Clinical and serological predictors of relapse in pemphigus: a study of 143 patients.

BACKGROUND: Pemphigus is an autoimmune bullous disease mediated by autoantibodies targeting epithelial cell-cell adhesion molecules. Predictors of relapse have not yet been clearly identified. AIMS: To identify factors at diagnosis and during follow-up that could be predictors of relapse. METHODS: Clinical and immunopathological data at diagnosis, clinical remission and first relapse from patients with pemphigus vulgaris or foliaceus and at least a 36-month follow-up were collected retrospectively. Based on the autoantibody profile at diagnosis, three serological patient subsets were devised: (i) anti-desmoglein (Dsg)1-positive and anti-Dsg3-negative; (iii) anti-Dsg1-negative and anti-Dsg3-positive; and (iii) anti-Dsg1-positive and anti-Dsg3-positive. RESULTS: Data from 143 patients were collected. No significant differences were found between relapsers (n = 90) and nonrelapsers (n = 53) for time to remission or for anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 titres at diagnosis and remission. In the analysis of all patients, a higher risk of relapse was found for a body surface area (BSA) score of 3 compared with BSA < 3 (OR = 3.30, 95% CI 1.17-9.28; P = 0.02) and for a positive titre of either anti-Dsg1 or anti-Dsg3 autoantibodies at remission compared with both being negative (OR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.21-4.85, P = 0.01). In patients who were anti-Dsg3-positive and anti-Dsg1-negative at diagnosis, failure to achieve anti-Dsg3 negativity at clinical remission was a significant predictor of relapse (OR = 7.89, 95% CI 2.06-30.21; P < 0.01). Similarly, failure to achieve anti-Dsg1 negativity at clinical remission was a significant predictor of relapse in patients with both anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 positivity at diagnosis (OR = 5.74, 95% CI 1.15-28.61; P = 0.03), but not in those who were anti-Dsg1-positive/anti-Dsg3-negative at diagnosis (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.27-4.30; P = 0.91). CONCLUSION: Regardless of pemphigus subtype, autoantibody titre negativity at clinical remission in patients classified based on their anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 profile at diagnosis and BSA were useful tools in predicting relapse.

Evidence for a role of autoinflammation in early-phase psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a common, inflammatory immune-mediated skin disease mainly presenting with plaques whose pathogenesis is based on the central role of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis. However, the mechanisms acting in papular lesions of early-phase psoriasis are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to assess the involvement of autoinflammation, a state of sterile inflammation mainly driven by IL-1 over-production that has been recently hypothesized to act in the early phase of disease. Lesional skin of 10 patients with recent onset, untreated psoriasis has been investigated for expression of IL-1ß, IL-17, IL-23 and other cytokines involved in the disease in comparison with normal skin of 10 healthy controls using a protein array method. Immunohistochemical phenotyping of inflammatory infiltrate and co-localization experiments with immunofluorescence confocal microscopy were conducted. IL-1ß was significantly more expressed in psoriasis than in normal skin (P < 0·0001). The chemokine IL-8 was also over-expressed in psoriasis (P = 0·03) while IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ were only slightly more expressed in psoriasis than in normal skin, without reaching statistical significance. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted mainly of neutrophils with a relevant number of macrophages and dendritic cells and only scattered, predominantly T helper 1 lymphocytes. IL-1ß co-localized mainly with CD66b, a neutrophil marker, suggesting that neutrophils were the major source of this cytokine. IL-1ß over-expression in combination with low expression of cytokines that are predominant in late-phase plaque psoriasis may support the role of autoinflammation in early-phase disease, possibly paving the way to randomized trials with IL-1 antagonists.

Detection of Polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma by immunohistochemistry: report of three cases.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, arising from pluripotent precursors of Merkel cells. The tumor most frequently affects head and neck of elderly patients. It increases with sun exposure and after immunosuppression and organ transplantation. Because of a possible viral association, interest in MCC has escalated. A new polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), was identified and associated to MCC. In support of this hypothesis, we report three new clinical cases of MCC in which we detected MCPyV by immunohistochemistry and provide an update on current thinking about the MCC.

