Evaluation of general and sports nutritional knowledge of recreational athletes.

Background: Nutritional knowledge is one of the factors that can lead to adopting healthy eating habits and, consequently, favoring sports performance. Aim: The study aimed to assess the nutritional knowledge and its subsections general and sports nutritional knowledge of recreational athletes. Methods: A validated, translated, and adapted 35-item questionnaire was used to assess total (TNK), general-GNK (11 questions), and sports-SNK (24 questions) nutritional knowledge. The Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (ANSKQ) was provided online using Google Forms. Four hundred and nine recreational athletes (male: 173, female: 236, age = 32.4 ± 9.6 years) completed the questionnaire. Results: The mean TNK (50.7%) and GNK (62.7%) scores were classified as "average" and higher than SNK (45.2%), which was classified as "poor." Male participants had SNK and TNK scores higher than females, but not for GNK. The youngest participants (18-24 years) had TNK, SNK, and GNK scores higher than other age groups (p < 0.05). Participants who reported previous nutritional appointments with a nutritionist had higher TNK, SNK, and GNK scores than those without it (p < 0.05). Those with "advanced" formal nutrition education (university students, graduate, or postgraduate in Nutrition) scored higher than those of groups "none" and "intermediate," for TNK (advanced = 69.9%, intermediate = 52.9%, and none = 45.0%, p < 0.0001), GNK (advanced = 74.7%, intermediate = 63.8%, and none = 59.2%, p < 0.0001), and SNK, (advanced = 67.5%, intermediate = 48.0%, and none = 38.5%, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Results suggest a lack of nutritional knowledge in recreational athletes, mainly those without an appointment with a registered nutritionist and formal nutritional education.

Actividad electromiográfica de los músculos del cuádriceps asociado a las diferentes posiciones del pie: un estudio piloto / Electromyographic activity of the quadriceps musculature associated with the different functions of the foot: a pilot study

Resumen Costa Loures, P L., Pereira Santos, F., Monteiro, L G., Duarte Rocha da Silva, C C y Fernandes da Silva, S. (2020). Actividad electromiografíca de los músculos del cuádriceps asociada a las diferentes posiciones del pie: un estudio piloto. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1-15. El fortalecimiento de los músculos del cuádriceps femoral (CF) es importante debido a su función en el movimiento. La posición de la articulación puede generar cambios en el reclutamiento muscular. De esa forma el presente estudio tiene como objetivo verificar si variaciones en las posiciones del pie durante la extensión de las rodillas son eficaces para la selección específica de los músculos recto femoral, vasto lateral y vasto medial, que componen el CF. Once mujeres universitarias (edad 22.36 ± 3.56 años) participaron del estudio. Fue evaluada la activación de los músculos a través de la electromiografía de superficie, con una configuración bipolar, en 3 series de 10 repeticiones máximas (RM) de extensión bilateral de rodilla, en tres posiciones de los pies: neutra, rotación interna y rotación externa. Los resultados no presentaron diferencias significativas entre los músculos del CF en todas las posiciones del pie. En conclusión, los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que las variaciones en los grados de rotación de los pies durante la extensión de las rodillas no son eficaces para la selección específica de los músculos que componen el CF.

Resumo Costa Loures, P L., Pereira Santos, F., Monteiro, L G., Duarte Rocha da Silva, C C e Fernandes da Silva, S. (2020). Atividade eletromiográfica da musculatura do quadríceps associado às diferentes posições do pé: um estudo piloto. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1-15. O fortalecimento do grupo muscular quadríceps femoral (QF) é muito importante devido sua função para o movimento. Mudanças na posição do pé, podem gerar alterações no recrutamento muscular, desta forma o presente estudo objetivou verificar se as variações nas posições dos pés, durante a extensão de joelhos, são eficazes para a seleção específica dos músculos reto femoral, vasto lateral e vasto medial, que compõem o QF. Onze mulheres universitárias (idade 22.36 ± 3.56 anos) participaram do estudo. Foi avaliada a ativação dos músculos através da eletromiografia de superfície, com configuração bipolar, em 3 séries de 10 repetições máximas (RM) de extensão de joelhos bilateral, em três posições dos pés: posição neutra, rotação interna e rotação externa. Os resultados não apontam diferenças significativas entre os músculos do QF superficial em todas as posições dos pés. Em conclusão, os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que as variações nos graus de rotação dos pés durante a extensão de joelhos, não são eficazes para a seleção específica dos músculos que compõem o QF.

