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1.
Biodivers Data J ; 12: e124799, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39092449

RESUMEN

Background: The urgent need for conservation efforts in response to the global biodiversity crisis is exemplified by initiatives, such as the EU LIFE BEETLES project. This project aims to preserve endangered arthropod species that are crucial for ecosystem functionality, with a focus on endemic beetle species in Flores, Pico and Terceira Islands (Azores, Portugal): Tarphiusfloresensis Borges & Serrano, 2017, Pseudanchomenusaptinoides (Tarnier, 1860) and Trechusterrabravensis Borges, Serrano & Amorim, 2004. These species are single island endemics respectively from Flores, Pico and Terceira. They are threatened by environmental degradation, facing the dual challenge of restricted distribution and habitat degradation due to the spread of invasive plants.The project aims to enhance habitat quality and biodiversity conservation through habitat restoration and plant invasive species control measures. These measures are funded by the European Commission and coordinated by the Azorean Environment Directorate-General. The current Data Paper evaluates the effectiveness of the LIFE BEETLES project in improving habitat quality and offers insights into the balance between habitat restoration efforts and endangered species conservation in island ecosystems, utilising as ecological indicator the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) framework. New information: This study establishes a comprehensive database derived from a long-term arthropod monitoring survey that used SLAM (Sea, Land and Air Malaise) traps and pitfall traps. Our findings present a proxy for assessing the overall habitat quality for endemic invertebrates, using arthropods as main indicators.From September 2020 to June 2023, a total of 31 SLAM traps were monitored. The traps were set up as follows: seven in Flores (three in mixed forest and four in native forest), 10 in Pico (four in mixed forest and six in native forest) and 14 in Terceira (three in mixed forest and 11 in native forest). Traps were monitored every three months.In addition, we surveyed the epigean fauna in 19 transects with 15 non-attractive pitfall traps per transect. The transects were set up during two weeks at the end of August every year between 2020 and 2023. Eight transects were established in Flores, consisting of one in pasture, four in mixed forest and three in native forest. Six transects were established in Pico, consisting of two in pastures and four in native forest. Five transects were established in Terceira, consisting of two in mixed forest and three in native forest.A total of 243 arthropod taxa were recorded, with 207 identified at the species or subspecies level. These taxa belonged to four classes, 24 orders and 101 families. Out of the 207 identified taxa, 46 were endemic, 60 were native non-endemic, 80 were introduced and 21 were of indeterminate status. Habitat information is also provided, including general habitat and dominant species composition. This publication contributes to the conservation of highly threatened endemic beetles by assessing habitat quality, based on arthropod communities and habitat description (e.g. native or exotic vegetation).Using the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) to comparing pre- and post-intervention data, we found no significant change within the epigean community. In contrast, the understorey community sampled with SLAM traps experienced a slight global decrease in biotic integrity over the study period. These findings suggest that the short duration of the study may not be sufficient to detect significant changes, as ecosystem recovery often requires long-term monitoring. The observed changes in the understorey community may be attributed to disturbances from intervention activities, highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring to assess long-term ecological resilience and recovery.

2.
Arch Oral Biol ; 165: 106015, 2024 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38838514

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Dental disease is frequently used as a proxy for diet and overall health of individuals of past populations. The aim of this study is to investigate dental disease in a sample of enslaved African individuals recovered from an urban dump (15th-17th centuries) in Lagos, Portugal. DESIGN: In all, 81 African individuals (>12 years old) were analysed (19 males, 49 females, and 13 of unknown sex), in a total of 2283 alveoli, 2061 teeth, and 2213 interdental septa. Analysed oral pathologies include dental caries, periodontal disease, and ante-mortem tooth loss. Dental wear was also recorded. RESULTS: Dental caries affected 52.0 % of the teeth, although only 31.9 % were cavitated lesions. In all, 96.3 % of the individuals presented at least one cariogenic lesion. Gingivitis and periodontitis were recorded in 56.7 % and 19.0 % of the septa, respectively. Only one male individual had all septal areas healthy. Ante-mortem tooth loss was recorded in 38.3 % of the individuals, in a total of 96 teeth lost (4.2 %). Regarding occlusal wear, 70.8 % of the surfaces were recorded with grades 1-3. CONCLUSIONS: The frequencies of the oral pathological conditions observed may not only reflect a cariogenic diet (rich in starches and with a high frequency of meals) but also the conditions during the maritime voyage of the first victims of the North Atlantic slave trade (xerostomia due to lack of water, sea sickness and vomiting, vitamin C deficiency, poor hygiene), and also the impact intentional dental modifications had on the dentitions.


