The role of nuclear fragmentations in high energy transfers to a micro-object exposed to primary space radiation.

This paper describes events of anomalously high energy transfer to a micro-object by fragments of nuclei generated in nuclear interactions in the environment on board a spacecraft in flight in low-Earth orbit. An algorithm has been developed that allows for the calculation of the absorbed energy from one or more fragments - products of nuclear interaction. With this algorithm the energy distributions for a spherical micro-volume in an aqueous medium were calculated. And the resulting absorbed energy spectra from nuclear fragments and from primary cosmic rays were compared. The role of nuclear interactions in events of large energy transfers in micro-objects in the field of primary cosmic radiation has been evaluated. The calculations performed in this study showed that the energy in a micro-volume from nuclear events can be several times higher compared to the energy imparted by primary space radiation.

Distributions of energy imparted to a micro-volume by secondary charged fragments of nuclear interactions in space radiation field.

The field of cosmic radiation at low-Earth orbit (LEO) has a complex composition. It always contains a component of secondary charged particles, formed by the products of nuclear interactions of the primary high-energy radiation with the nuclei of spacecraft's shielding material, electronic components and biological matter on board. Generation of this secondary radiation can be observed in some track detectors in the form of "stars" formed by tracks-fragments with a common vertex. The energy absorbed by the medium in the region adjacent to the interaction vertex can reach abnormally high values because of its intersection by several particle fragments. In the present paper, a methodology is considered to calculate the energy imparted by such fragments to a spherical sensitive volume in an aqueous medium. The energy distributions for three fragment events were calculated for different positions of the vertex relative to the spherical volume. The obtained data were analyzed and were compared with the distribution for a uniform fluence of secondary particles. It was shown that as the fragmentation vertex approaches the boundary of the sensitive micro-volume, the probability of events with anomalously high energy transfers, higher than the energies from single fragments, increases. The method can be applied to calculate absorbed energy distributions from secondary radiation in media of different elemental composition than that used in the present work. In the future, it is of interest to apply the method for example to study the energy imparted from secondary fragments to a silicon medium, to quantify the number of single event upsets in electronic components.

An approach to computer analysis of the ligand binding assay data on example of radioligand assay data.

As a rule, receptor-ligand assay data are fitted by logistic functions (4PL model, 5PL model, Feldman's model). The preparation of the initial estimates for parameters of these functions is an important problem for processing receptor-ligand interaction data. This study represents a new mathematical approach to calculate the initial estimates more closely to the true values of parameters. The main idea of this approach is in using the modified linear least squares method for calculations of the parameters for the 4PL model and the Feldman's model. In this study, the convergence of model parameters to true values is verified for the simulated data with different statistical scatter. Also, the results of processing real data for the 4PL model and the Feldman's model are presented. A comparison is made of the parameter values calculated by the presented and a nonlinear method. The developed approach has demonstrated its efficiency in calculating the parameters of the complex Feldman"s models up to 4 ligands and 4 sites.

[Botulinus toxin in complex treatment of myofacial pain syndrome]. / Botulotoksin v kompleksnom lechenii patsientov s miofastsial'nym bolevym sindromom disfunktsii visochno-nizhnecheliustnogo sustava.

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of type A Botulinus toxin (BTA) in pain release by TMJ functional pain disorders. The study included 211 patients with TMJ functional pain disorder (20.4% males and 79.6% females; mean age 45.3 years). The patients underwent clinical examination and bioelectric activity assessment of masticatory muscles by electromyography (EMG). EMG specters of 20 healthy volunteers with intact dental arches served as a control. After examination BTA was injected in muscular pain trigger points. All patients had muscular hypertonus, unilateral in 88.6% and bilateral in 11.4%. EMG showed the decrease of masticatory muscle activity on affected side to mean values of 165±20 mkV (30.0%, p<0.05) and on contralateral side to 460±31 mkV (89.6%, p>0.05). BTA injections in tensed muscles released significantly muscle-induced facial pain and improved quality of life. During 6 months follow up myofacial pain disorder relapse was seen in 3 patients. The results allow recommending BTA injection in muscular pain trigger points for treatment of myofacial pain syndrome and prolonged muscle relaxation.

[Peace-time gunshot maxillofacial injury in Arkhangelsk region].

We analyzed civilian gunshot wounds of maxillofacial area in 87 patients living in the Arkhangelsk region. It is noted that gunshot injuries most often occur as a result of the attempted suicide (45 cases (51,7%)), firearm associated crimes (33 cases (37,9%)) and careless handling with the weapon (9 cases (10,4%)). The most common wound canal features are described. In the majority of cases tangential gunshot wounds were seen (55 cases (63,2%)), penetrating wounds (19 cases (21,8%)) and perforating wounds (13 cases (15)). During the last years increased the number of gunshot injures by traumatic weapons (11 (12.6%)). It is recommended to take into consideration the direction and topography of the wound canals during the debridement.

[Peculiarities of face regional hemodynamics in treatment of acute purulent jaw odontogenic periostitis].

53 patients were under observation with acute purulent jaw odontogenic periostitis. In 27 out of them after operation as drainage material strips of napkin were used, containing as the active components metronidazol, dimexide and sodium alginate. Curative process efficacy evaluation was done according to the data of hemodynamic study (determination of the artery's diameter, maximal systolic speed and index of circulatory resistance) of the magistral face arteries. It was established that in the group of patients with rational treatment blood circulation in face arterial vessels was restored most actively than in the control group with the use of traditional treatment scheme.

