He was treated with immunosuppressive agents for minimal change nephropathy and subsequently class V lupus nephritis, before syphilis infection was confirmed. Following treatment with a single dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin there was complete and rapid resolution of nephrotic syndrome. With progressive rising incidence in the western world, syphilis is an important and under-recognised differential diagnosis in cases of nephrotic syndrome.

Macular blood flow changes in dysthyroid optic neuropathy after high-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (IVMP).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in macular vessel density (VD) of the superficial layer of retina (SLR) and deep layer of retina (DLR) in dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) after high-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (IVMP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen DON patients (29 eyes) who completed high-dose IVMP and 16 healthy individuals (32 eyes) were enrolled in this study. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) image analysis and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed, including the SLR macular whole-image VD (SLR-mwiVD) and DLR-mwiVD, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the mean deviation of visual field (VF-MD), pattern standard deviation of visual field (VF-PSD) and the other parameters. RESULTS: The SLR-mwiVD (41.39 ± 4.71 vs. 48.13 ± 3.68, p < 0.001) and DLR-mwiVD (40.77 ± 5.85 vs. 49.14 ± 7.02, p < 0.001) were decreased in DON compared to control eyes. After IVMP, visual function parameters were improved, and SLR-mwiVD (49.41 ± 3.18, p < 0.001) and DLR-mwiVD (50.41 ± 4.04, p < 0.001) were increased in the DON group compared to pretreatment. The increased SLR-mwiVD and DLR-mwiVD were significantly correlated with improvements in BCVA (Log MAR: from 0.62 ± 0.49 to -0.01 ± 0.03, p < 0.001), VF-MD (from - 6.89 ± 2.89 dB to - 1.75 ± 1.29 dB, p < 0.001) and VF-PSD (from 4.38 ± 2.52 dB to 2.32 ± 1.64 dB, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The increase in macular VD was significantly correlated with the improvement in visual function in DON after IVMP. Macular VD changes on OCTA may be a useful indicator for the response in DON after IVMP.

Advances in high-performance MEMS pressure sensors: design, fabrication, and packaging.

Pressure sensors play a vital role in aerospace, automotive, medical, and consumer electronics. Although microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based pressure sensors have been widely used for decades, new trends in pressure sensors, including higher sensitivity, higher accuracy, better multifunctionality, smaller chip size, and smaller package size, have recently emerged. The demand for performance upgradation has led to breakthroughs in sensor materials, design, fabrication, and packaging methods, which have emerged frequently in recent decades. This paper reviews common new trends in MEMS pressure sensors, including minute differential pressure sensors (MDPSs), resonant pressure sensors (RPSs), integrated pressure sensors, miniaturized pressure chips, and leadless pressure sensors. To realize an extremely sensitive MDPS with broad application potential, including in medical ventilators and fire residual pressure monitors, the "beam-membrane-island" sensor design exhibits the best performance of 66 µV/V/kPa with a natural frequency of 11.3 kHz. In high-accuracy applications, silicon and quartz RPS are analyzed, and both materials show ±0.01%FS accuracy with respect to varying temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) control methods. To improve MEMS sensor integration, different integrated "pressure + x" sensor designs and fabrication methods are compared. In this realm, the intercoupling effect still requires further investigation. Typical fabrication methods for microsized pressure sensor chips are also reviewed. To date, the chip thickness size can be controlled to be <0.1 mm, which is advantageous for implant sensors. Furthermore, a leadless pressure sensor was analyzed, offering an extremely small package size and harsh environmental compatibility. This review is structured as follows. The background of pressure sensors is first presented. Then, an in-depth introduction to MEMS pressure sensors based on different application scenarios is provided. Additionally, their respective characteristics and significant advancements are analyzed and summarized. Finally, development trends of MEMS pressure sensors in different fields are analyzed.