Asunto(s)
Pueblo Africano , Caries Dental , Personas Esclavizadas , Enfermedades Periodontales , Pérdida de Diente , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pueblo Africano/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Caries Dental/etnología , Caries Dental/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Enfermedades Periodontales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Periodontales/etnología , Enfermedades Periodontales/historia , Portugal/epidemiología , Pérdida de Diente/epidemiología , Pérdida de Diente/etnología , Pérdida de Diente/historia , Desgaste de los Dientes/historia
3.
Sci Justice ; 64(3): 305-313, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38735667

RESUMEN

Heat-induced fractures can be hard to distinguish from sharp force traumas. This challenge can negatively impact medico-legal analysis. The present study aimed to experimentally assess if X-ray fluorescence (XRF) can be used to detect chemical traces transferred from the blade of a sharp instrument onto both fresh and dry human bones. This was performed by inducing sharp force traumas with five different instruments on 20 fresh and 20 dry human clavicles. All bone samples were probed before and after experimental burning (at 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C). Our results show that XRF is potentially useful for detecting iron traces in fresh human bone, both unburned and burned. However, we were not able to clearly detect iron traces from the blades in bones that have been previously inhumed, since exogenous iron acquired during diagenesis masks the iron traces originating from the blade.


Asunto(s)
Calor , Hierro , Humanos , Hierro/análisis , Espectrometría por Rayos X , Fracturas Óseas , Quemaduras , Incendios , Masculino
4.
Sci Data ; 11(1): 368, 2024 Apr 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38605058

RESUMEN

Globally, there is a concerning decline in many insect populations, and this trend likely extends to all arthropods, potentially impacting unique island biota. Native non-endemic and endemic species on islands are under threat due to habitat destruction, with the introduction of exotic, and potentially invasive, species, further contributing to this decline. While long-term studies of plants and vertebrate fauna are available, long-term arthropod datasets are limited, hindering comparisons with better-studied taxa. The Biodiversity of Arthropods of the Laurisilva of the Azores (BALA) project has allowed gathering comprehensive data since 1997 in the Azorean Islands (Portugal), using standardised sampling methods across islands. The dataset includes arthropod counts from epigean (pitfall traps) and canopy-dwelling (beating samples) communities, enriched with species information, biogeographic origins, and IUCN categories. Metadata associated with the sample protocol and events, like sample identifier, archive number, sampled tree species, and trap type are also recorded. The database is available in multiple formats, including Darwin Core, which facilitates the ecological analysis of pressing environmental concerns, such as arthropod population declines and biological invasions.


Asunto(s)
Artrópodos , Bosques , Animales , Biodiversidad , Ecosistema , Especies Introducidas , Azores
5.
Am J Biol Anthropol ; 184(2): e24905, 2024 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38291805

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Burned bone coloration has been used for decades to help in the bioanthropological analysis of burned human bones. However, there is a variety of factors that can interfere with the coloration manifested by bones exposed to heat, resulting in colors that differ from the usual black to white gradient. In this study, we evaluated possible causes of unusual coloration changes and hues in burned bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For that purpose, defleshed fresh pig (Sus scrofa) ribs as well as fresh and dry human clavicles were burned at four different temperatures (500, 700, 900 and 1100°C) in contact with different materials (CaO, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, and polyester cloth). Observable color changes were assessed through naked eye observation and description, Munsell color charts, and reflectance spectrophotometry. Additionally, chemical changes in bone were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). RESULTS: Our results showed that some materials did affect usual burned bone coloration (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) and correspondent FTIR-ATR and XRF spectra. As for other materials, although no effect on visual bone coloration was observed, they still affected FTIR-ATR and XRF spectra (CaO and cloth). DISCUSSION: This study can contribute to the anthropological analysis of burned human remains, providing some answers to what can cause unusual types of heat-induced colorations.


