Regional differences regarding the occurrence of falls and associated factors in two populations of Brazilian longevous people.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have explored regional asymmetries and their implications for health policies regarding episodes of falls among the population of ≥80 years old in continental and developing countries like Brazil with deep inequalities and sociocultural differences. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of falls and their association with functional capacity and nutritional status in the longest oldest-old living in two municipalities in the Northeast and Southeast of Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, with primary data collection in which were included in the research seniors aged 80 years or more, of both sexes, belonging to two Brazilian municipalities of discrepant socioeconomic aspects. The dependent variable was the occurrence of falls in the last year. The independent variables were grouped into demographic aspects, functional capacity and nutritional status. To identify variables that contribute to the occurrence of falls, the multiple logistic regression model, adopts a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 415 oldest-old adults. From the total, 32.3% reported having fallen in the last year, 24.7% in Brejo dos Santos and 37.8% in São Paulo. Among the former population, the mean value of walking speed for those who had falls was 0.27 m/s and for those who had no occurrence of falls was 0.33 m/s; and, among the seniors from São Paulo, the mean values were 0.51 m/s and 0.58 m/s, respectively. Significant correlations between walking speed and falls were verified for both populations, showing that the lower the walking speed, the higher the predisposition to falls. In the final regression model, the occurrence of falls was associated with moderate balance (OR = 5.28; CI: 1.11-25.18) among the longevous people Brejo dos Santos and with very poor functional performance (OR = 16.09; CI:1.46-177.06) among those from São Paulo. CONCLUSION: The results pointed out a lower prevalence of falls in longevous people from Brejo dos Santos than in those from São Paulo and differences regarding the associated factors, showing heterogeneity between the two populations; indicating the need for public policies and effective programmes aimed at preventing falls based on the maintenance or increase of functional capacity.

Influence of Sociodemographic, Health-Related, and Behavioral Factors on Food Guidelines Compliance in Older Adults: A Hierarchical Approach from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-17 Data.

Dietary habits are determinants in the development of a range of conditions and age-related diseases. We explored the associations of sociodemographic, health-related indicators, and health behavioral factors on dietary guideline compliance in elderly Chileans. We used a cross-sectional design using the publicly available database from the last Chilean National Health Survey (2016−17). The sample of 1831 older adults (≥60 y) from a national representative sample. The dependent variable was compliance with Food Guidelines (FG) (daily consumption of water, dairy, and fruits and vegetables; and weekly consumption of legumes and fish). The independent variables included sociodemographic, health-related, and behavioral factors. Over half (51.8%) of the sample was female and 85.7% belonged to the 60−79 age group. Satisfactory compliance to FG was observed in 3.9% of the sample. In the adjusted analysis, for those between 60 and 79 y, marital status was the only significant variable associated with FG noncompliance (PR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.04−1.71). For those over 80 y, income of >2 minimum wages (PR: 0.10; 95%CI: 0.02−0.61), living alone (PR: 1.72; 95%CI: 1.20−2.47), and self-reported cardiovascular disease (PR: 0.63; 95%CI: 0.43−0.93) were associated with FG noncompliance. We observed low FG compliance among elderly Chilean adults, especially in the oldest group. Factors associated with the FG compliance was different between age groups.

Psychosocial aspects and support networks associated with disability in two longevous populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Among the oldest old, aged 80 years and over, the prevalence of disability is higher than in other age groups and can be considered a predictor of mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how psychosocial aspects and support networks influence the disability of these oldest-old individuals, performing a comparison between two longevous populations, one living in one of the poorest regions of Brazil, in the backlands of Paraíba, and another living in one of the largest urban centres in Latin America. METHOD: A cross-sectional study in which 417 oldest-old persons aged 80 years and older were interviewed, with data collected through the "Health, Welfare and Ageing" survey conducted in two Brazilian cities. Disability was assessed by reporting the need for assistance in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs). Bivariate and multiple analyses were performed using R statistical software. RESULTS: Food insufficiency in the first years of life had negative repercussions on the disability of oldest old people living in the northeast. On the other hand, in this region, older people have a higher rate of support and live longer with their peers, which may contribute to reducing feelings of loneliness, depressive symptoms, and worse self-perception of health. In the Southeast, financial constraints, subjective poverty, and unmet needs may favour the development of functional limitations between long-lived people. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that regional differences in Brazil may influence the disability of older people aged 80 and older. In northeast Brazil, having no partner may contribute to disability for ADLs and IADLs; while, in the longevous population of São Paulo, having a worse self-rated health may contribute to disability for IADLs.

