[Effect of 2-phenylethyl-beta-glucopyranoside isolated from Huaizhong No. 1 Rehmannia glutinosa on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by regulating PI3K/Akt/m TOR/HIF-1α pathway].

The study investigated the protective effect and mechanism of 2-phenylethyl-beta-glucopyranoside(Phe) from Huaizhong No.1 Rehmannia glutinosa on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension(PH), aiming to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of PAH. Male C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, positive drug(bosentan, 100 mg·kg~(-1)) group, and low-and high-dose Phe groups(20 and 40 mg·kg~(-1)). Except for the normal group, all other groups were continuously subjected to model induction in a 10% hypoxic environment for 5 weeks, with oral administration for 14 days starting from the 3rd week. The cardiopulmonary function, right ventricular pressure, cough and asthma index, lung injury, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress-related indicators, immune cells, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)/hypoxic inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α) pathway-related proteins or mRNA levels were examined. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell(PASMC) were used to further explore the mechanism of Phe intervention in PH combined with PI3K ago-nist(740Y-P). The results showed that Phe significantly improved the cardiopulmonary function of mice with PH, decreased right ventricular pressure, cough and asthma index, and lung injury, reduced cell apoptosis, oxidative stress-related indicators, and nuclear levels of phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt) and phosphorylated mTOR(p-mTOR), inhibited the expression levels of HIF-1α and PI3K mRNA and proteins, and maintained the immune cell homeostasis in mice. Further mechanistic studies revealed that Phe significantly reduced the viability and migration ability of hypoxia-induced PASMC, decreased the expression of HIF-1α and PI3K proteins and nuc-lear levels of p-Akt and p-mTOR, and this effect was blocked by 740Y-P. Therefore, it is inferred that Phe may exert anti-PH effects by alleviating the imbalance of oxidative stress and apoptosis in lung tissues and regulating immune levels, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway. This study is expected to provide drug references and research ideas for the treatment of PH.

Associations Between Changes in Psychological Resilience and Resting-State Functional Connectivity Throughout Pediatric Concussion Recovery.

Purpose: This study investigated the association between psychological resilience and resting-state network functional connectivity of three major brain networks in pediatric concussion. Methods: This was a substudy of a randomized controlled trial, recruiting children with concussion and orthopedic injury. Participants completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience 10 Scale and underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 72 h and 4-weeks postinjury. We explored associations between resilience and connectivity with the default mode network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), and salience network (SN) at both timepoints and also any change that occurred over time. We also explored associations between resilience and connectivity within each network. Results: A total of 67 children with a concussion (median age = 12.87 [IQR: 11.79-14.36]; 46% female) and 30 with orthopedic injury (median age = 12.27 [IQR: 11.19-13.94]; 40% female) were included. Seed-to-voxel analyses detected a positive correlation between 72-h resilience and CEN connectivity in the concussion group. Group moderated associations between resilience and SN connectivity at 72 h, as well as resilience and DMN connectivity over time. Regions-of-interest analyses identified group as a moderator of longitudinal resilience and within-DMN connectivity. Conclusions: These results suggest that neural recovery from concussion could be reliant on resilience. Resilience was related to functional connectivity with three of the main networks in the brain that are often impacted by concussion. Improving resilience might be investigated as a modifiable variable in children as both a protective and restorative in the context of concussion. Clinical Trial Registration Identifier: NCT05105802. PedCARE+MRI team (see Supplementary Appendix S1).

Conserved intronic secondary structures with concealed branch sites regulate alternative splicing of poison exons.

Alternative splicing (AS) generates multiple RNA isoforms and increases the complexities of transcriptomes and proteomes. However, it remains unclear how RNA structures contribute to AS regulation. Here, we systematically search transcriptomes for secondary structures with concealed branch sites (BSs) in the alternatively spliced introns and predict thousands of them from six organisms, of which many are evolutionarily conserved. Intriguingly, a highly conserved stem-loop structure with concealed BSs is found in animal SF3B3 genes and colocalizes with a downstream poison exon (PE). Destabilization of this structure allows increased usage of the BSs and results in enhanced PE inclusion in human and Drosophila cells, leading to decreased expression of SF3B3. This structure is experimentally validated using an in-cell SHAPE-MaP assay. Through RNA interference screens of 28 RNA-binding proteins, we find that this stem-loop structure is sensitive to U2 factors. Furthermore, we find that SF3B3 also facilitates DNA repair and protects genome stability by enhancing interaction between ERCC6/CSB and arrested RNA polymerase II. Importantly, both Drosophila and human cells with the secondary structure mutated by genome editing exhibit altered DNA repair in vivo. This study provides a novel and common mechanism for AS regulation of PEs and reveals a physiological function of SF3B3 in DNA repair.