Abstract Costa Loures, P L., Pereira Santos, F., Monteiro, L G., Duarte Rocha da Silva, C C & Fernandes da Silva, S. (2020). Electromyographic activity of the quadriceps musculature associated with the different functions of the foot: a pilot study. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1-15. Strengthening the femoral quadriceps (FQ) muscular group is very important due to its function in moving. The joint position may generate modifications in muscle recruitment. Consequently, the objective of this study was to verify if foot position variations during knee extension are efficient in the specific selection of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis muscles comprising the FQ. Eleven female college students (ages 22.36 ± 3.56 years old) participated in the study. Muscle activation was evaluated through surface electromyography, with bipolar configuration, in 3 series of 10 maximum repetition (MR) of bilateral knee extension, in three foot positions: neutral position, internal rotation, and external rotation. Results do not indicate significant differences among the superficial FQ muscles in all foot positions. In conclusion, results suggest that variations in foot rotation degrees during knee extension are not efficient for the specific selection of the muscles comprising FQ.

Effects of circuit resistance training on muscle power, functional agility, and bones' mineral content in people with spinal injury.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is one of the main agents when it comes to rehabilitation and changes in health aspects of people with SCI. This study aimed to establish the effects of circuit resistance training (CRT) on people with spinal cord injury (SCI), specifically on their body composition, muscle strength, anaerobic power, and functional capacity. METHODS: Sample consisted of five people with SCI: both sexes, ages between 25 and 62 years, and 12 weeks of CRT, twice a week. Before and after the 12 weeks of intervention, this research adopted clear-cut tests (medicine ball pitch, Wingate, zigzag, and dual-energy X-ray densitometry) to analyze the desired variables (muscle strength, anaerobic power, functional capacity, and body composition). RESULTS: Showed muscle strength improvement (P=0.028), agility increase (P=0.028), and equal levels of lean mass, bone mineral content, and bone loss index throughout life (T-score). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, one can consider that CRT is an alternative to develop the upper limbs muscle power and functional agility. Together, all these variables may imply an overall improvement of the functional capacity in people with SCI. Additionally, these 12 weeks of CRT were responsible for helping the maintenance of lean mass, bone mineral content and T-score in this study's sample.

The comparative measurement of body segment parameters using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry between sexes.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to determine the proportion of the body segments in relation to the total body mass in healthy people, as well as analyze the composition of each segment and compare these results between sexes. METHODS: A total of 60 young adults (30 men and 30 women) were subjected to a full-body scan by dual energy X-rays absorptiometry (DXA) under standardized conditions. The regions of interest (ROI) were determined by a single trained evaluator. The body was divided into 16 segments to obtain values of total mass, lean mass (LM), fat mass, bone mineral content (BMC), lean mass percentage (%LM) and fat mass percentage (%FM) of each body segment represented by the 16 ROI. RESULTS: Men presented higher absolute mass in the upper limbs (Δ=32.87%; P<0.05). The proportion of the lower limbs (Δ=6.83%; P<0.05) and trunk (Δ=5.07%; P<0.05) of men is higher than women. In addition, males have more LM in the upper limbs (Δ=42.19%; P<0.05) and trunk (Δ=26.46%; P<0.001), and more BMC in the trunk (Δ=18.78%; P<0.05) and forearms (Δ=32.21%; P<0.05). They also present higher %LM (Δ=6.48%; P<0.001) and lower %FM (Δ=54.43%; P<0.001) than women in the forearms. CONCLUSIONS: The different body segments represent a different percentage of the total body mass in men than in women, as well as men present more LM and BMC in the trunk and upper limbs.

Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Performance and Fatigue in a 30-s All-Out Sprint Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study.