Asunto(s)
Color , Calor , Animales , Humanos , Calor/efectos adversos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Porcinos , Espectrometría por Rayos X , Huesos/efectos de los fármacos , Costillas/efectos de los fármacos
6.
Int J Legal Med ; 138(3): 983-995, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38279991

RESUMEN

Age assessment of migrants is crucial, particularly for unaccompanied foreign minors, a population facing legal, social, and humanitarian challenges. Despite existing guidelines, there is no unified protocol in Europe for age assessment.The Forensic Anthropology Society of Europe (FASE) conducted a comprehensive questionnaire to understand age estimation practices in Europe. The questionnaire had sections focusing on the professional background of respondents, annual assessment numbers, requesting parties and reasons, types of examinations conducted (e.g., physical, radiological), followed protocols, age estimation methods, and questions on how age estimates are reported.The questionnaire's findings reveal extensive engagement of the forensic community in age assessment in the living, emphasizing multidisciplinary approaches. However, there seems to be an incomplete appreciation of AGFAD guidelines. Commonalities exist in examination methodologies and imaging tests. However, discrepancies emerged among respondents regarding sexual maturity assessment and reporting assessment results. Given the increasing importance of age assessment, especially for migrant child protection, the study stresses the need for a unified protocol across European countries. This can only be achieved if EU Member States wholeheartedly embrace the fundamental principles outlined in EU Directives and conduct medical age assessments aligned with recognized standards such as the AGFAD guidelines.


Asunto(s)
Refugiados , Migrantes , Niño , Humanos , Menores , Europa (Continente) , Antropología Forense , Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto
7.
Int J Legal Med ; 138(3): 1109-1116, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37996553

RESUMEN

The estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is one of the key challenges for forensic anthropologists. Although there are several methods referenced for this purpose, none is sufficiently effective. One of the main reasons justifying the complexity of this task is the influence of several taphonomic factors.The study of the Luminol technique has stood out as a promising method for estimating PMI, complementing the existing methods, since it is an economic, easy and reproducible method that operates as a presumptive test. However, it is not known which taphonomic factors can influence the results obtained by this technique.The aim of this study is to test the influence of taphonomic factors, such as temperature, humidity, soil type and pH, on the estimation of the PMI by the Luminol technique.In order to test the influence of the referred factors, a sample consisting of 30 clavicles, with known and similar PMI, collected from autopsies, was distributed as evenly as possible by six vases and buried with different decomposition conditions for a period of 12 months. After the exhumation and sample preparation, the Luminol technique was applied.It was possible to clearly observe differences in the results. Thus, according to our research, it is possible to conclude that the results obtained by the application of Luminol are influenced by taphonomic factors. Therefore, the context in which a body is found should always be considered for applying this technique.


Asunto(s)
Luminol , Cambios Post Mortem , Humanos , Autopsia , Exhumación , Temperatura , Patologia Forense/métodos
8.
Int J Legal Med ; 138(2): 685-691, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37347275

RESUMEN

Access to better health care anticipates that more medical devices can be found alongside skeletal remains. Those employed in oral rehabilitation, with available brands or batch/series, can prove useful in the identification process. A previous study in the Colecção de Esqueletos Identificados Século XXI described macroscopically the dental prostheses. An unusual case of a dental device with chromatic alterations demonstrated to require a more detailed analysis. The individual, a 53-year-old male, exhibited, at both arches, a fixed tooth-supported rehabilitation, with gold colouring classified initially as a gold-palladium alloy. Simultaneously, a green pigmentation deposit was observable in bone and prosthesis. This investigation aimed to verify the elemental composition of the dental prosthesis alloy. Elemental analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence in two regions (labial surface of the prosthetic crown and the root surface of the lower right lateral incisor). Both the spectra and the qualitative results found higher levels of copper and aluminium, followed by nickel, iron, zinc, and manganese. No gold or palladium was detected. The most probable assumption is that a copper-aluminium alloy was used, as its elemental concentration corresponds to those measured in similar devices. Dental prostheses of copper-aluminium alloys have been made popular since the 1980s, particularly in the USA, Japan, and Eastern Europe. Apart from the biographical information, it was also known that the individual's place of birth was an Eastern European country, which highlighted the usefulness of this type of information when dealing with missing people cases.