National and subnational coverage and inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and sanitary health interventions in Ecuador: a comparative study between 1994 and 2012.

BACKGROUND: Latin America (LA) has experienced constant economic and political crises that coincide with periods of greater inequality. Between 1996 and 2007 Ecuador went through one of the greatest political and socio-economic crises in Latin America, a product of neo-liberal economic growth strategies. Between 2007 and 2012 it regained political stability, promoted redistributive policies, and initiated greater social spending. To understand the possible influence on the political and economic context, we analyzed the coverage and inequalities in five Reproductive, Maternal, and Child Health (RMNCH) and two water and sanitation interventions using survey data from a broad time window (1994-2012), at a national and subnational level. METHODS: The series cross-sectional study used data from four representative national health surveys (1994, 1999, 2004 and 2012). Coverage of RMNCH and sanitary interventions were stratified by wealth quintiles (as a measure of the socio-economic level), urban-rural residence and the coverage for each province was mapped. Mean difference, Theil index and Variance-weighted least squares regression were calculated to indicate subnational and temporal changes. RESULTS: From 1994 to 2004, Ecuador evidenced large inequalities whose reduction becomes more evident in 2012. Coverage in RMNCH health service-related interventions showed a rather unequal distribution among the socioeconomic status and across provinces in 1994 and 2004, compared to 2012. Sanitary interventions on the contrary, showed the most unequal interventions, and failed to improve or even worsened in several provinces. While there is a temporary improvement also at the subnational level, in 2012 several provinces maintain low levels of coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The remarkable reduction of inequalities in coverage of RMNCH interventions in 2012 clearly coincides with periods of regained political stability, promoted redistributive policies, and greater social spending, different from the former neo-liberal reforms which is consistent with observations made in other Latin American countries. Territorial heterogeneity and great inequalities specially related with sanitation interventions persists. It is necessary to obtain high quality information with sharper geographic desegregation that allows to identify and understand local changes over time. This would help to prioritize intervention strategies, introduce multisectoral policies and investments that support local governments.

Perfil pregresso e atual do uso de tabaco pela população psiquiátrica e a população geral / Previous and current use profile of psychiatric and general population / Perfil anterior y actual del uso de tabaco de la población psiquiátrica y general