As a nitric oxide precursor, beetroot juice (BJ) is known to enhance high-intensity exercise performance (80⁻100% VO2max) yet its impacts on higher intensity sprint exercise (>100% VO2max) remain to be established. This study sought to examine the effects of BJ supplementation on performance and subsequent fatigue during an all-out sprint exercise. Using a randomized cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 15 healthy resistance-trained men (22.4 ± 1.6 years) ingested 70 mL of either BJ or placebo. Three hours later, participants undertook a 30-s all-out Wingate test. Before and after the sprint exercise and at 30 s and 180 s post-exercise, three countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed and blood lactate samples were obtained. Compared to placebo, BJ consumption improved peak (placebo vs. BJ, 848 ± 134 vs. 881 ± 135 W; p = 0.049) and mean (641 ± 91 vs. 666 ± 100 W; p = 0.023) power output and also reduced the time taken to reach Wpeak in the Wingate test (8.9 ± 1.4 vs. 7.3 ± 0.9 s; p = 0.003). No differences were detected in the fatigue index. In addition, while over time CMJ height and power diminished (ANOVA p < 0.001) and blood lactate levels increased (ANOVA p < 0.001), no supplementation effect was observed. Our findings indicate that while BJ supplementation improved performance at the 30-s cycling sprint, this improvement was not accompanied by differences in fatigue during or after this type of exercise.

Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on a 30-s High-Intensity Inertial Cycle Ergometer Test.

Background: Beetroot juice (BJ) is rich in inorganic nitrates and has proved effective at increasing blood nitric oxide (NO) levels. When used as a supplement BJ has shown an ergogenic effect on cardiorespiratory resistance exercise modalities, yet few studies have examined its impact on high intensity efforts. Objective: To assess the effects of BJ intake on anaerobic performance in a Wingate test. Methods: Fifteen trained men (age 21.46 ± 1.72 years, height 1.78 ± 0.07 cm and weight 76.90 ± 8.67 kg) undertook a 30-s maximum intensity test on an inertial cycle ergometer after drinking 70 mL of BJ (5.6 mmol NO3-) or placebo. Results: Despite no impacts of BJ on the mean power recorded during the test, improvements were produced in peak power (6%) (p = 0.034), average power 0-15 s (6.7%) (p = 0.048) and final blood lactate levels (82.6%) (p < 0.001), and there was a trend towards a shorter time taken to attain peak power (-8.4%) (p = 0.055). Conclusions: Supplementation with BJ has an ergonomic effect on maximum power output and on average power during the first 15 s of a 30-s maximum intensity inertial cycle ergometer test.

Comparação e Concordância da gordura corporal em crianças através de três métodos duplamente indiretos / Comparison and consistency of body fat estimation in children using three doubly indirect methods

Resumo Introdução: A obesidade vem crescendo em crianças e adolescentes e isso já se tornou uma preocupação de saúde pública. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi comparar e verificar a concordância entre 3 métodos indiretos para estimar a gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes. Materiais e métodos: Participaram da amostra 90 crianças de ambos os gêneros, sendo 33 (meninos) e 57 (meninas), com uma idade média de 9.45±0.72 anos. Os métodos utilizados para avaliar a gordura corporal foram: 1) Bioimpedância Tetrapolar (BIA); Dobras Cutâneas (DC) e; Índice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC). Na análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro Wilk para verificar a distribuição da amostra. Para comparar os métodos entre os grupos foi adotado o teste Anova de Medidas Repetidas com a utilização do Post Hock de Bonferroni. Para verificar a concordância entre os métodos nas variáveis do estudo foi utilizada análise visual de Bland-Altman. O valor de p foi de p<0.05. Resultados: Os resultados apontam que existiu concordância e correlação positiva entre os métodos estudados. Conclusão: Os métodos apresentaram confiabilidade na análise realizada, no entanto a BIA subestimou a gordura corporal, quando comparada aos demais métodos.