Asunto(s)
Prótesis Dental , Paladio , Masculino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Rayos X , Portugal , Paladio/análisis , Cobre/análisis , Aluminio/análisis , Fluorescencia , Incisivo , Aleaciones de Oro/análisis
9.
Biology (Basel) ; 12(11)2023 Nov 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37998030

RESUMEN

River artificial fragmentation is arguably the most imperilling threat for freshwater-dependent fish species. Fish need to be able to freely move along river networks as not only spawning grounds but also refuge and feeding areas may be spatially and temporally separated. This incapacity of free displacement may result in genetic depletion of some populations, density reduction and even community changes, which may in turn affect how meta-community balances are regulated, potentially resulting in functional resilience reduction and ecosystem processes' malfunction. Fishways are the most common and widely used method to improve connectivity for fish species. These structures allow fish to negotiate full barriers, thus reducing their connectivity impairment. Among all technical fishway types, vertical slot fishways (VSF) are considered to be the best solution, as they remain operational even with fluctuating water discharges and allow fish to negotiate each cross-wall at their desired depth. In the present study, we collected both published and original data on fish experiments within VSF, to address two questions, (1) What variables affect fish passage during experimental fishway studies? and (2) What is the best VSF configuration? We used Bayesian Generalized Mixed Models accounting for random effects of non-controlled factors, limiting inherent data dependencies, that may influence the model outcome. Results highlight that fish size, regardless of the species, is a good predictor of fishway negotiation success. Generally, multiple slot fishways with one orifice proved to be the best solution. Future work should be focused on small-sized fish to further improve the design of holistic fishways.

10.
Viana do Castelo; s.n; 20231003.
Tesis en Portugués | BDENF | ID: biblio-1516596

RESUMEN

O progresso nos cuidados de saúde no decurso do tempo tem exigido, não só, processos cada vez mais complexos, bem como a formação de profissionais com níveis de competência e conhecimento progressivamente mais elevados, no sentido de corresponderem com maior exatidão ao aumento gradual das suas funções e responsabilidades. Neste contexto, a Enfermagem converte-se numa disciplina mais complexa e altamente exigente em cuidados especializados impondo o desenvolvimento contínuo dos seus profissionais. O presente relatório insere-se no âmbito do Estágio de Natureza Profissional (ENP) do Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica (MEMC), realizado num Serviço de Urgência Básica (SUB) da região norte de Portugal e procura evidenciar de forma crítica e reflexiva o percurso e o processo de aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências especializadas em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica na área da Pessoa em Situação Crítica (EMCPSC). Para o desenvolvimento de competências procurou basear-se a prática clínica na evidência científica e alcançar o máximo de experiências que incorporassem as dimensões da prestação de cuidados à PSC e família, da formação, da gestão e da investigação. A preparação dos profissionais de saúde para atuarem em situações de exceção e catástrofe que originam multivítimas, inclui atividades, programas e sistemas desenvolvidos e implementados antes do evento. A pandemia recentemente enfrentada mostrou muito claramente a velocidade com que mesmo os melhores sistemas de saúde em diferentes países podem ser sobrecarregados e devastados. A evidência científica demonstra que o atual sistema de formação não promove as competências necessárias e não prepara os profissionais de saúde para a resposta a eventos catastróficos. Estas constatações conduziram-nos à investigação da perceção dos enfermeiros do SUB sobre a sua preparação para intervir em situação de catástrofe, com recurso à Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool (DPET®), através de um estudo descritivo-correlacional. Verificou-se que os enfermeiros assinalaram uma fraca preparação para atuar em situação de catástrofe. Contudo, os elementos do sexo masculino revelaram maior perceção de preparação face à situação de catástrofe comparativamente com os do sexo feminino, tendo apresentado diferenças estatisticamente significativas no score global da escala, na dimensão das competências relacionadas com o "saber" e a "gestão pós-catástrofe". Também nestas dimensões comprovaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o nível de perceção da preparação para a catástrofe em função da formação avançada desenvolvida na área da emergência, sendo que, os enfermeiros detentores de formação avançada em áreas onde há alusão a atendimento em catástrofe apresentaram valores médios superiores para a perceção de preparação. Atentando à minimização das consequências impactantes que a catástrofe acarreta, é vital que haja uma crescente preparação para este tipo de ocorrências, minimizando erros e agilizando a atuação das equipas envolvidas. Para que o Plano de Emergência em Catástrofe (PEC) hospitalar seja executado de forma eficaz é necessário que cada profissional (particularmente, o enfermeiro) conheça a sua missão, o seu papel e a sua ação, de modo a desempenhar as suas funções de forma sistemática e coordenada. Desta experiência, destaca-se o papel preponderante do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica (EEEMC) na diferenciação e melhoria contínua dos cuidados de Enfermagem, na promoção da consciencialização da importância da formação ao longo da vida e do trabalho em equipa, na gestão e organização dos serviços de saúde e dos cuidados de Enfermagem e na investigação, num contexto tão complexo como um SU.