Safety and efficacy comparison of remimazolam and propofol for intravenous anesthesia during gastroenteroscopic surgery of older patients: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Remimazolam is characterized by rapid action and inactive metabolites. It is used as the general anesthetic for many clinical surgeries. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate whether remimazolam is superior to propofol for gastroenteroscopy in older patients. AIM: To compare the adverse events and efficacy of remimazolam and propofol during gastroenteroscopy in older adults. METHODS: The PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library databases were queried for the relevant key words "remimazolam," "and propofol," "and gastrointestinal endoscopy or gastroscopy." The search scope was "Title and Abstract," and the search was limited to human studies and publications in English. Seven studies wherein remimazolam and propofol were compared were included for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: We selected seven randomized controlled trials involving 1445 cases for the analysis. Remimazolam reduced the hypotension (relative risk, RR = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.29-0.66, P = 0.000), respiratory depression (RR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.30-0.70, P = 0.000), injection pain (RR = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.05-0.25, P = 0.000), bradycardia (RR = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.24-0.58, P = 0.000), and time to discharge [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.58, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.18, P = 0.005], compared to those after propofol administration. No obvious differences were observed for postoperative nausea and vomiting (RR = 1.09, 95%CI: 0.97-1.24, P = 0.151), dizziness (RR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.43-1.36, P = 0.361), successful sedation rate (RR = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.93-1.00, P = 0.083), or the time to become fully alert (WMD = 0.00, 95%CI: -1.08-1.08, P = 0.998). CONCLUSION: Remimazolam appears to be safer than propofol for gastroenteroscopy in older adults. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Periodic Folded Gold Nanostructures with a Sub-10 nm Nanogap for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful spectroscopy technique for detection with its capacity for label-free, nondestructive analysis, and ultrasensitive characterization. High-performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with homogeneity and low cost are the key factors in chemical and biomedical analysis. In this study, we propose the technique of atomic force microscopy (AFM) scratching and nanoskiving to prepare periodic folded gold (Au) nanostructures as SERS substrates. Initially, folded Au nanostructures with tunable nanogaps and periodic structures are created through the scratching of Au films by AFM, the deposition of Ag/Au films, and the cutting of epoxy resin, reducing fabrication cost and operational complexity. Periodic folded Au nanostructures show the three-dimensional nanofocusing effect, hotspot effect, and standing wave effect to generate an extremely high electromagnetic field. As a typical molecule to be tested, p-aminothiophenol has the lowest detection limit of up to 10-9 M, owing to the balance between the electromagnetic field energy concentration and the transmission loss in periodic folded Au nanostructures. Finally, by precisely controlling the periods and nanogap widths of the folded Au nanostructures, the synergistic effect of surface plasmon resonance is optimized and shows good SERS properties, providing a new strategy for the preparation of plasmonic nanostructures.

Longitudinal Brain Perfusion and Symptom Presentation Following Pediatric Concussion: A Pediatric Concussion Assessment of Rest and Exertion+MRI (PedCARE+MRI) Substudy.