Abstract Introduction: The incidence of obesity has increased in children and adolescents, and this has become an obvious concern for public health. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare and verify the consistency of three indirect methods used for estimating body fat in children and adolescents. Materials and methods: Sample consisting of 90 children of both genders -33 (males) and 57 (females)-, and mean age of 9.45±0.72 years. To estimate body fat, three doubly indirect methods were applied: 1) bioelectrical impedance analysis method (BIA); 2) Skinfold methods (SM), and 3) body adiposity index method (BAI). Shapiro Wilk test was used for statistical analysis in order to verify sample distribution. The repeated measures ANOVA test with Bonferroni's Post Hock was used for comparing the methods among the groups. The Bland-Altman plot and analysis was used to verify the consistency between the methods regarding the studied variables. Results: The results suggest that there was consistency and a positive correlation between the methods studied. Conclusion: The methods were reliable regarding the performed analysis; however, BIA underestimated body fat, when compared to other methods.

Análisis del entrenamiento resistido en el perfil glicémico: una revisión bibliográfica / Analysis of the resistance training in the glycemic profile: a bibliographic review

La presente revisión bibliográfica surge de la necesidad de revisar la evidencia sobre el efecto del entrena-miento resistido en el perfil glicémico. La búsqueda de información se realiza en las bases de datos Ebsco, PubMed, Google Académico y Researchgate, restringida a publicaciones de los años 2011 a 2016. Se utiliza-ron las siguientes palabras clave: Entrenamiento de Resistencia y de control de la diabetes, el Entrenamiento de Resistencia y el control de glucémico, el Entrenamiento de Resistencia y Control de la Salud. Fueron encontrados 841 artículos, a continuación, se excluyeron los artículos que no cumplían con los criterios de inclusión del estudio, de estos 75 fueron excluidos porque no manifestaran el efecto del entrenamiento de resistencia en la glucosa. Finalmente solo 6 estudios fueron seleccionados y analizados para la presente investigación. Los resultados de esta revisión muestran que los métodos de ER, se consideran importantes componentes cuando el objetivo principal es preservar el buen estado de salud, interviniendo positivamente en el perfil glucémico y minimizando los factores de riesgo inherentes a una dieta pobre y estilo de vida sedentario, demostrando que no es sólo el entrenamiento aeróbico el que puede mantener el buen estado de salud.

The present literature review arises from the need to review the evidence on the effect of resistance training on the glycemic profile. The search for information is carried out in the Ebsco, PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate databases, restricted to publications from the years 2011 to 2016. The following keywords were used: Resistance training and diabetes control, Resistance and glycemic control, Resistance Training and Health Control. 841 articles were found. Then, articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria of the research were excluded, and from those, 75 more were excluded because they did not manifest the effect of resistance training on glucose. Finally, only 6 research studies were selected and analyzed for this investiga-tion. The results of this review show that RT methods are considered important components when the main objective is to maintain good health by positively intervening on the glycemic profile and by minimizing risk factors inherent to a poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle, and therefore demonstrating that it is not just aerobic training that can maintain good health.

Métodos de determinación de la velocidad crítica en corredores / Methods for determining critical speed corridors

RESUMEN El creciente interés en la corrida como ejercicio, y particularmente como deporte de competición, demanda estudiar la eficiencia metabólica que presentan los corredores. La estimación de la velocidad crítica (VC) ha sido utilizada en diferentes estudios por ser de fácil aplicabilidad para determinar el umbral anaeróbico del corredor, considerando la intensidad del esfuerzo y el tiempo en que se ejecuta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar y comparar la eficiencia de los métodos que están siendo utilizados en la actualidad para la estimación de la VC en corredores. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos publicados durante el periodo 2011 a 2016. El análisis de literatura mostró que en la estimación de la VC se emplean diferentes estrategias: test máximos y submáximos, continuos e intermitentes, en pista de atle tismo, trotadora y asfalto; con distintos grupos de corredores. La velocidad crítica permitió establecer eficazmente el umbral anaeróbico de las personas que practican la corrida, independientemente del grupo de individuos analizados, de forma simple, menos costosa, e igual de confiable que otros métodos de estimación del umbral anaeróbico más sofisticados, que requieren pruebas de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT The growing interest in running as an exercise, and particularly as a sport of competition, demands the study of runner's metabolic efficiency. The estimate of the critical velocity (CV) has been used in different studies to since it is a method of simple applicability to determine the anaerobic threshold of runners, taking into consideration the intensity of effort and the execution time. The objective of the present work was to identify and compare the efficiency of methods that are currently being used for the estimation of runner's CV. A bibliographic review of scientific articles published during the period 2011 to 2016 was carried out. The analysis of the literature showed the estimation of CV is determined by different strategies such as: maximal and submaximal tests, continuous and intermittent, in athletics track, tradmill and asphalt; with different groups of runners. The determination of critical velocity enabled an efficient establishment of the anaerobic threshold of runners, regardless of the group of individuals analyzed in a simpler, less costly, and equally reliable as other more sophisticated methods of anaerobic threshold estimation that require laboratory tests.