Progress in healthcare over time has required not only increasingly complex processes, but also the training of professionals with progressively higher levels of competence and knowledge, in order to correspond more accurately to the gradual increase in their functions and responsibilities. In this context, nursing becomes a more complex and highly demanding discipline in terms of specialized care, imposing the continuous development of its professionals. This report is part of the Professional Internship of the Master's Course in Medical-Surgical Nursing, carried out in a basic emergency service in the north of Portugal and seeks to critically and reflectively highlight the path and process of acquisition and development of specialized skills in Medical-Surgical Nursing in the area of the person in critical situation. For the development of competences, efforts were made to base clinical practice on scientific evidence and to achieve the maximum of experiences that incorporated the dimensions of providing care to the person in critical situation and family, training, management and research. The preparation of health professionals to act in exceptional and catastrophic situations that lead to multiple casualties includes activities, programs and systems developed and implemented before the event. The recently faced pandemic has shown very clearly the speed with which even the best health systems in different countries can be overwhelmed and devastated. Scientific evidence shows that the current training system does not promote the necessary skills and does not prepare health professionals to respond to catastrophic events. These findings led us to investigate the perception of basic emergency service nurses about their preparation to intervene in a catastrophe situation, using the Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool (DPET®), through a descriptive-correlational study. It was verified that the nurses indicated a weak preparation to act in a catastrophe situation. However, the male elements revealed a greater perception of preparedness in the face of a catastrophe situation compared to the female ones, having shown statistically significant differences in the overall score and in the dimension of competences related to "knowledge", "post-disaster management". Also, in these dimensions, there were statistically significant differences between the level of perception of preparedness for a catastrophe as a function of the advanced training developed in the emergency area, and nurses with advanced training in areas where there is an allusion to care in a catastrophe had higher mean values for the perception of preparedness. Bearing in mind the minimization of the impacting consequences that the catastrophe entails, it is vital that there is increasing preparation for this type of occurrence, minimizing errors and streamlining the performance of the teams involved. For the hospital disaster emergency plan to be carried out effectively, it is necessary that each professional (particularly the nurse) knows his mission, his role and his action, in order to perform his functions in a systematic and coordinated way. From this experience, the preponderant role of the specialist nurse in Medical-Surgical Nursing stands out in the differentiation and continuous improvement of nursing care, in promoting awareness of the importance of lifelong training and teamwork, in the management and organization of health services and nursing care and in research, in a context as complex as an emergency service


Asunto(s)
Adaptación a Desastres , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Enfermería de Cuidados Críticos , Respuesta a los Desastres , Apoyo Familiar
11.
Sci Justice ; 63(5): 573-580, 2023 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37718004

RESUMEN

Skeletal human remains presenting heat-induced changes have been a focus of study for a long time. However, there is still a long way to go for the anthropologists to be able to fully interpret and understand these changes. Heat-induced colour modifications are one of the least understood phenomena in bone, displaying a variety of exceptions (e.g., tints of yellow, orange, blue, green, pink, and red) to the expected colour variations that bone can produce when exposed to high temperatures (i.e., ivory, brown, black, various shades of grey, and white). In addition to these, there is a lack of uniformization in the literature regarding the methods to determine the exact colourations observed and the nomenclature used, giving way to subjective descriptions. However, commitment to more objective and reliable methods is visible in more recent research. In this review, we compiled data published in the literature throughout the years to portray the state of the art regarding the potential of heat-induced colour changes for inferring the circumstances of death and the applicability of these methods in the legal framework.