Expression of cytokines, chemokines and other effector molecules in two prototypic autoinflammatory skin diseases, pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet's syndrome.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and Sweet's syndrome (SS) are two inflammatory skin diseases presenting with painful ulcers and erythematous plaques, respectively; both disorders have a debilitating clinical behaviour and PG is potentially life-threatening. Recently, PG and SS have been included among the autoinflammatory diseases, which are characterized by recurrent episodes of sterile inflammation, without circulating autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells. However, an autoinflammatory pattern clearly supporting this inclusion has never been demonstrated. We studied 16 patients with PG, six with SS and six controls, evaluating, using a sandwich-based protein antibody array method, the expression profile of inflammatory effector molecules in PG, SS and normal skin. The expressions of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and its receptor I were significantly higher in PG (P = 0·0001 for both) and SS (P = 0·004-0·040) than in controls. In PG, chemokines such as IL-8 (P = 0·0001), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 1/2/3 (P = 0·002), CXCL 16 (P = 0·003) and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (P = 0·005) were over-expressed. In SS, IL-8 (P = 0·018), CXCL 1/2/3 (P = 0·006) and CXCL 16 (P = 0·036) but not RANTES were over-expressed, suggesting that chemokine-mediated signals are lower than in PG. Fas/Fas ligand and CD40/CD40 ligand systems were over-expressed in PG (P = 0·0001 for Fas, P = 0·009 for Fas ligand, P = 0·012 for CD40, P = 0·0001 for CD40 ligand), contributing to tissue damage and inflammation, while their role seems to be less significant in SS. Over-expression of cytokines/chemokines and molecules amplifying the inflammatory network supports the view that PG and SS are autoinflammatory diseases. The differences in expression profile of inflammatory effectors between these two disorders may explain the stronger local aggressiveness in PG than SS.

Diagnosis and disease severity assessment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita by ELISA for anti-type VII collagen autoantibodies: an Italian multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune mucocutaneous bullous disease caused by autoantibodies against type VII collagen, a component of anchoring fibrils that stabilizes dermoepidermal adherence. Type VII collagen is composed of a collagenous domain linked by the noncollagenous (NC)1 and NC2 domains. OBJECTIVES: To assess the repeatability, sensitivity and specificity of a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-type VII collagen autoantibodies, and to ascertain whether they may be a marker of disease activity in EBA. METHODS: Using this ELISA, which was able to recognize autoantibodies against the NC1 and NC2 epitopes of type VII collagen, we tested 14 EBA sera, 30 healthy control sera and 113 disease control sera. RESULTS: In the EBA sera group, 12 out of the 14 samples were positive in ELISA, with autoantibody titres varying from 7·2 to 127·9UmL(-1) (cutoff value <6), the sensitivity of the method being 86%. Among the controls, only two bullous pemphigoid sera tested positive, the specificity being 98·6%. A good correlation was found between EBA disease severity, expressed as autoimmune bullous skin disorder intensity score, and the serum levels of anti-collagen VII autoantibodies, measured by ELISA (n =14; r=0·965; P=0·0001). The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of the ELISA method ranged from 6·3% to 18·3%. CONCLUSIONS: This NC1+NC2 ELISA can be a practical assay for the diagnosis of EBA. The correlation between autoantibody titres and disease severity suggests its usefulness as a marker of disease activity in EBA However, this should be confirmed by studies on larger series of patients.

Inflammatory cells, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in amicrobial pustulosis of the folds and other neutrophilic dermatoses.

Amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF) is a rare cutaneous disease characterized by relapsing sterile pustules frequently associated with autoimmune disorders. Although APF pathophysiology is still undefined, scattered reports suggest involvement of neutrophils. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of the skin inflammatory infiltrate, selected multifunctional cytokines and effectors of tissue damage in APF and other neutrophilic dermatoses. We studied, by immunohistochemical methods, inflammatory cell markers (CD3, CD163, myeloperoxidase), cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-17), metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and vascular-endothelial-growth-factor (VEGF) in lesional skin from six patients with APF, 11 with pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), 7 with Sweet's syndrome, and in 20 normal skin samples. Immunoreactivities of CD3, CD163, myeloperoxidase, TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-17, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF were significantly higher in APF, PG and Sweet's syndrome than in controls (p=0.0001). IL-8 was more expressed in PG than in APF (P=0.002) and Sweet's syndrome (p=0.001). In APF, MMP-9 reactivity was higher than in Sweet's syndrome (p=0.035), but less intense than in PG (p=0.020). Our study supports the role of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and MMPs as important effectors for the tissue damage in APF similarly to classic neutrophilic dermatoses.