Evaluation and comparison of five skinfold calipers / Evaluación y comparación de cinco calibres de pliegues cutáneos

Introduction: The use of reliable, valid and precise skinfold calipers are key for an adequate anthropometric evaluation and corporal composition analysis. Objective: To compare five models of skinfold calipers -Prime Vision (PV); Harpenden (HP); Sanny (SN); Cescorf (CE); Lange (LA)-. Materials and methods:Thirty-five men (age = 21.5 ± 2.7 y; body mass 72.2 ± 8.0 kg; height 1.76 ± 0.06 m) were recruited and skinfolds (i.e.,triceps, biceps, subscapular, pectoral, mid-axillary, suprailiac, abdominal, mid-tight, mid-calf) were measured. Four body fat predictive equations (Durnin y Wimberley; Pollock 3DC; Pollock 7DC; Petroski) were used. Normality assumption for all data was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Predicted body density and fat were compared between skinfold calipers using a two-way ANOVA, with Scheffe post hoc procedures. The αlevel was set at p ≤ 0.05 for statistical significance. Results: No significant differences were observed between skinfold calipers for predicted body density or body fat. Conclusion: Skinfold calipers compared in this study are precise and efficient to quantify and assess body density and body fat.

Introducción: en el campo de la evaluación antropométrica, la validación y precisión de los calibres de pliegues cutáneos son fundamentales en el conocimiento efectivo de la composición corporal. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar y comparar 5 modelos de calibre de pliegues cutáneos, uno de ellos digital -Prime Vision (PV), y los mecánicos Harpenden (HP), Sanny (SN), Cescorf (CE) y Lange (LA)-, a través de la densidad y grasa corporal. Material y métodos: formaron parte del estudio 35 hombres (21,5 ± 2,7 años; 72,22 ± 8,04 kg; 1,76 ± 0,06 m). Fueron medidos 9 pliegues cutáneos (tríceps, bíceps, subescapular, pectoral, axilar medio, suprailiaca iliaca, abdominal, muslo y pantorrilla medial) y utilizadas 4 ecuaciones predictivas de la grasa corporal (Durnin y Womersley, Pollock de 3DC, Pollock 7DC y Petroski). Para la evaluación de los pliegues cutáneos fueron utilizados 5 modelos de calibres de pliegues cutáneos. Para verificar la distribución de la muestra fue utilizado el test de Shapiro Wilk. Para realizar la comparación de la densidad y grasa corporal en los diferentes calibres, se utilizó el test estadístico ANOVAdos vías con un post hoc de Scheffe. Para la comprobación estadística fue adoptado un p < 0,05. Resultados: no fue posible identificar diferencias significativas entre la densidad y la grasa corporal en los 5 calibres utilizados. Conclusión: los 5 calibres de pliegues cutáneos evaluados son precisos y eficientes para evaluar y cuantificar la DC y la grasa corporal.

Nutritional needs in the professional practice of swimming: a review.