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e comparar, entre a população psiquiátrica dos níveis secundário e terciário de atenção em saúde e a população geral da rede básica de saúde, o perfil pregresso e atual do uso de tabaco. Métodos Estudo epidemiológico descritivo-analítico, de corte transversal, com 378 participantes de três serviços de saúde brasileiros: a) Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS); b) Ambulatório de Saúde Mental (ASM); c) Hospital Psiquiátrico (HP). As respostas, durante entrevistas individuais, foram registradas em dispositivo móvel. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva, teste exato de Fisher, análise de variância e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados No HP, todos eram fumantes diários, tendo a prevalência sido menor no ASM (94,1%) e na UBS (91,7%). Entre os produtos utilizados, destacaram-se os cigarros industrializados (98%), seguidos pelos cigarros de palha (39%). A média de cigarros fumados/dia (ASM=19,3, HP=25,3, UBS=17,2) e o percentual de usuários de múltiplos produtos de tabaco (ASM=28,1%; HP=55,3%; UBS=9,1%) foram maiores no HP. 73% dos fumantes comprometiam ≥4% da renda mensal com tabaco. Os fumantes do HP foram menos aconselhados a parar de fumar (ASM=50%, HP=39,5%, UBS=50%). Conclusão O perfil atual do uso de tabaco dos fumantes do hospital psiquiátrico é diferente dos demais. Eles tinham dependência do tabaco mais intensa, fumavam maior quantidade de cigarros/dia, comprometiam maior percentual de sua renda com a compra de tabaco e faziam uso de múltiplos produtos de tabaco, além de receberem menos suporte para parar de fumar.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objetive To describe and to compare the previous and the current tobacco use profile between psychiatric population of secondary and tertiary levels of care and general population of basic health care. Methods Descriptive epidemiological/analytical cross sectional study with 378 participants from three Brazilian health services: a) Basic Unity of Health (BUH); b) Mental Health Ambulatory (MHA); c) Psychiatric Hospital (PH). The answers provided during individual interviews were registred in mobile device. Data were submitted to descriptive statistics, Fischer's exact test, analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results In the PH all were daily smokers, noticing lower prevalence in MHA (94.1%) and in BUH (91.7%). Among the products utilized has highlighted manufactured cigarettes (98%), followed by roll-your-own cigarettes (39%). The average of cigarettes smoked per day (MHA=19,3, PH=25,3, BUH=17,2) and the percentage of multiple tobacco products users (MHA=28.1%, PH=55.3%, BUH=9.1%) were higher in PH. 73% of smokers exceed ≥ 4% of familiar income with tobacco. In PH were identified higher commitment. Smokers of PH were less advised to stop smoking (MHA=50%, PH=39.5%, BUH=50%). Conclusion The current tobacco use profile by psychiatric hospital smokers differs from the others. Besides higher tobacco dependency, they smoked a higher amount of cigarettes per day, compromised higher perceptual of personal income to buy tobacco and used multiples tobacco products as well as received less support to stop smoking.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir y comparar el perfil anterior y actual del uso de tabaco entre la población psiquiátrica de los niveles secundario y terciario de atención en salud comparados a la población general de la red básica de salud. Método Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo-analítico, de corte transversal, con 378 participantes de tres servicios de salud brasileños: a) unidad básica de salud (UBS); b) ambulatorio de salud mental (ASM); c) hospital psiquiátrico (HP). Las respuestas, durante las encuestas individuales, fueron registradas en un dispositivo móvil. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, prueba exacta de Fisher, análisis de varianza y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados En HP, todos eran fumadores diarios; la prevalencia fue menor en ASM (94,1%) y en UBS (91,7%). Entre los productos utilizados, se destacaron los cigarrillos industrializados (98%), seguidos por los cigarrillos de paja (39%). El promedio de cigarrillos fumados/día (ASM=19,3, HP=25,3, UBS=17,2) y el porcentaje de usuarios de múltiples productos de tabaco (ASM=28,1%; HP=55,3%; UBS=9,1%) fueron mayores en HP. 73% de los fumadores gasta el 4% o más de los ingresos mensuales en tabaco. Los fumadores de HP reciben escasa atención para dejar de fumar (ASM=50%, HP=39,5%, UBS=50%). Conclusión El perfil actual del consumo de tabaco de fumadores del hospital psiquiátrico es diferente de los demás. Ellos tenían una intensa dependencia al tabaco, fumaban una mayor cantidad de cigarrillos por día, gastaban un mayor porcentaje de su ingreso mensual en tabaco y hacían uso de múltiples productos derivados. Además, reciben escasa atención para dejar de fumar.(AU)

Urbanicity and risk of first-episode psychosis: incidence study in Brazil.

We estimated the incidence of first-episode psychosis over a 3-year period in a Brazilian catchment area comprising the region's main city, Ribeirão Preto (1 425 306 persons-years at risk), and 25 other municipalities with a total of 1 646 556 persons-years at risk. The incidence rates were estimated and adjusted by gender and age, using the direct standardisation method to the world population as reference. The incidence of psychosis was higher in the younger groups, men, and among Black and minority ethnic Brazilians. Psychosis incidence was lower in Ribeirão Preto (16.69/100 000 person-years at risk; 95% CI 15.68-17.70) compared with the average incidence in the remaining municipalities (21.25/100 000 person-years at risk; 95% CI 20.20-22.31), which have lower population density, suggesting a distinct role for urbanicity in the incidence of first-episode psychosis in low- and middle-income countries.

[Previous and current use profile of psychiatric and general population]. / Perfil pregresso e atual do uso de tabaco pela população psiquiátrica e a população geral.

OBJETIVE: To describe and to compare the previous and the current tobacco use profile between psychiatric population of secondary and tertiary levels of care and general population of basic health care. METHODS: Descriptive epidemiological/analytical cross sectional study with 378 participants from three Brazilian health services: a) Basic Unity of Health (BUH); b) Mental Health Ambulatory (MHA); c) Psychiatric Hospital (PH). The answers provided during individual interviews were registred in mobile device. Data were submitted to descriptive statistics, Fischer's exact test, analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: In the PH all were daily smokers, noticing lower prevalence in MHA (94.1%) and in BUH (91.7%). Among the products utilized has highlighted manufactured cigarettes (98%), followed by roll-your-own cigarettes (39%). The average of cigarettes smoked per day (MHA=19,3, PH=25,3, BUH=17,2) and the percentage of multiple tobacco products users (MHA=28.1%, PH=55.3%, BUH=9.1%) were higher in PH. 73% of smokers exceed ≥ 4% of familiar income with tobacco. In PH were identified higher commitment. Smokers of PH were less advised to stop smoking (MHA=50%, PH=39.5%, BUH=50%). CONCLUSION: The current tobacco use profile by psychiatric hospital smokers differs from the others. Besides higher tobacco dependency, they smoked a higher amount of cigarettes per day, compromised higher perceptual of personal income to buy tobacco and used multiples tobacco products as well as received less support to stop smoking.

