Centrosome- and Golgi-Localized Protein Kinase N-Associated Protein Serves As a Docking Platform for Protein Kinase A Signaling and Microtubule Nucleation in Migrating T-Cells.

Centrosome- and Golgi-localized protein kinase N-associated protein (CG-NAP), also known as AKAP450, is a cytosolic scaffolding protein involved in the targeted positioning of multiple signaling molecules, which are critical for cellular functioning. Here, we show that CG-NAP is predominantly expressed in human primary T-lymphocytes, localizes in close proximity (<0.2 µm) with centrosomal and Golgi structures and serves as a docking platform for Protein Kinase A (PKA). GapmeR-mediated knockdown of CG-NAP inhibits LFA-1-induced T-cell migration and impairs T-cell chemotaxis toward the chemokine SDF-1α. Depletion of CG-NAP dislocates PKARIIα, disrupts centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubule nucleation, causes Golgi fragmentation, and impedes α-tubulin tyrosination and acetylation, which are important for microtubule dynamics and stability in migrating T-cells. Furthermore, we show that CG-NAP coordinates PKA-mediated phosphorylation of pericentrin and dynein in T-cells. Overall, our findings provide critical insights into the roles of CG-NAP in regulating cytoskeletal architecture and T-cell migration.

LFA-1/ICAM-1 Ligation in Human T Cells Promotes Th1 Polarization through a GSK3ß Signaling-Dependent Notch Pathway.

In this study, we report that the integrin LFA-1 cross-linking with its ligand ICAM-1 in human PBMCs or CD4(+) T cells promotes Th1 polarization by upregulating IFN-γ secretion and T-bet expression. LFA-1 stimulation in PBMCs, CD4(+) T cells, or the T cell line HuT78 activates the Notch pathway by nuclear translocation of cleaved Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) and upregulation of target molecules Hey1 and Hes1. Blocking LFA-1 by a neutralizing Ab or specific inhibition of Notch1 by a γ-secretase inhibitor substantially inhibits LFA-1/ICAM-1-mediated activation of Notch signaling. We further demonstrate that the Notch pathway activation is dependent on LFA-1/ICAM-1-induced inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß), which is mediated via Akt and ERK. Furthermore, in silico analysis in combination with coimmunoprecipitation assays show an interaction between NICD and GSK3ß. Thus, there exists a molecular cross-talk between LFA-1 and Notch1 through the Akt/ERK-GSK3ß signaling axis that ultimately enhances T cell differentiation toward Th1. Although clinical use of LFA-1 antagonists is limited by toxicity related to immunosuppression, these findings support the concept that Notch inhibitors could be attractive for prevention or treatment of Th1-related immunologic disorders and have implications at the level of local inflammatory responses.

Bacterial-induced expression of RAB18 protein in Orzya sativa salinity stress and insights into molecular interaction with GTP ligand.

In the present research, we have studied the inoculation effects of two root-associated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in rice and provide the pieces of evidence that the inoculation of the PGPR could potentially result in inducing the expression of the salt stress-related RAB18 plant gene under varying degrees of salinity stress. The sequenced putative gene of RAB18 of Oryza sativa in this study is 740 bp long, has a content of 44.4%, and a molecular weight of 492 102.00 Da. BLAST homology patterns revealed sequence similarity with the previously sequenced RAB in model plant species. We demonstrate the mode of action of this stress-related protein by performing comparative modeling of Q10RT8 (Os03g0146000 protein, homolog of the sequenced RAB18; O. sativa subsp. japonica) using energy minimization, molecular dynamic simulations, and molecular docking of a guanosine triphosphate (GTP) ligand with the protein. The docking results indicated that Ser21, Ala22, Lys25, Asp68, Ala70, Glu73, and Arg74 are important determinant residues for functional interaction with the GTP ligand. The present research contributes to the understanding of the PGPR inoculation in salinity stress. Additionally, it provides the layout of the understanding of the molecular interactions between RAB and GTP ligand.

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 belonging to multiple ribotypes and isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Kerala, southern India.

Twenty-four Vibrio cholerae O139 strains isolated from Kerala, southern India were characterized by PCR, CTX typing and ribotyping; all of which, except three strains, carried the core of the CTX genetic element, colonization-toxin co-regulated pilus, the adherence outer membrane protein, haemolysin, central regulatory protein encoded toxR, SXT genetic element, and produced cholera toxin and biofilm. Results of RFLP analysis revealed twenty-one of the O139 strains possess two copies of CTXΦ and pre-CTXФ always preceded by tandemly arranged RS1 element; one had two copies of pre-CTXΦ and two a single copy of pre-CTXΦ. Nucleotide sequencing detected classical ctxB in CTX(ET)Φ and CTX(Calc)Ф with additional change at 28th amino acid position of CTX(Calc)Ф. Ribotype analysis revealed the presence of multiple ribotypes, including B-I and B-II, and new ribotypes designated B-VIIIa, B-VIIIb and B-IX, not reported earlier among V. cholerae O139 strains. These observations thus indicate that genetic recombination or mutations had occurred in conserved rrn operon and variations in CTXΦ may have implications on the evolution of the organism.