[Impact of care for victims of gender violence on the health professionals]. / Impacto de la atención a las víctimas de violencia de género en los y las profesionales de la salud.

Professionals who work with women victims of gender violence face difficult emotional situations, and it is important to be aware of the emotions and feelings that the attitudes and behaviour of victims and aggressors generate in them. These emotions can become barriers to communication and seriously affect the professional's relationship with victims. Furthermore, they can generate situations of sustained stress, lead to emotional exhaustion, and affect their health, life, and work performance. We describe the consequences, risk factors and warning signs, as well as protective or resilience factors, that are important to know, and we list the current challenges and some recommendations for professionals and management in order to help prevent such effects and improve professional performance without health risks.

[The necessary response of health services to gender violence. Comprehensive care and provision of integrated services]. / La respuesta necesaria de los servicios de salud ante la violencia de género. Atención integral y prestación de servicios integrados.

Gender violence has multiple and serious consequences for the health of victims and their families, hence the reason for the important role that the health system plays in addressing it. Health professionals have a key role in the response, which must include early detection, care, and follow-up; actions in which primary care, because of its privileged position in the system, can play a fundamental part. This article establishes the necessary characteristics for the intervention to be effective: comprehensive care, multidisciplinary approach, intersectoral coordination, and integrated service provision; all of it community-oriented, person-centered, and adapted to its context (social factors and vulnerabilities) with an intersectional approach. The woman, her sons and daughters, and other cohabitants, as well as the perpetrator, are considered the object of intervention in the response, and specific guidelines for action are provided for detection, care, and follow-up. Reorientation of interventions, with emphasis on a community approach, is also proposed.

[Prevention of mental health disorders in primary care: Pregnancy in adolescence]. / Prevención de los trastornos de la salud mental. Embarazo en la adolescencia.

Adolescent pregnancy is generally an unwanted pregnancy, a situation that involves significant biological, psychological and social overloads, with repercussions on the health of the mother and the child. But the psychosocially important fact is that an unwanted pregnancy in its entirety gives rise to the birth of an ambivalently wanted child, a high-risk child. Those born in Spain in 2020 to women under 20 years of age were 8,305, which corresponds to 1.97% of all births. This review presents measures and recommendations for the protection and prevention of the mental health of the mother and child when pregnancy takes place in adolescence.

[COVID-19 pandemic and mental health: Initial considerations from spanish primary health care]. / Pandemia de la COVID-19 y salud mental: reflexiones iniciales desde la atención primaria de salud española.

An approach is made to the psychological and psychosocial characteristics that the COVID-19 pandemic is acquiring in the countries of our socio-cultural environment. The scarcity of research in this regard and the necessary acceptance of uncertainty to face the situation, both socially, as well as health and psychological, are discussed. Consequently, a series of reflections and recommendations are proposed for the psychological care of the population, health workers and social organization based on: 1) The existence of psychological and psychosocial research into connected fields and 2) In the new neuroscientific perspectives on emotions and their elaboration in crisis situations.

[Mental health in epidemics: A perspective from the Spanish Primary Health Care]. / Salud mental en epidemias: una perspectiva desde la Atención Primaria de Salud española.

The pandemic of the disease known as COVID-19 (acronym for coronavirus disease-2019), which was first detected in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019, has led to an international public health emergency. This due to several reasons (threat to the lives of many people, unprecedented health and socioeconomic crisis, cessation of school and work activities, or the need to adopt extraordinary measures, including quarantining entire cities or countries). The PAPPS Mental Health Group has considered it important to observe, reflect and investigate the phenomena that are occurring, and will occur, in what has possibly been one of the most extensive and radical public health interventions in recent history. This work makes an approach to the psychological and psychosocial characteristics that the COVID-19 pandemic is acquiring in the countries of our socio-cultural environment, and proposes a series of reflections and recommendations for the psychological care of the population, health workers, and social organisation.

Differential recognition of Haemophilus influenzae whole bacterial cells and isolated lipooligosaccharides by galactose-specific lectins.

Bacterial surfaces are decorated with carbohydrate structures that may serve as ligands for host receptors. Based on their ability to recognize specific sugar epitopes, plant lectins are extensively used for bacteria typing. We previously observed that the galactose-specific agglutinins from Ricinus communis (RCA) and Viscum album (VAA) exhibited differential binding to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) clinical isolates, their binding being distinctly affected by truncation of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Here, we examined their binding to the structurally similar LOS molecules isolated from strains NTHi375 and RdKW20, using microarray binding assays, saturation transfer difference NMR, and molecular dynamics simulations. RCA bound the LOSRdKW20 glycoform displaying terminal Galß(1,4)Glcß, whereas VAA recognized the Galα(1,4)Galß(1,4)Glcß epitope in LOSNTHi375 but not in LOSRdKW20, unveiling a different presentation. Binding assays to whole bacterial cells were consistent with LOSNTHi375 serving as ligand for VAA, and also suggested recognition of the glycoprotein HMW1. Regarding RCA, comparable binding to NTHi375 and RdKW20 cells was observed. Interestingly, an increase in LOSNTHi375 abundance or expression of HMW1 in RdKW20 impaired RCA binding. Overall, the results revealed that, besides the LOS, other carbohydrate structures on the bacterial surface serve as lectin ligands, and highlighted the impact of the specific display of cell surface components on lectin binding.