Emerging evidence suggests that advanced neuroimaging modalities such as arterial spin labelling (ASL) might have prognostic utility for pediatric concussion. This study aimed to: 1) examine group differences in global and regional brain perfusion in youth with concussion or orthopedic injury (OI) at 72 h and 4 weeks post-injury; 2) examine patterns of abnormal brain perfusion within both groups and their recovery; 3) investigate the association between perfusion and symptom burden within concussed and OI youths at both time-points; and 4) explore perfusion between symptomatic and asymptomatic concussed and OI youths. Youths ages 10.00-17.99 years presenting to the emergency department with an acute concussion or OI were enrolled. ASL-magnetic resonance imaging scans were conducted at 72 h and 4 weeks post-injury to measure brain perfusion, along with completion of the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) to measure symptoms. Abnormal perfusion clusters were identified using voxel-based z-score analysis at each visit. First, mixed analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) investigated the Group*Time interaction on global and regional perfusion. Post hoc region of interest (ROI) analyses were performed on significant regions. Second, within-group generalized estimating equations investigated the recovery of abnormal perfusion at an individual level. Third, multiple regressions at each time-point examined the association between HBI and regional perfusion, and between HBI and abnormal perfusion volumes within the concussion group. Fourth, whole-brain one-way ANCOVAs explored differences in regional and abnormal perfusion based on symptomatic status (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic) and OIs at each time-point. A total of 70 youths with a concussion [median age (interquartile range; IQR) = 12.70 (11.67-14.35), 47.1% female] and 29 with an OI [median age (IQR) = 12.05 (11.18-13.89), 41.4% female] were included. Although no Group effect was found in global perfusion, the concussion group showed greater adjusted perfusion within the anterior cingulate cortex/middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and right MFG compared with the OI group across time-points (ps ≤ 0.004). The concussion group showed lower perfusion within the right superior temporal gyrus at both time-points and bilateral occipital gyrus at 4 weeks, (ps ≤ 0.006). The number of hypoperfused clusters was increased at 72 h compared with 4 weeks in the concussion youths (p < 0.001), but not in the OIs. Moreover, Group moderated the HBI-perfusion association within the left precuneus and superior frontal gyrus at both time-points, (ps ≤ 0.001). No association was found between HBI and abnormal perfusion volume within the concussion group at any visits. At 4 weeks, the symptomatic sub-group (n = 10) showed lower adjusted perfusion within the right cerebellum and lingual gyrus, while the asymptomatic sub-group (n = 59) showed lower adjusted perfusion within the left calcarine, but greater perfusion within the left medial orbitofrontal cortex, right middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral caudate compared with OIs. Yet, no group differences were observed in the number of abnormal perfusion clusters or volumes at any visit. The present study suggests that symptoms may be associated with changes in regional perfusion, but not abnormal perfusion levels.

Sleep deprivation attenuates neural responses to outcomes from risky decision-making.

Sleep loss impacts a broad range of brain and cognitive functions. However, how sleep deprivation affects risky decision-making remains inconclusive. This study used functional MRI to examine the impact of one night of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on risky decision-making behavior and the underlying brain responses in healthy adults. In this study, we analyzed data from N = 56 participants in a strictly controlled 5-day and 4-night in-laboratory study using a modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Participants completed two scan sessions in counter-balanced order, including one scan during rested wakefulness (RW) and another scan after one night of TSD. Results showed no differences in participants' risk-taking propensity and risk-induced activation between RW and TSD. However, participants showed significantly reduced neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula for loss outcomes, and in bilateral putamen for win outcomes during TSD compared with RW. Moreover, risk-induced activation in the insula negatively correlated with participants' risk-taking propensity during RW, while no such correlations were observed after TSD. These findings suggest that sleep loss may impact risky decision-making by attenuating neural responses to decision outcomes and impairing brain-behavior associations.

Accurate prediction of biliary atresia with an integrated model using MMP-7 levels and bile acids.

BACKGROUND: Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare fatal liver disease in children, and the aim of this study was to develop a method to diagnose BA early. METHODS: We determined serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), the results of 13 liver tests, and the levels of 20 bile acids, and integrated computational models were constructed to diagnose BA. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrated that MMP-7 expression levels, as well as the results of four liver tests and levels of ten bile acids, were significantly different between 86 BA and 59 non-BA patients (P < 0.05). The computational prediction model revealed that MMP-7 levels alone had a higher predictive accuracy [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.966, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.942, 0.989] than liver test results and bile acid levels. The AUC was 0.890 (95% CI 0.837, 0.943) for liver test results and 0.825 (95% CI 0.758, 0.892) for bile acid levels. Furthermore, bile levels had a higher contribution to enhancing the predictive accuracy of MMP-7 levels (AUC = 0.976, 95% CI 0.953, 1.000) than liver test results. The AUC was 0.983 (95% CI 0.962, 1.000) for MMP-7 levels combined with liver test results and bile acid levels. In addition, we found that MMP-7 levels were highly correlated with gamma-glutamyl transferase levels and the liver fibrosis score. CONCLUSION: The innovative integrated models based on a large number of indicators provide a noninvasive and cost-effective approach for accurately diagnosing BA in children. Video Abstract (MP4 142103 KB).