The combination of dynapenia and abdominal obesity as a risk factor for worse trajectories of IADL disability among older adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The concept of dynapenic obesity has been gaining great attention recently. However, there is little epidemiological evidence demonstrating that dynapenic abdominal obese individuals have worse trajectories of disability than those with dynapenia and abdominal obesity alone. Our aim was to investigate whether dynapenia combined with abdominal obesity can result in worse trajectories of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among English and Brazilian older adults over eight and ten years of follow-up, respectively. METHODS: We used longitudinal data from 3374 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and 1040 participants from the Brazilian Health, Well-being and Aging Study (SABE) who were free from disability as assessed by IADL at baseline. IADL disability was defined herein as a difficulty to perform the following: preparing meals, managing money, using transportation, shopping, using the telephone, house cleaning, washing clothes, and taking medications according to the Lawton IADL modified scale. The study population in each country was categorized into non-dynapenic/non-abdominal obese (reference group), abdominal obese, dynapenic and dynapenic abdominal obese according to their handgrip strength (<26 kg for men and <16 kg for women) and waist circumference (>102 cm for men and >88 cm for women). We used generalized linear mixed models with IADL as the outcome. RESULTS: The estimated change over time in IADL disability was significantly higher for participants with dynapenic abdominal obesity compared to those with neither condition in both cohorts (ELSA: +0.023, 95% CI = 0.012-0.034, p < 0.001; SABE: +0.065, 95% CI = 0.038-0.091, p < 0.001). Abdominal obesity was also associated with changes over time in IADL disability (ELSA: +0.009, 95% CI = 0.002-0.015, p < 0.05; SABE: +0.021, 95% CI = 0.002-0.041, p < 0.05), which was not observed for dynapenia. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal obesity is an important risk factor for IADL decline but participants with dynapenic abdominal obesity had the highest rates of IADL decline over time among English and Brazilian older adults.

Nutritional status and risk for disability in instrumental activities of daily living in older Brazilians.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between nutritional status and the incidence of disability regarding instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among older adults. DESIGN: The study is part of the longitudinal SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento; Health, Wellbeing and Ageing) Study that began in 2000 (first wave) with a multistage, clustered, probabilistic sample (n 2143) of older adults (≥60 years). The second wave was carried out in 2006, when 1115 elders were re-interviewed. The dependent variable was the occurrence of disability in 2006 (report of difficulty on ≥1 IADL). Nutritional status (measured at baseline) was classified on the basis of BMI: ≤23·0 kg/m2 (underweight); >23·0 and <28·0 kg/m2 (ideal range - reference); ≥28·0 and <30·0 kg/m2 (overweight); and ≥30·0 kg/m2 (obesity). SETTING: São Paulo, Brazil. SUBJECTS: One thousand and thirty-four individuals without difficulties regarding IADL in 2000 were selected, 611 of whom were re-interviewed in 2006. RESULTS: In the multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for baseline variables (gender, age, number of chronic diseases, stroke, osteoarthritis and cognitive status), underweight (OR = 2·03; P = 0·034) and obesity (OR = 1·79; P = 0·022) remained associated with disability. CONCLUSIONS: Both underweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of developing disability regarding IADL among older adults, in an independent fashion of other risk factors. Thus, adequate nutritional status is a key point to consider in the establishment of preventive measures.

Characterizing mental healthcare service teams / Caracterización de los equipos humanos en los servicios de atención mental / Caracterização de equipes dos serviços de saúde mental

Objective Describing profiles for professional psychiatric service categories in Ribeirão Preto. Method This was an exploratory study of 8 services (3 hospitals and 5 extra-hospital facilities). Data was collected using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with professionals who worked for all these services. Results 74 percent of the professionals working for the eight services investigated took part in the study. Doctors and nurses predominated in the hospitals and multidisciplinary teams in extra-hospital facilities. Ages ranged from 24 to 68, females predominating (73 percent). 127 (88 percent) of the 144 subjects in this study had received specific education after graduating in their respective areas but only 48.5 percent had studied mental health. Doctors (42/44) and nurses (36/42) predominated in the teams; 121 (83 percent) earned over R$ 1,000 per month as their salary. Discussion The teams mainly consisted of doctors and nurses, although it was considered that other professionals were important in constituting such teams. One of the main problems hampering reform in the psychiatric field is how services are provided for the population. No country has been able to make the necessary reforms for overcoming all the barriers. The service network studied met the minimum prerequisites for providing psychiatric care for the community.