PURPOSE: Swimming requires developing a high aerobic and anaerobic capacity for strength and technical efficiency. The purpose of this study was to establish the nutritional requirements and dietary strategies that can optimize swimming performance. METHODS: Several related studies retrieved from the databases, Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, and Web of Science, through keyword search strategies were reviewed. RESULTS: The recommended carbohydrate intake ranges between 6-10-12 g/kg/d, protein 2 g/kg/d, and fat should surpass 20-25% of the daily intake. CONCLUSION: Performance can be optimized with a hydration plan, as well as adequate periodization of supplements, such as caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, B-alanine, beetroot juice, Vitamin D, bovine colostrum, and HMB.

Tablas de referencia para aspectos antropométricos y de condición física en estudiantes varones chilenos de 10 a 14 años.

Introducción: Chile en las últimas décadas ha experimentado un cambio en su perfil epidemiológico nutricional, pasando de una situación caracterizada por una elevada prevalencia de desnutrición y enfermedades infecciosas/parasitarias a otro completamente distinto, en donde las enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas presentan una elevada prevalencia.Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es elaborar tablas de referencia de aspectos antropométricos y de condición física en estudiantes varones de 10 a 14 años de la ciudad de Chillán.Método: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra se compone de 1250 varones con edades entre los 10 y 14 años. Para la confección de las tablas de referencia se utilizó estadística descriptiva y estas fueron divididas en cinco clasificaciones desde muy malo, malo, media, bueno y muy bueno, teniendo como parámetro la edad.Resultados: observamos niveles importantes de sobrepeso que se asociaron con bajo desempeño físico, lo que plantea la urgencia de realizar un seguimiento en el tiempo con herramientas de fácil aplicación como la presente batería; con el fin de detectar a tiempo a los niños que tienen bajos niveles de condición física y tomar medidas orientadas a estimular o mejorar la capacidad física como factores protectores de promoción de la salud y como ayuda en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con el sobrepeso u obesidad.Conclusión: en este trabajo se han establecido valores de referencia para posteriores estudios en cuanto a la condición física orientada a la salud en estudiantes varones de 10 a 14 años de la ciudad de Chillán, que permitirán evaluar e interpretar correctamente la condición física orientada a la salud de este grupo etario.

Tablas de referencia de condición física en niñas de 10 a 14 años de Chillán, Chile / Physical fitness reference tables for females in the 10 to 14 age range in Chillán (Chile)

Objetivo Elaborar tablas de referencia de la condición física orientada a la salud, en estudiantes femeninas, de 10 a 14 años, en la ciudad de Chillán. Método El presente estudio es de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra se compone de 250 niñas con edades desde los 10 a 14 años. Para la evaluación de las capacidades físicas orientadas a la salud se utilizaron los test de Antropometría (IMC), la Formula de Deurengerg (% Tejido Adiposo), Wells y Dillons (flexibilidad), Sargent Test (fuerza miembros inferiores), Test de 1 Milla (resistencia cardiorrespiratoria) y abdominales en 30 segundos (resistencia muscular localizada). Para la confección de las tablas de referencia se utilizó estadística descriptiva y a partir de los resultados se confeccionaron las tablas de referencia; fueron divididas en cinco clasificaciones desde muy malo, malo, regular, bueno y muy bueno, teniendo como parámetro la edad. Resultados El nivel de condición física, en comparación con valores de referencia nacional e internacional, presenta bajos niveles de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria, fuerza de miembros inferiores, flexibilidad, resistencia muscular localizada. Además, el sobrepeso está asociado a una baja capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y la cifra está por encima de la prevalencia a nivel nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad en niñas de 10 a 14 años. Conclusiones Las pruebas aplicadas en la presente investigación brindan una herramienta fiable y sencilla para conocer el nivel de condición física orientada a la salud, el cual puede ser utilizado en cualquier institución educativa, ya que no se requiere de gran infraestructura para su aplicación.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To develop physical fitness reference tables oriented towards the health of female students in the 10 to 14 year age range, in Chillán, Chile. Method The present is a cross-sectional study. The sample is composed of 250 female students in the 10 to 14 year age range. To evaluate health-related physical fitness, the following tests were used: Body mass index (BMI), Deurengerg Formula (Body fat %), Wells and Dillon's Bench (Flexibility), Sargent Jump Test (lower limbs strength, 1 Mile Test (endurance) and the 30 Seconds Sit Up Test (focalized muscular endurance). Descriptive statistics were used to develop the reference tables. From the results, 5 categories were made: very bad, bad, regular, good, and very good. Age was used as a parameter. Results This study demonstrates the low level of fitness capacity of the group evaluated when compared to national and international references. It shows low levels of cardiorespiratory endurance, strength of lower limbs, flexibility, and focalized muscular endurance. The present study also shows that being overweight is associated with low cardiorespiratory capacity, and that there was a high prevalence of this in the sample compared to the national level of overweight and obesity in females in the 10-14 age range. Conclusion The tests applied in the present study are a reliable and simple tool for assessing the level of health-related fitness capacity. They can be applied in any educational institution, since a large or complex infrastructure for its application is not required.(AU)