Asunto(s)
Restos Mortales , Calor , Humanos , Color
12.
Biology (Basel) ; 12(7)2023 Jun 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37508358

RESUMEN

Potential secular changes in the human scapula are fundamentally unbeknownst, with most of the preceding anatomical studies focusing on long-term changes in the long bones and the skull. As such, the cardinal purpose of this study pertains to the evaluation of secular trends on the shape and size of the scapula in a time period spanning from the 19th to the early 21st centuries. The study sample included 211 individuals (100 males and 111 females) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection and the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection. The size and shape of the scapula were evaluated using geometric morphometrics. Results show secular changes over a relatively short period of time in both the shape and size of the scapula in Portuguese nationals. Shape changes were observed in both sexes but expressed minimally, while a significant negative trend in the size of the scapula was detected in males. Scapular size decrement in males conceivably echoes general trends of the overall anatomy towards a narrower body associated with higher standards of living that include enhanced nutrition and universal healthcare, among other factors.

13.
Sci Total Environ ; 896: 165081, 2023 Oct 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37355122

RESUMEN

Typology systems are frequently used in applied and fundamental ecology and are relevant for environmental monitoring and conservation. They aggregate ecosystems into discrete types based on biotic and abiotic variables, assuming that ecosystems of the same type are more alike than ecosystems of different types with regard to a specific property of interest. We evaluated whether this assumption is met by the Broad River Types (BRT), a recently proposed European river typology system, that classifies river segments based on abiotic variables, when it is used to group biological communities. We compiled data on the community composition of diatoms, fishes, and aquatic macrophytes throughout Europe and evaluated whether the composition is more similar in site groups with the same river type than in site groups of different river types using analysis of similarities, classification strength, typical species analysis, and the area under zeta diversity decline curves. We compared the performance of the BRT with those of four region-based typology systems, namely, Illies Freshwater Ecoregions, the Biogeographic Regions, the Freshwater Ecoregions of the World, and the Environmental Zones, as well as spatial autocorrelation (SA) classifications. All typology systems received low scores from most evaluation methods, relative to predefined thresholds and the SA classifications. The BRT often scored lowest of all typology systems. Within each typology system, community composition overlapped considerably between site groups defined by the types of the systems. The overlap tended to be the lowest for fishes and between Illies Freshwater Ecoregions. In conclusion, we found that existing broad-scale river typology systems fail to delineate site groups with distinct and compositionally homogeneous communities of diatoms, fishes, and macrophytes. A way to improve the fit between typology systems and biological communities might be to combine segment-based and region-based typology systems to simultaneously account for local environmental variation and historical distribution patterns, thus potentially improving the utility of broad-scale typology systems for freshwater biota.


Asunto(s)
Diatomeas , Ecosistema , Animales , Ríos , Peces , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos
14.
Am J Biol Anthropol ; 180(3): 534-547, 2023 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36790610

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The analysis of burned human remains can be very challenging due to heat-induced alterations. Occasionally, human bones present these coupled with diagenetic changes, offering even more of a challenge, since there is a lack of studies regarding interactions between both taphonomic phenomena. With this study, we aimed to assess and document the effects of inhumation on the chemical composition of both unburned and burned human skeletal remains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We buried, for 5 years, four groups of human bone samples comprising unburned bones and bones experimentally burned at 500, 900, and 1050 °C. Periodic exhumations were carried out to collect bone samples to be analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode, in order to calculate four chemical indexes: (1) crystallinity index (CI); (2) type B carbonates to phosphate index (BPI); (3) total carbonates (A + B) to carbonate B ratio (C/C); and (4) OH to phosphate ratio (OH/P). RESULTS: After inhumation, CI and C/C of unburned bones and bones burned at 500 °C, and BPI of bones burned at 1050 °C did not vary significantly. However, the remaining indexes showed both relevant increments and reductions throughout observations, depending on burning temperature and index. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that diagenesis can have an effect in bone's molecular composition. However, these effects do not seem to significantly affect the conclusions that can be taken from the analysis of infrared bone spectra, at least in the case of inhumations with a duration of 5 years or less.