Objetivo Describir el perfil de las diferentes categorías profesionales en los servicios psiquiátricos en Ribeirão Preto. Método Estudio exploratorio realizado en 8 servicios (tres hospitales y cinco extrahospitalarios). La recolección de información se realizó por medio de cuestionarios y entrevistas semi-estructuradas a los profesionales en todos los servicios. Resultados Participó el 74 por ciento de los profesionales que trabajaban en los ocho servicios estudiados. Médicos y enfermeras predominaron en los equipos multidisciplinarios de los servicios hospitalarios y extra-hospitalarios. Las edades variaron entre 24 y 68 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (73 por ciento). De los 144 sujetos estudiados, 127 (88 por ciento) tuvieron educación posgraduada en sus áreas específicas y sólo 48,5 por ciento se especializaron en salud mental. En los equipos predominaron los médicos (42/44) y enfermeros (36/42); 121 (83 por ciento) recibieron salarios mensuales superiores a R$ 1 000. Discusión Aunque en los equipos predominaron los médicos y enfermeros, ellos consideraron que los otros profesionales son importantes en la conformación de los equipos terapéuticos. Uno de los principales aspectos en la implementación de las reformas en la asistencia psiquiátrica es la provisión de los servicios para atender la población. Ningún país ha logrado implementar de manera efectiva las reformas necesarias para superar todas las barreras. La red de servicios estudiada aplica los requisitos mínimos para la asistencia psiquiátrica con enfoque comunitario.

Objetivo Descrever o perfil das diferentes categorias profissionais dos serviços psiquiátricos em Ribeirão Preto. Método Pesquisa exploratória, realizada em 8 serviços (3 hospitalares e 5 extra-hospitalares). A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de questionários e entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos profissionais em todos os serviços. Resultados Dos profissionais que trabalhavam nos oito serviços investigados 74 por cento participaram. Nos serviços hospitalares e extra-hospitalares com atuação de equipes multidisciplinares, houve maioria de médicos e enfermeiros. As idades variaram entre 24 e 68 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino (73 por cento). Dos 144 sujeitos deste estudo, 127 (88 por cento) fizeram formação, após obtenção da graduação em suas respectivas áreas, apenas 48,5 por cento com especialidade em saúde mental. Há predomínio de médicos (42/44) e enfermeiros (36/42) nas equipes; 121 (83 por cento) concentram ganhos salariais mensais acima de 1 000 reais. Discussão As equipes são formadas predominantemente por médicos e enfermeiros, embora se considere que os outros profissionais sejam importantes na constituição das equipes terapêuticas. Um dos principais problemas na implantação de reformas na assistência psiquiátrica é a provisão de serviços para atender a população. Nenhum país conseguiu ainda efetivar as reformas necessárias para superar todas as barreiras. A rede de serviços pesquisada atende aos requisitos mínimos para a assistência psiquiátrica na visão comunitária.

Characterizing mental healthcare service teams.

OBJECTIVE: Describing profiles for professional psychiatric service categories in Ribeirão Preto. METHOD: This was an exploratory study of 8 services (3 hospitals and 5 extra-hospital facilities). Data was collected using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with professionals who worked for all these services. RESULTS: 74 % of the professionals working for the eight services investigated took part in the study. Doctors and nurses predominated in the hospitals and multidisciplinary teams in extra-hospital facilities. Ages ranged from 24 to 68, females predominating (73 %). 127 (88 %) of the 144 subjects in this study had received specific education after graduating in their respective areas but only 48.5 % had studied mental health. Doctors (42/44) and nurses (36/42) predominated in the teams; 121 (83 %) earned over R$ 1,000 per month as their salary. DISCUSSION: The teams mainly consisted of doctors and nurses, although it was considered that other professionals were important in constituting such teams. One of the main problems hampering reform in the psychiatric field is how services are provided for the population. No country has been able to make the necessary reforms for overcoming all the barriers. The service network studied met the minimum prerequisites for providing psychiatric care for the community.