Measurement of MMP-7 in micro-volume peripheral blood: development of dried blood spot approach.

Purpose: Serum matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is significant in differentiating biliary atresia (BA). This study aims to develop a new peripheral blood quantitative collection device to detect MMP-7 levels via dried blood spot (DBS). Methods: This is a diagnostic accuracy test. Serum and DBS MMP-7 concentrations were measured using an ELISA kit. Intraoperative cholangiography and subsequent histological examinations were used to confirm BA diagnoses. Results: A total of 241 infants with obstructive jaundice were enrolled, among whom 168 were BA. Linear regression showed DBS MMP-7 correlated well with serum MMP-7 (R = 0.93, P < 0.001). The best cut-off value of serum MMP-7 for BA was 25.9 ng/ml, achieving the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.962 (95% CI: 0.941, 0.983), and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 86.9%, 94.5%, 97.3% and 75.8%, respectively. The best cut-off value of DBS MMP-7 for BA was 12.5 ng/ml, achieving the AUC of 0.922 (95% CI: 0.888, 0.956), and the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 86.9%, 89.0%, 94.8%, and 74.7%, respectively. The dried blood spots were intervened under different storage conditions, including 1-5 days at room temperature, 2 or 3 days at 30 °C and 2 or 3 days at 37 °C. The DBS MMP-7 concentration under different storage conditions had good correlation and consistency with that at -80 °C. Conclusions: Serum and DBS MMP-7 correlate well, both of which have high accuracy in the diagnosis of BA, while the requirements for the storage of DBS are low.

Enhanced amygdala-cingulate connectivity associates with better mood in both healthy and depressive individuals after sleep deprivation.

Sleep loss robustly disrupts mood and emotion regulation in healthy individuals but can have a transient antidepressant effect in a subset of patients with depression. The neural mechanisms underlying this paradoxical effect remain unclear. Previous studies suggest that the amygdala and dorsal nexus (DN) play key roles in depressive mood regulation. Here, we used functional MRI to examine associations between amygdala- and DN-related resting-state connectivity alterations and mood changes after one night of total sleep deprivation (TSD) in both healthy adults and patients with major depressive disorder using strictly controlled in-laboratory studies. Behavioral data showed that TSD increased negative mood in healthy participants but reduced depressive symptoms in 43% of patients. Imaging data showed that TSD enhanced both amygdala- and DN-related connectivity in healthy participants. Moreover, enhanced amygdala connectivity to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) after TSD associated with better mood in healthy participants and antidepressant effects in depressed patients. These findings support the key role of the amygdala-cingulate circuit in mood regulation in both healthy and depressed populations and suggest that rapid antidepressant treatment may target the enhancement of amygdala-ACC connectivity.

Associations between psychological resilience and metrics of white matter microstructure in pediatric concussion.

This study investigated associations between psychological resilience and characteristics of white matter microstructure in pediatric concussion. This is a case control study and a planned substudy of a larger randomized controlled trial. Children with an acute concussion or orthopedic injury were recruited from the emergency department. Participants completed both the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 and an MRI at 72 h and 4-weeks post-injury. The association between resiliency and fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) at both timepoints were examined. We examined whether these associations were moderated by group. The association between resiliency captured at 72 h and diffusion tensor imaging metrics at 4 weeks was also investigated. Clusters were extracted using a significance threshold of threshold-free cluster enhancement corrected p < .05. A total of 66 children with concussion (median (IQR) age = 12.88 (IQR: 11.80-14.36); 47% female) and 29 children with orthopedic-injury (median (IQR) age = 12.49 (IQR: 11.18-14.01); 41% female) were included. A negative correlation was identified in the concussion group between 72 h resilience and 72 h FA. Meanwhile, positive correlations were identified in the concussion group with concussion between 72 h resilience and both 72 h MD and 72 h RD. These findings suggest that 72 h resilience is associated with white matter microstructure of the forceps minor, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and anterior thalamic radiation at 72 h post-concussion. Resilience seems to be associated with neural integrity only in the acute phase of concussion and thus may be considered when researching concussion recovery.

Integrated algorithm combining plasma biomarkers and cognitive assessments accurately predicts brain ß-amyloid pathology.