Nivel de condición física orientada a la salud en estudiantes varones de 10 a 14 años del Colegio Dario Salas, Chillán / Fitness level oriented to health in students males of 10 to 14 years old of Dario Salas School, Chillán

El objetivo del estudio es determinar el nivel de condición física orientada a la salud en estudiantes Varones de 10 a 14 años del Colegio Darío Salas de la ciudad de Chillan. El presente estudio es de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra se compone de 417 estudiantes, con valores medio de peso 53,50 + 12,24 (kg); estatura 155,7 + 0,10 (cm); IMC 21,85 + 3,50 (masa/estatura2); tejido adiposo 8,21 + 3,76 (por ciento); flexibilidad 22,43 + 7,15 (cm); resistencia muscular localizada 20,15 + 5,34 (rep); fuerza 28,57 + 6,90 (cm); resistencia aeróbica 9,26 + 1,33 (min y seg). Se utilizaron los siguientes test para evaluar la condición física orientada a la salud; antropometría IMC) y con el resultado se aplicó la fórmula de Deurengerg para determinar (por ciento tejido adiposo); Wells y Dillons (flexibilidad), sargent test (fuerza miembros inferiores), test de 1 Milla de la AAPHARD (resistencia cardiorespiratoria), abdominales en 30 segundos (resistencia muscular localizada). El nivel de condición física en comparación con valores de referencia nacionales e internacionales, muestran bajos niveles en todas las variables físicas evaluadas. Se observa un 100 por ciento de sobrepeso en todas las edades evaluadas, lo que se traduce en bajos resultados en todas las pruebas aplicadas; lo que plantea la urgencia de realizar un seguimiento en el tiempo con herramientas de fácil aplicación como la presente batería.

To determine the level of physical condition health-oriented students in Males 10 to 14 years of the College Dario Salas of the city of Chillán. The present study is descriptive of sectional. The sample consists of 417 students with mean values of 53.50 + 12.24 Weight (kg); Height 155.7 + 0.10 (cm); BMI 21.85 + 3.50 (mass/height2); Adipose Tissue 8.21 + 3.76 percent; Flexibility 22.43 + 7.15 (cm); muscular resistance located 20.15 + 5.34 (rep); Force 28.57 + 6.90 (cm); aerobic resistance 9.26 + 1.33 (min and Sec). We used the following test to evaluate the physical condition health-oriented; Anthropometry (BMI) and with the result is applied the formula of Deurengerg to determine (percent adipose tissue); Wells and Dillons (flexibility), Sargent Test (Force lower limbs), test 1 mile of the AAPHARD (Resistance Cardiorespiratory), abdominal in 30 seconds (Resistance Localized muscle). The level of physical condition in comparison with values of national and international reference, show low levels in all the physical variables evaluated. We observed a 100 percent overweight in all ages evaluated, which translates into low results in all the tests applied; which raises the urgency of follow-up in the time with tools for easy implementation as this battery.

[Physical fitness reference tables for females in the 10 to 14 age range in Chillán (Chile)]. / Tablas de referencia de condición física en niñas de 10 a 14 años de Chillán, Chile.