Asunto(s)
Quemaduras , Calor , Humanos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Entierro , Fosfatos , Carbonatos
15.
Int J Legal Med ; 137(3): 851-861, 2023 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36719511

RESUMEN

Sexual dimorphism is the basis for sex estimation research in skeletal remains, helping the positive identification of individuals in forensic backgrounds. In this regard, it has been proved that the metrical analysis of the costal neck of the first four ribs in Spanish contemporary adult skeletons shows high sexual dimorphism, especially in the first rib. However, the validation of any method developed in identified skeletal collections must be compulsorily reproduced in other skeletonized sets to verify either its potential application in individuals from other locations, or the existence of possible biases associated with inter-population variation. Due to the geographical and socioeconomic proximity between Spain and Portugal, this paper aims to check the utility of the discriminant functions designed by Partido-Navadijo et al. (2021) in the two skeletal collections of the University of Coimbra (Portugal). Results show the utility of these discriminant functions in Portuguese population, with frequencies of cases correctly assigned reaching up to 93.6% in the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (CISC); and up to 92.6% in the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection (CEI/XXI). However, two particularities between the Spanish and Portuguese osteological assemblages can be highlighted: the possible existence of secular changes in relation to the CISC collection (1904-1938); and a reversal in the degree of costal dimorphism, being the third and fourth ribs of the CEI/XXI collection more dimorphic than the first ones.


Asunto(s)
Antropología Forense , Determinación del Sexo por el Esqueleto , Humanos , Adulto , Portugal , Análisis Discriminante , Costillas/anatomía & histología , Etnicidad , Determinación del Sexo por el Esqueleto/métodos
16.
Curr Drug Res Rev ; 15(1): 62-72, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36111768

RESUMEN

From palaeopathology to forensic taphonomy, mummified human bodies constitute biological archives of paramount importance. Toxicology analysis of endobiotics and xenobiotics has already shown value to archaeological mummies research with detecting heavy metals, sedative-hypnotic drugs, and stimulants. Thanks to the large window of drug detection in hair and nails, the information from such studies has increased the scientific community's knowledge regarding past populations' lifestyles. Still, few bibliographic references exist regarding toxicology reports in mummified bodies from forensic settings. Here, the authors aim to draw attention to the valuable contribution of toxicology analysis, taking into account previously conducted studies and their findings. Given that sample collection on mummified bodies from forensic scenarios may not always happen in laboratories or autopsy rooms, the authors also suggest guidelines for in situ sampling of forensic mummies. It is expected that the present technical note will encourage experts to perform toxicology analysis in mummified bodies and publish their case reports more often.


Asunto(s)
Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central , Cuerpo Humano , Humanos , Arqueología , Archivos , Autopsia
17.
Sci Justice ; 62(5): 477-483, 2022 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36336440

RESUMEN

This paper investigates the established notion that bone calcination has a major impact on age estimation while low-intensity burns have a mere negligible impact. Few systematic researches have been carried out so far about this topic so the true impact of heat-induced changes on diagnostic age features is mostly unknown. The agreement between pre-burning and post-burning observations of age features was investigated on 51 human skeletons (22 males and 29 females with ages-at-death ranging from 61 to 93 years old) subjected to experimental burns. These skeletons belong to the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection housed at the Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology of the Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal. The Suchey-Brooks method based on the pubic symphysis and the method developed on the auricular surface by Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002) were scrutinized. The Suchey-Brooks method provided better agreement between pre- and post-burn observations than the method from Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002). However, it became clear that heat-induced changes affected both methods regardless of heat intensity since both calcined bones and bones burnt at lower intensities often showed less than perfect agreement. Therefore, this research demonstrates that the analysis of age-at-death can be impaired in burnt bones, even those not subjected to calcination, with clear impact for forensic and archaeological investigations.