BACKGROUND: Accurate prediction of cerebral amyloidosis with easily available indicators is urgently needed for diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: We examined plasma Aß42, Aß40, T-tau, P-tau181, and NfL, with APOE genotypes, cognitive test scores and key demographics in a large Chinese cohort (N = 609, aged 40 to 84 years) covering full AD spectrum. Data-driven integrated computational models were developed to predict brain ß-amyloid (Aß) pathology. RESULTS: Our computational models accurately predict brain Aß positivity (area under the ROC curves (AUC) = 0.94). The results are validated in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Particularly, the models have the highest prediction power (AUC = 0.97) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants. Three levels of models are designed with different accuracies and complexities. The model which only consists of plasma biomarkers can predict Aß positivity in amnestic MCI (aMCI) patients with AUC = 0.89. Generally the models perform better in participants without comorbidities or family histories. CONCLUSIONS: The innovative integrated models provide opportunity to assess Aß pathology in a non-invasive and cost-effective way, which might facilitate AD-drug development, early screening, clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation.

The numbers of people with Alzheimer's disease are increasing. People with Alzheimer's disease have changes in the brain as well as cognitive impairment, which is when a person has difficulty remembering, learning, concentrating, or making decisions. Innovative medicines and new treatments all target people with early Alzheimer's disease. However, the methods used currently to diagnose Alzheimer's disease are expensive and can be unpleasant for patients. We studied Chinese people with no cognitive impairment, some cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer's disease dementia. We established a computational model that can predict the changes seen in the brain in people with Alzheimer's disease from information including results of blood and memory tests. This non-invasive and cost-effective approach might improve early identification of those with Alzheimer's disease.

Free-Water Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differentiates Suicidal Ideation From Suicide Attempt in Treatment-Resistant Depression.

BACKGROUND: Suicide attempt is highly prevalent in treatment-resistant depression (TRD); however, the neurobiological profile of suicidal ideation versus suicide attempt is unclear. Neuroimaging methods including diffusion magnetic resonance imaging-based free-water imaging may identify neural correlates underlying suicidal ideation and attempts in individuals with TRD. METHODS: Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained from 64 male and female participants (mean age 44.5 ± 14.2 years), including 39 patients with TRD (n = 21 and lifetime history of suicidal ideation but no attempts [SI group]; n = 18 with lifetime history of suicide attempt [SA group]), and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy control participants. Depression and suicidal ideation severity were examined using clinician-rated and self-report measures. Whole-brain neuroimaging analysis was conducted using tract-based spatial statistics via FSL to identify differences in white matter microstructure in the SI versus SA groups and in patients versus control participants. RESULTS: Free-water imaging revealed elevated axial diffusivity and extracellular free water in fronto-thalamo-limbic white matter tracts of the SA group compared with the SI group. In a separate comparison, patients with TRD had widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity, as well as elevated radial diffusivity compared with control participants (thresholded p < .05, familywise error corrected). CONCLUSIONS: A unique neural signature consisting of elevated axial diffusivity and free water was identified in patients with TRD and suicide attempt history. Findings of reduced fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, and elevated radial diffusivity in patients versus control participants are consistent with previously published studies. Multimodal and prospective investigations are recommended to better understand biological correlates of suicide attempt in TRD.

The association of subjective sleep characteristics and plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in older cognitively unimpaired adults with higher amyloid-ß burden.

We aimed to investigate the association of subjective sleep characteristics and plasma Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in older cognitively unimpaired adults with higher amyloid-ß (Aß) burden. Unimpaired cognition was determined by education-adjusted performance for the Mini-Mental State Examination and exclusion of dementia and mild cognitive impairment via standardized neuropsychological tests. We used Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess subjective sleep quality. The participants also underwent examination of plasma AD biomarkers and 18F-florbetapir PET scan. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the association between subjective sleep characteristics and AD biomarkers. A total of 335 participants were included and 114 were Aß-PET positive. Multivariable regression analysis showed sleep duration > 8 h and sleep disturbance were associated with Aß deposition in total participants. Two multiple linear regression models were applied and the results revealed in participants with Aß-PET (+), falling asleep at ≥ 22:00 to ≤ 23:00 was associated with higher levels of Aß42 and Aß42/40. Other associations with higher Aß42/40 and standard uptake value ratio contained sleep efficiency value, sleep efficiency ≥ 75%, no/mild daytime dysfunction and PSQI score ≤ 5. Higher p-Tau-181 level was associated with sleep latency > 30 min in Aß-PET (+) group and moderate/severe sleep disturbance in Aß-PET (-) group. Our data suggests sleep duration ≤ 8 h and no/mild sleep disturbance may be related to less Aß burden. In participants with Aß deposition, falling asleep at 22:00 to 23:00, higher sleep efficiency (at least ≥ 75%), no/mild daytime dysfunction, sleep latency ≤ 30 min, and good sleep quality may help improve AD pathology.