Activation of coagulation in bullous pemphigoid and other eosinophil-related inflammatory skin diseases.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a skin disease caused by autoantibodies to hemidesmosomal proteins BP180 and BP230, with eosinophils participating in blister formation. Tissue factor (TF), the initiator of coagulation, is embodied within the eosinophil granules and exposed upon activation. We evaluated the coagulation activation in patients with BP (63), chronic urticaria (CU; 20), atopic dermatitis (AD; 14), cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs; six), psoriasis (20), dermatitis herpetiformis (DH; four) and primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL; five), and in 40 healthy controls. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 and d-dimer (coagulation markers) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all plasma samples and BP blister fluid. Skin TF expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in the patients and 20 controls. F1+2 and d-dimer levels were higher in BP plasma than in control plasma (P = 0·0001 for both), and dramatically high in blister fluid; both correlated positively with disease severity, esinophil counts and anti-BP180 antibodies (P = 0·006-0·0001). Plasma F1+2 and d-dimer levels were higher in the CU, AD and CDR patients than in controls (P = 0·0001 for all), but normal in the psoriasis, DH and CTCL patients. Skin TF was expressed in the BP (P = 0·0001), CU (P = 0·0001), AD (P = 0·001) and CDR patients (P = 0·01), but not in the psoriasis, DH or CTCL patients. Co-localization confocal microscopy studies confirmed eosinophils as the source of TF in 10 BP patients. The coagulation cascade is activated in BP and other eosinophil-mediated skin disorders, but not in non-eosinophil driven conditions. This hypercoagulability may contribute to inflammation, tissue damage and, possibly, thrombotic risk.

Mutant p53 subverts p63 control over KLF4 expression in keratinocytes.

Genetic experiments established that p63 is crucial for the development and maintenance of pluri-stratified epithelia and KLF4 for the barrier function of the skin. KLF4 is one of the factors that reprogram differentiated cells to iPS. We investigated the relationship between p63 and KLF4 using RNA interference, overexpression, chromatin immunoprecipitation and transient transfections with reporter constructs. We find that p63 directly represses KLF4 in normal keratinocytes (KCs) by binding to upstream promoter sites. Unlike p63, KLF4 levels are high in the upper layers of human skin and increase upon differentiation of KCs in vitro. In HaCaT KCs, which harbor two mutant alleles of p53, inactivation of p63 and of mutant p53 leads to KLF4 repression. p63 and p53 mutants are bound to sites in the KLF4 core promoter. Importantly, expression of the H179Y and R282Q p53 mutants in primary KCs is sufficient to activate endogenous KLF4. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of tissue arrays confirms increased coexpression of KLF4 and mutant p53 in squamous cell carcinomas. Our data indicate that suppression of KLF4 is part of the growth-promoting strategy of p63 in the lower layers of normal epidermis, and that tumor-predisposing p53 mutations hijack p63 to a different location on the promoter, turning it into an activator of this reprogramming factor.

New monoclonal antibodies against B-cell antigens: possible new strategies for diagnosis of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas.

Reactivities of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of the 9th Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshop, in order to define specific antigenic expression of the primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (PC-BCL), were analyzed by immunohistology on human tonsil and on PC-BCL, such as follicular centre B-cell lymphomas (FCL), marginal zone lymphomas (MZL) and diffuse large B-cells lymphomas leg-type (DLBL-LT). We identified some subgroups of mAbs that were exclusively or preferentially positive in one lymphoma cell type: the PC-FCL subgroup of mAbs includes PD1/CD279, GCET-1, hFCRL1/CD307a, FCRL2/CD307b, CXCR5/CD185, B7-DC/CD273, MRC/CD200, CD130, CXCR4/CD184, Siglec-5/14, CD150, on the other hand subgroup of mAbs in PC-MZL includes BTLA/CD272, BLIMP-1, hCD38. No specific subgroup of mAbs was found to label PC-DLBCL. This study may be useful to better define specific antigen profile of different PC-BCL entities leading to a correct diagnosis.