Asunto(s)
Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto , Sínfisis Pubiana , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Determinación de la Edad por el Esqueleto/métodos , Calor , Sínfisis Pubiana/anatomía & histología , Antropología Forense/métodos , Huesos
18.
Sci Justice ; 62(5): 484-493, 2022 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36336441

RESUMEN

Forensic anthropologists may not always be able to differentiate heat-induced fractures from fractures with other aetiologies, namely sharp force traumas, with clear nefarious impact on medico-legal conclusions. The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate if blade chemical traces are transferred to defleshed bone tissue and if they remain there after a burning event. This was accomplished by prompting sharp force traumas in 20 macerated fresh pig ribs with five different instruments, namely a stainless steel knife, an artisanal knife and a ceramic kitchen knife, a small axe and a large axe. Another pig rib was used as control, not being subjected to any trauma. All instruments were probed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to establish the composition of each blade. Bone samples, both pre-burned and post-burned (at 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C), were then probed by XRF. All sharp force instruments left detectable chemical traces on pre-burned bone, although not in all samples. Furthermore, traces were still detected after experimental burning in most cases. Potentially, XRF can provide relevant information about the aetiology of fractures in burned and unburned bones, although the effect of soft tissues and diagenesis must still be investigated.


Asunto(s)
Quemaduras , Porcinos , Animales , Rayos X , Fluorescencia , Costillas , Medicina Legal
19.
J Forensic Leg Med ; 91: 102416, 2022 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35973316

RESUMEN

Bushfires and mass disasters from which result fatal fire victims are two types of events in which Forensic Anthropology acts aiding in the recovery of human remains and the identification of the victims. This is a challenging job since bones that have undergone fire-caused alterations can be unrecognizable. Therefore, collecting evidence at the scene is very important and should be thorough. To evaluate the potential of the application of optical techniques for the recovery and analysis of burnt skeletal material in forensic contexts, this exploratory study focused on analysing reflectance and luminescence properties of bone to differentiate between skeletal remains and debris. The sample includes burnt human bones, as well as non-human bones and debris (like metal, fabric, and others). The reflectance experiments revealed to be quite ineffective, not showing a response pattern that allowed for discrimination between skeletal remains and debris. Three techniques were used to detect luminescence, which included imaging (with a camera), fluorescence spectrometry, and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (excitation: 440 nm). Luminescence results were more promising, registering a positive response for several samples, with a general consistency of results between the different methodologies. Nevertheless, burning conditions and individual characteristics (e.g., pathologies) can introduce limitations to the techniques.


Asunto(s)
Quemaduras , Incendios , Restos Mortales , Huesos/diagnóstico por imagen , Huesos/patología , Quemaduras/patología , Antropología Forense/métodos , Humanos , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia
20.
Biodivers Data J ; 10: e81410, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35437406

RESUMEN

Background: The data we present consist of an inventory of exotic arthropods, potentially invasive, collected in exotic and mixed forests and disturbed native forest patches of the Azores Archipelago. The study was carried out between 2019 and 2020 in four islands: Corvo, Flores, Terceira and Santa Maria, where a total of 45 passive flight interception SLAM traps were deployed, during three to six consecutive months. This manuscript is the second contribution of the "SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the Natural Forest of Azores". New information: We provide an inventory of terrestrial arthropods belonging to Arachnida, Diplopoda, Chilopoda and Insecta classes from four Azorean islands. We identified a total of 21,175 specimens, belonging to 20 orders, 93 families and 249 species of arthropods. A total of 125 species are considered introduced, 89 native non-endemic and 35 endemic. We registered 34 new records (nine for Corvo, three for Flores, six for Terceira and 16 for Santa Maria), of which five are new for Azores, being all exotic possibly recently introduced: Dieckmanniellusnitidulus (Gyllenhal, 1838), Gronopsfasciatus Küster, 1851, Hadroplontustrimaculatus (Fabricius, 1775), Hypurusbertrandi (Perris, 1852) (all Coleoptera, Curculionidae) and Cardiocondylamauritanica Forel, 1890 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). This publication highlights the importance of planted forests and disturbed native forest patches as reservoirs of potentially invasive arthropods and refuges for some rare relict endemic arthropod species.

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