Correction: Meneguzzo et al. Short-Term Effects of Forest Therapy on Mood States: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9509.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].

Short-Term Effects of Forest Therapy on Mood States: A Pilot Study.

Immersion in forest environments was shown to produce beneficial effects to human health, in particular psychophysical relaxation, leading to its growing recognition as a form of integrative medicine. However, limited evidence exists about the statistical significance of the effects and their association with external and environmental variables and personal characteristics. This experimental study aimed to substantiate the very concept of forest therapy by means of the analysis of the significance of its effects on the mood states of anxiety, depression, anger and confusion. Seven forest therapy sessions were performed in remote areas and a control one in an urban park, with participants allowed to attend only one session, resulting in 162 psychological self-assessment questionnaires administered before and after each session. Meteorological comfort, the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the forest atmosphere and environmental coherence were identified as likely important external and environmental variables. Under certain conditions, forest therapy sessions performed in remote sites were shown to outperform the control session, at least for anxiety, anger and confusion. A quantitative analysis of the association of the outcomes with personal sociodemographic characteristics revealed that only sporting habits and age were significantly associated with the outcomes for certain psychological domains.

Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses of Rubus L.

The Panel on Plant Health of EFSA conducted a pest categorisation of 17 viruses of Rubus L. that were previously classified as either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. Blackberry virus X, blackberry virus Z and wineberry latent virus were not categorised because of lack of information while grapevine red blotch virus was excluded because it does not infect Rubus. All 17 viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for entry and spread. For some viruses, additional pathway(s) are Rubus seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Cherry rasp leaf virus, raspberry latent virus, raspberry leaf curl virus, strawberry necrotic shock virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). With the exception of impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus, blackberry leaf mottle-associated virus, blackberry vein banding-associated virus, blackberry virus E, blackberry virus F, blackberry virus S, blackberry virus Y and blackberry yellow vein-associated virus satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential QPs. Black raspberry cryptic virus, blackberry calico virus and Rubus canadensis virus 1 do not meet the criterion of having a potential negative impact in the EU. For several viruses, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties, mainly because of the absence of data on biology, distribution and impact. Since the opinion addresses non-EU viruses, they do not meet the criteria to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.

Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses of Ribes L.

Following a request from the EU Commission, the Panel on Plant Health addressed the pest categorisation of the viruses of Ribes L. determined as being either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous EFSA opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. Alaska vitivirus 1 and Ribes virus F were excluded from categorisation because these are very poorly characterised viruses. The pest categorisation was completed for seven viruses with clear identity and for which detection methods are available. All these viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation techniques, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for long-distance dispersal and thus considered as the major pathway for entry. Depending on the virus, additional pathway(s) can also be Ribes seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here are known to infect only one or few plant genera, but tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) has a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. ToRSV meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pest (QP). With the exception of impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, Actinidia virus X, blackcurrant leaf chlorosis-associated virus, blackcurrant leafroll-associated virus, black currant-associated rhabdovirus, blackcurrant waikavirus A and Ribes americanum virus A satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential Union QPs. For several viruses, especially those recently discovered, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties mainly because of the absence of data on their biology, distribution and impact. Since this opinion addresses specifically the non-EU viruses, in general these viruses do not meet the criteria assessed by EFSA to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.

Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Malus Mill. and Pyrus L.

Following a request from the EU Commission, the Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of 17 viruses and viroids, herein called viruses, of Cydonia Mill., Malus Mill. and Pyrus L. determined as being either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous EFSA opinion. These viruses belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. They can be detected by available methods and are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation techniques, with plants for planting representing a major long-distance spread mechanism and, potentially, a major entry pathway. Depending on the viruses, additional pathway(s) can also be seed, pollen and/or vector transmission. Most of the viruses categorised here are known to infect only one of few related plant genera, but some of them have a wider host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Three viruses (apple necrotic mosaic virus, cherry rasp leaf virus, temperate fruit decay-associated virus) and one viroid (apple fruit crinkle viroid) satisfy all the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests. Five viruses (apple green crinkle-associated virus, blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus, eggplant mottled crinkle virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus) and one viroid (apple scar skin viroid), satisfy the criteria to be considered as Union quarantine pests with the possible exception of being absent from the EU territory or having a restricted presence and being under official control. The remaining six viruses (apple geminivirus, apple latent spherical virus, apple-associated luteovirus, Pyrus pyrifolia cryptic virus, Pyrus pyrifolia partitivirus 2 and Tulare apple mosaic virus) and one viroid (apple hammerhead viroid) were not found to satisfy one or more of these criteria. The Panel highlights that for several viruses, especially those recently discovered, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties mainly linked to the absence of data on biology and distribution. Since this opinion addresses specifically the non-EU viruses, in general these viruses do not meet the criteria assessed by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.

Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses and viroids of Vitis L.

Following a request from the EU Commission, the Panel on Plant Health addressed the pest categorisation of the viruses and viroids of Vitis L. determined as being either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous EFSA opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. With the exclusion of grapevine virus 101-14.N.23.9.1/South Africa/2009 for which very limited information exists, the pest categorisation was completed for 30 viruses or viroids having acknowledged identities and available detection methods. All these viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation techniques, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for long-distance dispersal and thus considered as the major pathway for potential entry. Depending on the virus, additional pathway(s) can also be seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here are known to infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 2, blueberry leaf mottle virus, grapevine Ajinashika virus, grapevine Anatolian ringspot virus, grapevine berry inner necrosis virus, grapevine deformation virus, grapevine fabavirus, grapevine red blotch virus, grapevine stunt virus, grapevine Tunisian ringspot virus, grapevine vein-clearing virus, temperate fruit decay-associated virus, peach rosette mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus, tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). With the exception of impact for the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, blackberry virus S, grapevine geminivirus A, grapevine leafroll-associated virus 7, grapevine leafroll-associated virus 13, grapevine satellite virus, grapevine virus E, grapevine virus I, grapevine virus J, grapevine virus S, summer grape enamovirus, summer grape latent virus satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential Union QPs. Australian grapevine viroid, grapevine cryptic virus 1, grapevine endophyte endornavirus and wild vitis virus 1 do not meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to be regarded as potential Union QPs because they are not known to cause an impact on Vitis. For several viruses, especially those recently discovered, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties mainly because of the absence of data on their biology, distribution and impact. Since this opinion addresses specifically non-EU viruses, in general these viruses do not meet the criteria assessed by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.

Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses and viroids of Prunus L.

Following a request from the EU Commission, the Panel on Plant Health addressed the pest categorisation of the viruses and viroids of Prunus L. determined as being either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous EFSA opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. With the exclusion of Ilarvirus S1 and Ilarvirus S2, for which very limited information exists, the pest categorisation was completed for 26 viruses and 1 viroid having acknowledged identities and available detection methods. All these viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative plant propagation techniques, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for long-distance dispersal and thus considered as the major pathway for entry. Depending on the virus, additional pathway(s) can also be Prunus seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here are known to infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Apple scar skin viroid, American plum line pattern virus, cherry mottle leaf virus, cherry rasp leaf virus, cherry rosette virus, cherry rusty mottle-associated virus, cherry twisted leaf-associated virus, peach enation virus, peach mosaic virus, peach rosette mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). With the exception of impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude, apricot vein clearing virus, Asian prunus virus 1, Asian prunus virus 2, Asian prunus virus 3, Caucasus prunus virus, cherry virus B, Mume virus A, nectarine stem pitting-associated virus, nectarine virus M, peach chlorotic mottle virus, peach leaf pitting-associated virus, peach virus D, prunus virus F and prunus virus T satisfy all the other criteria to be considered as potential Union QPs. Prunus geminivirus A does not meet the criterion of having negative impact in the EU. For several viruses, especially those recently discovered, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties mainly because of the absence of data on their biology, distribution and impact. Since this opinion addresses specifically the non-EU viruses, in general these viruses do not meet the criteria assessed by EFSA to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.

Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses of Fragaria L.

Following a request from the EU Commission, the Panel on Plant Health addressed the pest categorisation of the viruses and viroids of Fragaria L. determined as being either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous EFSA opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. With the exclusion of strawberry latent virus and strawberry latent C virus for which very limited information exists, the pest categorisation was completed for 12 viruses having acknowledged identities and available detection methods. All these viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation techniques, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for long-distance dispersal and thus considered as the major pathway for entry. Depending on the virus, additional pathway(s) can also be Fragaria seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here are known to infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Strawberry chlorotic fleck-associated virus, strawberry leaf curl virus, strawberry necrotic shock virus, strawberry pallidosis-associated virus, strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs). For SVBV, the Panel considered that following its entry and establishment into the EU territory, an impact of uncertain magnitude is expected mainly because a synergistic effect may occur in strawberry in case of mixed infections with viruses already present in the EU . Strawberry crinivirus 3, strawberry crinivirus 4 and strawberry polerovirus 1 meet all criteria for being considered as potential Union QPs, except for the impact in the EU territory, on which the Panel was unable to conclude. Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus, Fragaria chiloensis latent virus and strawberry pseudo mild yellow edge virus do not meet the criterion of having potential negative impact in the EU. For several viruses, especially those recently discovered, the categorisation is associated with high uncertainties mainly because of the absence of data on their biology, distribution and impact. Since this opinion addresses specifically the non-EU viruses, in general, these viruses do not meet the criteria assessed by EFSA to qualify as potential Union regulated non-quarantine pests.