Role of inflammatory cells, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in neutrophil-mediated skin diseases.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease presenting with painful ulcers having undermined edges. Less commonly, bullous and vegetative variants exist. Histology consists of a neutrophil-rich dermal infiltrate. We characterized immunohistochemically the infiltrate in different variants of PG and in another neutrophilic dermatosis as Sweet's syndrome. We studied 21 patients with PG, eight with Sweet's syndrome and 20 controls, evaluating skin immunoreactivity for inflammatory cell markers (CD3, CD163 and myeloperoxidase), cytokines [tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-17], metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Immunoreactivities of CD3, CD163, myeloperoxidase, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17, MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF were significantly higher in both PG and Sweet's syndrome than in controls (P=0·0001). Myeloperoxidase (neutrophil marker), IL-8 (cytokine chemotactic for neutrophils) and MMP-9 (proteinase-mediating tissue damage) were expressed more significantly in both ulcerative and bullous PG than in vegetative PG as well as in Sweet's syndrome (P=0·008-P=0·0001). In ulcerative PG, the expression of CD3 (panT cell marker) and CD163 (macrophage marker) were significantly higher in wound edge than wound bed (P=0·0001). In contrast, the neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase was expressed more significantly in wound bed than wound edge (P=0·0001). Our study identifies PG as a paradigm of neutrophil-mediated inflammation, with proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and MMPs acting as important effectors for the tissue damage, particularly in ulcerative and bullous PG where damage is stronger. In ulcerative PG, the wound bed is the site of neutrophil-recruitment, whereas in the wound edge activated T lymphocytes and macrophages pave the way to ulcer formation.

Prothrombotic state in Churg-Strauss syndrome: a case report.

An increased risk of thrombosis has been described in patients with hypereosinophilic syndromes, including Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS). We report the case of a 43-year-old man with CSS who presented with asthma, pansinusitis, blood eosinophilia (9650/microL), peripheral neuropathy, cutaneous eosinophilic vasculitis, and a positive result for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. An analysis of plasma during active disease revealed elevated levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (marker of thrombin generation) (832 pM; normal range, 68-229 pM) and D-dimer (marker of fibrin degradation) (2300 ng/mL; normal range, 130-250 ng/mL), which indicate an increased risk of thrombosis. Both parameters returned to normal values during remission after immunosuppressive treatment. Skin histology showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis with numerous eosinophils in the dermal infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of tissue factor by skin-infiltrating eosinophils, as confirmed by colocalization with eosinophil cationic protein, a classic marker of eosinophil granulocytes. In conclusion, we present a patient with active CSS and a prothrombotic state that reverted during remission achieved by immunosuppressive therapy.

Coagulation activation in autoimmune bullous diseases.

The main autoimmune blistering skin disorders are pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and bullous pemphigoid (BP). They differ in the inflammatory infiltrate, which is more intense in BP. Inflammation is known to activate coagulation in several disorders. Local and systemic activation of coagulation was evaluated in BP and PV. We studied 20 BP patients (10 active and 10 remittent), 23 PV patients (13 active and 10 remittent) and 10 healthy subjects. The coagulation markers prothrombin fragment F1+2 and D-dimer were measured by enzyme-immunoassays in plasma. The presence of tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of blood coagulation, was evaluated immunohistochemically in skin specimens from 10 patients with active PV, 10 patients with active BP and 10 controls. Plasma F1+2 and D-dimer levels were significantly high in active BP (P = 0.001), whereas in active PV the levels were normal. During remission, F1+2 and D-dimer plasma levels were normal in both BP and PV. TF immunoreactivity was found in active BP but neither in active PV nor in normal skin. TF reactivity scores were higher in active BP than in controls or active PV (P = 0.0001). No difference in TF scores was found between active PV and controls. BP is associated with coagulation activation, which is lacking in PV. This suggests that BP but not PV patients have an increased thrombotic risk. The observation that thrombotic complications occur more frequently in BP than in PV further supports this view.