Sleep strengthens resting-state functional communication between brain areas involved in the consolidation of problem-solving skills.

Sleep consolidates procedural memory for motor skills, and this process is associated with strengthened functional connectivity in hippocampal-striatal-cortical areas. It is unknown whether similar processes occur for procedural memory that requires cognitive strategies needed for problem-solving. It is also unclear whether a full night of sleep is indeed necessary for consolidation to occur, compared with a daytime nap. We examined how resting-state functional connectivity within the hippocampal-striatal-cortical network differs after offline consolidation intervals of sleep, nap, or wake. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired immediately before and after training on a procedural problem-solving task that requires the acquisition of a novel cognitive strategy and immediately prior to the retest period (i.e., following the consolidation interval). ROI to ROI and seed to whole-brain functional connectivity analyses both specifically and consistently demonstrated strengthened hippocampal-prefrontal functional connectivity following a period of sleep versus wake. These results were associated with task-related gains in behavioral performance. Changes in functional communication were also observed between groups using the striatum as a seed. Here, we demonstrate that at the behavioral level, procedural strategies benefit from both a nap and a night of sleep. However, a full night of sleep is associated with enhanced functional communication between regions that support problem-solving skills.

Brain activations time locked to slow wave-coupled sleep spindles correlates with intellectual abilities.

Sleep spindles (SP) are one of the few known electrophysiological neuronal biomarkers of interindividual differences in cognitive abilities and aptitudes. Recent simultaneous electroencephalography with functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) studies suggest that the magnitude of the activation of brain regions recruited during spontaneous spindle events is specifically related to Reasoning abilities. However, it is not known if the relationship with cognitive abilities differs between uncoupled spindles, uncoupled slow waves (SW), and coupled SW-SP complexes, nor have the functional-neuroanatomical substrates that support this relationship been identified. Here, we investigated the functional significance of activation of brain areas recruited during SW-coupled spindles, uncoupled spindles, and uncoupled slow waves. We hypothesize that brain activations time locked to SW-coupled spindle complexes will be primarily associated to Reasoning abilities, especially in subcortical areas. Our results provide direct evidence that the relationship between Reasoning abilities and sleep spindles depends on spindle coupling status. Specifically, we found that the putamen and thalamus, recruited during coupled SW-SP events were positively correlated with Reasoning abilities. In addition, we found a negative association between Reasoning abilities and hippocampal activation time-locked to uncoupled SWs that might reflect a refractory mechanism in the absence of new, intensive hippocampal-dependent memory processing.

Sleep Parameters and Plasma Biomarkers for Cognitive Impairment Evaluation in Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive impairment caused by cerebrovascular disease accounts for more than half of vascular dementia. However, neuropsychological tests are limited by their subjectivity. Additional effective approaches to evaluate cognitive impairment in patients with cerebrovascular disease are necessary. METHOD: One hundred and thirty-two patients with cerebrovascular disease were recruited. One hundred participants met the criteria and completed neuropsychological scales. Sixty-nine participants proceeded with polysomnography, and 63 of them had their peripheral blood biomarkers measured. According to Mini-Mental State Examination scores, patients were divided into cognitively impaired and cognitively normal groups. The differences in biomarkers and sleep parameters between the groups were compared, and decision tree models were constructed to evaluate the evaluation ability of these indicators on cognitive decline. RESULTS: The integrated decision tree model of sleep parameters yielded an area under curve (AUC) of 0.952 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.911-0.993), while that of plasma biomarkers yielded an AUC of 0.872 (95% CI: 0.810-0.935) in the assessment of cognition status. Then the participants were automatically clustered into mild and severe cognitive impairment groups by multiple neuropsychological test results. The integrated plasma biomarker model showed an AUC of 0.928 (95% CI: 0.88-0.977), and the integrated sleep parameter model showed an AUC of 0.851 (95% CI: 0.783-0.919) in the assessment of mild/severe cognitive impairment. DISCUSSION: Integrated models which consist of sleep parameters and plasma biomarkers can accurately evaluate dementia status and cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. This innovative study may facilitate drug development, early screening, clinical diagnosis, and prognosis evaluation of the disease.