Objective To develop physical fitness reference tables oriented towards the health of female students in the 10 to 14 year age range, in Chillán, Chile. Method The present is a cross-sectional study. The sample is composed of 250 female students in the 10 to 14 year age range. To evaluate health-related physical fitness, the following tests were used: Body mass index (BMI), Deurengerg Formula (Body fat %), Wells and Dillon's Bench (Flexibility), Sargent Jump Test (lower limbs strength, 1 Mile Test (endurance) and the 30 Seconds Sit Up Test (focalized muscular endurance). Descriptive statistics were used to develop the reference tables. From the results, 5 categories were made: very bad, bad, regular, good, and very good. Age was used as a parameter. Results This study demonstrates the low level of fitness capacity of the group evaluated when compared to national and international references. It shows low levels of cardiorespiratory endurance, strength of lower limbs, flexibility, and focalized muscular endurance. The present study also shows that being overweight is associated with low cardiorespiratory capacity, and that there was a high prevalence of this in the sample compared to the national level of overweight and obesity in females in the 10-14 age range. Conclusion The tests applied in the present study are a reliable and simple tool for assessing the level of health-related fitness capacity. They can be applied in any educational institution, since a large or complex infrastructure for its application is not required.

Composición corporal y somatotipo de jugadores categoria sub 13 del Club Deportivo Ñublense de Chillan / Somatotype and body composition in the sub 13 soccer player category belonging to the Ñublense sports club of Chillan

El objetivo del estudio es valorar la Composición Corporal y Somatotipo de jugadores de fútbol categoría Sub 13 pertenecientes al Club Deportivo Ñublense SADP de la ciudad de Chillan. Participaron 28 jugadores fútbol categoría Sub 13 con valores medios de 11,63 +/- 1,05 años, peso de 42,95 +/- 10,68 Kg y estatura de 145,66 +/- 11,93 cm. Para la valoración de la composición corporal se utilizó la fórmula de Débora Kerr (1988), con fraccionamiento en 5 componentes (Masa Grasa; Masa Muscular, Masa Ósea, Masa Residual y Masa Piel) y para el cálculo del somatotipo se utilizó la fórmula de Heath & Carter (1990) determinando los componentes Endomorfico, Mesomorfico y Ectomorfico que conforman el somatotipo, siguiendo las recomendaciones de la sociedad internacional de Kineantropometría (ISAK). En cuanto a la composición corporal se obtuvieron los valores medios de MA (masa adiposa) 25,22 por ciento - MM (masa muscular) 42,48 por ciento – MO (masa ósea) 12,99 por ciento - MR (masa residual) 12,23 por ciento - MP (masa piel) 6,98 por ciento. En cuanto al Somatotipo de Heath-Carter se obtuvo un Somatotipo medio de (2,4 – 4,7 – 2,1) y su clasificación es Mesomorfico Balanceado. Conclusiones: El grupo estudiado manifestó la característica de Mesomorfo Balanceado, manteniendo la tendencia normal dentro del desarrollo y crecimiento propio de individuos en rangos de edad fluctuante de 11 a 13 años.

Assess somatotype and body composition in the SUB 13 soccer player category belonging to the Ñublense Sports Club S.A.D.P of Chillan. The sample included 28 soccer players in the Sub 13 category; Mean age (11, 63 +/- 1, 05 years), Weight (42, 95 +/- 10, 68 Kg), Height (145, 66 +/- 11, 93 cm). The assessment of body composition used the Deborah Kerr (1988) formula, therefore it was divided into 5 components (Fat Mass, Muscle Mass, Bone Mass, Residual Mass and Skin Mass). The Health & Carter (1990) formula was used to calculate the somatotype in order to determine the Endomorphic, Mesomorphic and Ectomorphic components, as recommended by the International Society of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Body composition mean values were obtained; de MA (Fat Mass) 25,22 percent - MM (Muscle Mass) 42,48 percent – MO (Bone Mass) 12,99 percent - MR (Residual Mass) 12,23 percent - MP (Skin Mass) 6,98 percent. The Heath-Carter mean somatotype was (2,4 – 4,7 – 2,1), with a Balanced Mesomorphic classification. The study group expressed Balanced mesomorph features, maintaining the normal growth tendency and development for individuals in the 11 to 13 age range.