Plasma levels and skin-eosinophil-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with chronic urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Although chronic urticaria (CU) is often regarded as autoimmune in nature, only less than 50% of sera from CU patients contain histamine-releasing autoantibodies. This suggests that other factors may contribute to its pathogenesis. We evaluated the possible involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the major mediators of vascular permeability, in CU. METHODS: Eighty consecutive adult patients with CU and 53 healthy subjects were studied. VEGF and prothrombin fragment F(1+2) were measured by enzyme immunoassays. Autologous plasma skin test (APST) was performed in CU patients and, in six of them, skin biopsy specimens were taken from wheals to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). RESULTS: Plasma VEGF concentrations were higher in CU patients (8.00 +/- 0.90 pmol/l) than in controls (0.54 +/- 0.08 pmol/l) (P = 0.0001) and tended to parallel both the severity of CU and to correlate with F(1+2) levels. APST was positive in 85.1% of patients. VEGF concentration was significantly higher in APST-positive than in APST-negative patients (P = 0.0003). Immunohistochemically, all specimens from patients with CU showed a strong expression of VEGF (P = 0.002) that colocalized with ECP, a classic eosinophil marker. CONCLUSIONS: VEGF plasma levels are elevated in CU and parallel the disease severity. This supports a possible role of this molecule in CU pathophysiology. Eosinophils are the main cellular source of VEGF in CU lesional skin.

Activation of blood coagulation in bullous pemphigoid: role of eosinophils, and local and systemic implications.

BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a blistering skin disease caused by autoantibodies to hemidesmosomal proteins, with eosinophils participating in blister formation. Eosinophils are a source of tissue factor (TF), an initiator of blood coagulation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the local and systemic activation of coagulation in BP. METHODS: We studied 20 patients with active BP (eight re-evaluated during remission) and 40 controls. The coagulation markers prothrombin fragment F1+2 and d-dimer were measured in the plasma of all subjects and in both plasma and blister fluid of patients with BP. TF was evaluated immunohistochemically in skin specimens from the 20 patients and in 20 normal samples. RESULTS: F1+2 and d-dimer levels were higher in plasma of patients with BP (649 +/- 96 pmol L(-1) and 18.52 +/- 3.44 nmol L(-1), respectively) than in plasma of controls (157 +/- 7 pmol L(-1) and 1.42 +/- 0.06 nmol L(-1); P = 0.0001), and were very high in blister fluid (40 449 +/- 3491 pmol L(-1) and 1532.32 +/- 262.81 nmol L(-1); P = 0.0001). Plasma and blister fluid F1+2 and d-dimer levels paralleled blood and tissue eosinophilia and disease severity. In the eight patients re-evaluated during remission, there was a marked reduction in F1+2 (from 1127 +/- 144 to 287 +/- 52 pmol L(-1); P = 0.005) and d-dimer (from 24.03 +/- 4.08 to 4.69 +/- 1.51 nmol L(-1); P = 0.029). Immunohistochemistry revealed strong TF reactivity in BP skin (P = 0.0001), and colocalization studies confirmed eosinophils as a source of TF. CONCLUSIONS: The coagulation cascade is activated in BP and correlates with the severity of the disease and with eosinophilia, indicating that eosinophils play a role in coagulation activation via TF. The hypercoagulability may contribute to inflammation, tissue damage, blister formation and possibly thrombotic risk in BP.

Immunohistochemical expression of apoptotic markers in drug-induced erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are considered to be severity variants of the same disease, which is almost always associated with drug intake. In contrast, erythema multiforme (EM) is a disorder regarded as only rarely caused by drugs. Keratinocyte apoptosis has been shown to play an important part in the pathogenesis of SJS and TEN, whilst its role in EM remains controversial. To determine the expression of apoptosis-associated molecules Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), Bcl-2 and Bax in the above disorders, an immunohistochemical analysis was performed. We studied both lesional skin from thirty patients having drug-induced EM and 5 cases classified within the SJS/TEN spec nottrum and normal skin samples. We found a keratinocyte overexpression of Fas antigen, an important molecule mediating apoptosis, not only in SJS and TEN but also in EM. Another noteworthy finding was the strong expression of Bcl-2, a protein known as blocking apoptosis, along the basal layer and in the dermal infiltrate both in SJS/TEN and in EM. Taken together, these findings suggest that Fas-dependent keratinocyte apoptosis may play a part in the pathogenesis of both SJS/TEN and EM. Fas-mediated cell death may be partially suppressed by the Bcl-2 protein.