Systematic evaluation of urinary formic acid as a new potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: The accumulation of endogenous formaldehyde is considered a pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between urinary formic acid and plasma biomarkers in AD. Materials and methods: Five hundred and seventy-four participants were divided into five groups according to their diagnosis: 71 with normal cognitive (NC), 101 with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 131 with cognitive impairment without mild cognitive impairment (CINM), 158 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 113 with AD. Results: With the progression of the disease, urinary formic acid levels showed an overall upward trend. Urinary formic acid was significantly correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, the Chinese version of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) scores, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B) time. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of urinary formic acid in distinguishing NC from AD was 0.797, which was similar to that of plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL; AUC = 0.768) and better than other plasma biomarkers (Aß40, Aß42, Aß42/Aß40, T-tau, P-tau181, and P-tau181/T-tau). We also found that using urinary formic acid and formaldehyde levels could improve the accuracy of using plasma biomarkers to determine AD disease stage. Discussion: Our study revealed the possibility of urinary formic acid as a potential novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of AD.

Applying machine learning to the pharmacokinetic modeling of cyclosporine in adult renal transplant recipients: a multi-method comparison.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the important factors affecting cyclosporine (CsA) blood concentration and estimate CsA concentration using seven different machine learning (ML) algorithms. We also assessed the predictability of established ML models and previously built population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model. Finally, the most suitable ML model and popPK model to guide precision dosing were determined. Methods: In total, 3,407 whole-blood trough and peak concentrations of CsA were obtained from 183 patients who underwent initial renal transplantation. These samples were divided into model-building and evaluation sets. The model-building set was analyzed using seven different ML algorithms. The effects of potential covariates were evaluated using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithms. A separate evaluation set was used to assess the ability of all models to predict CsA blood concentration. R squared (R 2) scores, median prediction error (MDPE), median absolute prediction error (MAPE), and the percentages of PE within 20% (F20) and 30% (F30) were calculated to assess the predictive performance of these models. In addition, previously built popPK model was included for comparison. Results: Sixteen variables were selected as important covariates. Among ML models, the predictive performance of nonlinear-based ML models was superior to that of linear regression (MDPE: 3.27%, MAPE: 34.21%, F20: 30.63%, F30: 45.03%, R 2 score: 0.68). The ML model built with the artificial neural network algorithm was considered the most suitable (MDPE: -0.039%, MAPE: 25.60%, F20: 39.35%, F30: 56.46%, R 2 score: 0.75). Its performance was superior to that of the previously built popPK model (MDPE: 5.26%, MAPE: 29.22%, F20: 33.94%, F30: 51.22%, R 2 score: 0.68). Furthermore, the application of the most suitable model and the popPK model in clinic showed that most dose regimen recommendations were reasonable. Conclusion: The performance of these ML models indicate that a nonlinear relationship for covariates may help to improve model predictability. These results might facilitate the application of ML models in clinic, especially for patients with unstable status or during initial dose optimization.

The brain at rest: Exploratory Neurophysiological Findings Among Men With Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse.

Purpose: There is a lack of research on childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experienced by men, with even less research examining long term neurophysiological repercussions. This study explored the neurophysiology of the brain at rest to examine the influence of CSA on resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) into adulthood. Methods: RSFC was examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) within the default mode, salience and limbic networks in men with CSA histories, with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; CSA + PTSD n = 7, CSA-PTSD n = 9), and men without a CSA history nor PTSD (n = 13). Results: CSA + PTSD participants had increased functional connectivity (FC) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) from the default mode network seed compared to participants with CSA-PTSD. Both CSA groups showed significantly less FC in the striatal-thalamic circuits of the salience network than the control group. Similarly, the robust FC between the bilateral amygdalae and the mPFC that was notable in control participants, was not exhibited in participants who experienced CSA with or without PTSD histories. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that intrinsic neurophysiological differences in limbic, salience and default mode network connectivity are apparent even during a resting state between the groups of participants. This is preliminary evidence of long-term neurophysiological effects of CSA in men with PTSD, and even in those without. Importantly, these findings can validate the lived experiences of males with CSA histories and guide researchers and clinicians to potential avenues to support their well-being.