Exploring the Role of Solvent on Carbohydrate-Aryl Interactions by Diffusion NMR-Based Studies.

Carbohydrate-protein interactions play an important role in many molecular recognition processes. An exquisite combination of multiple factors favors the interaction of the receptor with one specific type of sugar, whereas others are excluded. Stacking CH-aromatic interactions within the binding site provide a relevant contribution to the stabilization of the resulting sugar-protein complex. Being experimentally difficult to detect and analyze, the key CH-π interaction features have been very often dissected using a variety of techniques and simple model systems. In the present work, diffusion NMR spectroscopy has been employed to separate the components of sugar mixtures in different solvents on the basis of their differential ability to interact through CH-π interactions with one particular aromatic cosolute in solution. The experimental data show that the properties of the solvent did also influence the diffusion behavior of the sugars present in the mixture, inhibiting or improving their separation. Overall, the results showed that, for the considered monosaccharide derivatives, their diffusion coefficient values and, consequently, their apparent molecular sizes and/or shapes depend on the balance between solute/cosolute as well as solute/solvent interactions. Thus, in certain media and in the presence of the aromatic cosolute, the studied saccharides that are more suited to display CH-π interactions exhibited a lower diffusion coefficient than the noncomplexing sugars in the mixture. However, when dissolved in another medium, the interaction with the solvent strongly competes with that of the aromatic cosolute.

Anti-endotoxic activity and structural basis for human MD-2·TLR4 antagonism of tetraacylated lipid A mimetics based on ßGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN scaffold.

Interfering with LPS binding by the co-receptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) represents a useful approach for down-regulation of MD-2·TLR4-mediated innate immune signaling, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including sepsis syndrome. The antagonistic activity of a series of novel synthetic tetraacylated bis-phosphorylated glycolipids based on the ßGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN scaffold was assessed in human monocytic macrophage-like cell line THP-1, dendritic cells and human epithelial cells. Two compounds were shown to inhibit efficiently the LPS-induced inflammatory signaling by down-regulation of the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 to background levels. The binding of the tetraacylated by (R)-3-hydroxy-fatty acids (2 × C12, 2 × C14), 4,4'-bisphosphorylated ßGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN-based lipid A mimetic DA193 to human MD-2 was calculated to be 20-fold stronger than that of Escherichia coli lipid A. Potent antagonistic activity was related to a specific molecular shape induced by the ß,α(1↔1)-diglucosamine backbone. 'Co-planar' relative arrangement of the GlcN rings was inflicted by the double exo-anomeric conformation around both glycosidic torsions in the rigid ß,α(1↔1) linkage, which was ascertained using NOESY NMR experiments and confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. In contrast to the native lipid A ligands, the binding affinity of ßGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN-based lipid A mimetics to human MD-2 was independent on the orientation of the diglucosamine backbone of the synthetic antagonist within the binding pocket of hMD-2 (rotation by 180°) allowing for two equally efficient binding modes as shown by molecular dynamics simulation.

Conformational selection in glycomimetics: human galectin-1 only recognizes syn-Ψ-type conformations of ß-1,3-linked lactose and its C-glycosyl derivative.

The human lectin galectin-1 (hGal-1) translates sugar signals, that is, ß-galactosides, into effects on the level of cells, for example, growth regulation, and has become a model for studying binding of biopharmaceutically relevant derivatives. Bound-state conformations of Galß-C-(1→3)-Glcß-OMe (1) and its ßGal-(1→3)-ßGlc-OMe disaccharide parent compound were studied by using NMR spectroscopy (transferred (TR)-NOESY data), assisted by docking experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The molecular recognition process involves a conformational selection event. Although free C-glycoside access four distinct conformers in solution, hGal-1 recognizes shape of a local minimum of compound 1, the syn-Φ/syn-Ψ conformer, not the structure at global minimum. MD simulations were run to explain, in structural terms, the observed geometry of the complex.

Accounting for solvent signal offsets in the analysis of interferometric sedimentation velocity data.

Sedimentation velocity (SV) analytical ultracentrifugation has re-emerged as an important tool in the characterization of biological macromolecules and nanoparticles. The computational analysis of the evolution of the macromolecular concentration profile allows the characterization of many hydrodynamic and thermodynamic properties of the macromolecules and their interactions. The Rayleigh interference optical system is often the detection method of choice, for its usually superior data quality and the wide applicability of refractive index sensitive detection. However, the interference optical system is also sensitive to the redistribution of co-solvent molecules, which are not of primary experimental interest. In principle, their contribution can be eliminated by an exact geometric and compositional match of the sample solution and the reference solution, achieving the complete optical subtraction of unwanted buffer signals. Unfortunately, in practice, this can often not be perfectly achieved for various reasons, leading to signal offsets arising from unmatched sedimentation of solvent components. If unrecognized, this can lead to significant misfit, accompanied by significant errors in the macromolecular sedimentation parameters. In the present work, we describe an approach of computationally accounting for signals from sedimenting buffer components through explicitly modeling their redistribution with Lamm equation solutions, implemented in the software SEDFIT. We demonstrate how this can restore the SV analysis to yield a high quality fit of the data and to provide correct macromolecular sedimentation parameters.