The development of enabling technologies for producing active interrogation beams.

A U.S./Russian collaboration of accelerator scientists was directed to the development of high averaged-current (∼1 mA) and high-quality (emittance ∼15 πmm mrad; energy spread ∼0.1%) 1.75 MeV proton beams to produce active interrogation beams that could be applied to counterterrorism. Several accelerator technologies were investigated. These included an electrostatic tandem accelerator of novel design, a compact cyclotron, and a storage ring with energy compensation and electron cooling. Production targets capable of withstanding the beam power levels were designed, fabricated, and tested. The cyclotron/storage-ring system was theoretically studied and computationally designed, and the electrostatic vacuum tandem accelerator at BINP was demonstrated for its potential in active interrogation of explosives and special nuclear materials.

[Koletex-M absorbent paper use in acute festering odontogenic periostitis treatment].

150 patients with acute festering odontogenic periostitis were under observation. In 75 of them Koletex-M absorbent paper was used as draining material containing as active components metronidazole, dimexide and sodium alginate. In the control group of patients traditional schemes of treatment were used. Treatment process efficacy was estimated by microbiological and cytological studies. It was found that Koletex-M absorbent paper use reduced postoperative wound microbe semination. In 3 days the cells of regenerative series were found that led to speedy wound healing and reduction of temporary disability terms.

[External respiration peculiarities in inhabitants of European North in cases of mandible fracture].

There were studied external respiration and lung gaseous metabolism in inhabitants of European North in cases of mandible fracture. There were determined respiration disturbances of the obstruction type and changes of lung gaseous metabolism. In patients of the control group which received traditional medical and physical methods of treatment the external respiration indices were normalized to proper values to the moment of fragments union (in 34-38 days). Relation of CO2 excretion to O2 consumption at this term corresponded to mean value of human respiratory coefficient (0.83-0.87). In the group of patients with optimization of comprehensive treatment by ozone therapy use the function of external respiration and lung gaseous metabolism recovered earlier that positively told upon the terms of fragments union and recovery of capacity for work.

[Relationship between biochemical parameters of blood in residents of the European North with mandibular fractures and nutrition]. / Biokhimicheskie pokazateli krovi u zhitelei Evropeiskogo Severa pri perelomakh nizhnei cheliusti v zavisimosti ot pitaniia.

Study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the "mandibular" diet in 66 residents of the European North with mandibular fractures showed its deficiency, which led to delayed consolidation of the fractures. Use of individual balanced rations including calcium alginate in 68 patients led to more rapid consolidation of fractures and accelerated recovery of the patients' working capacity.

[Immunocorrective treatment in mandibular fractures in inhabitants of the European North]. / Immunokorrigiruiushchee lechenie pri perelomakh nizhnei cheliusti u zhitelei evropeiskogo Severa.

Consolidation of mandibular fragments in 120 patients with fractures of different location was evaluated by clinical, x-ray, and functional methods (rheography and myography). After conventional treatment the fragments consolidated in 34.5 +/- 0.6 days in unilateral fractures and in 39.3 +/- 0.7 days in bilateral fractures. After combined therapy including immuno-correcting and vasodilating agents recovery was attained 4-5 days earlier.

[Experience with the treatment of keratocysts of the jaws]. / Opyt lecheniia keratokist cheliustei.

Thirteen patients aged 20-60 years (9 men and 4 women) with keratocysts of the jaws were observed. Clinical, x-ray, and microscopic picture of the disease is described. Keratocysts were removed and the resultant cavity scraped in 10 patients; in 3 the mandible was resected because of the process dissemination and vegetation of the periosteum and muscles. The diagnosis was confirmed morphologically. Enucleation with scraping is recommended in keratocysts; in extensive lesions with vegetation of tissues adjacent to the bone, the jaw is to be resected.

[The combined treatment of mandibular fractures]. / Kompleksnoe lechenie perelomov nizhnei cheliusti.

A total of 164 patients with mandibular fractures were followed up. Consolidation was assessed on the basis of clinical, X-ray, echo-osteometric, and electromyographic studies. In patients whose multimodality therapy involved ultrasound, fragment adhesions occurred on an average of 27.5 +/- 1.9 and 31.0 +/- 2.1 days later in uni- and bilateral fractures, respectively. The patients' working ability restored on days 32.0 +/- 1.3 and 34.0 +/- 1.1, while in a group of patients treated by routine methods, these periods became longer by 3.5-6.2 and 2.0-6.0 days, respectively. The duration of rehabilitation approximately doubled. Ultrasound is recommended for wide use in diagnosis and clinical practice to stimulate reparative processes in mandibular fractures.

[Vasodilator preparations in the combined treatment of mandibular fractures with disordered regional hemodynamics]. / Sosudorasshiriaiushchie preparaty v kompleksnom lechenii perelomov nizhnei cheliusti s narushennoi regionarnoi gemodinamikoi.

A total of 130 patients with mandibular fractures of various sites were observed. One group of these patients were administered routine treatment, the other group patients were administered drugs improving the local circulation along with the physical modalities. Local circulation normalized two times sooner in this latter group, which fact accelerated the reparative processes and the treatment resulted in a sooner coalition of bone fragments and recovery of the working ability and functional parameters.