Asunto(s)
Ácidos Nucleicos Libres de Células/análisis , Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/diagnóstico por imagen , Pruebas Prenatales no Invasivas , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congénita/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Amniocentesis , Andrógenos , Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/genética , Femenino , Identidad de Género , Genes sry/genética , Disgenesia Gonadal 46 XY/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Atención Dirigida al Paciente , Embarazo , Segundo Trimestre del Embarazo , Receptores Androgénicos/genética , Translocación Genética , Virilismo/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Unemployment rates in alcohol treatment programs are strikingly high, yet the drinking behavior of unemployed populations has been neglected by alcohol researchers. Stress-based and socioenvironmental theories of alcoholism coupled with empirical research on the health and social costs of unemployment have suggested that the unemployed may be "at risk" for abusing alcohol. Specifically, the unemployed are said to abuse alcohol as a means of coping with financial stress triggered by job loss. Research on job loss and alcohol abuse has been beset by methodologic problems, which prevents drawing firm conclusions. For example, little attention has been paid to variables that intervene between job loss and alcohol abuse and that may actually account for the observed associations. Investigators have too often assumed that unemployment leads to alcohol abuse without considering the reverse. Controls for pre-job loss drinking behavior are virtually absent in studies to date. If future research does confirm that job loss leads to alcohol abuse, then alcohol policy implications may include: (1) the use of job loss as a diagnostic marker by alcohol treatment professionals, (2) the establishment of cooperative arrangements between those in the employment and training and alcohol fields, (3) a re-examination of the policy which ties health insurance coverage for alcohol treatment to current employment, and (4) the targeting of prevention and treatment resources to areas of high unemployment.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholismo/etiología , Desempleo , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
This paper examines the extent to which a "toughened" drunk driving law in Massachusetts has deterred drunk driving and the law's impact on criminal justice system operations. Included are analyses of pre- to postlaw trends in: alcohol-related highway fatalities and arrests, drunk driving arraignments and convictions, and jail sentences served by drunk driving offenders. Many of the positive trends found since the implementation of the law (increased arrests, reduced fatalities, and increased conviction rates) actually began before the law took effect. Moreover, the law has exacerbated existing problems in the criminal justice system such as overcrowded jails.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación Alcohólica , Conducción de Automóvil , Legislación de Medicamentos , Accidentes de Tránsito/prevención & control , Intoxicación Alcohólica/prevención & control , Derecho Penal , Humanos , Legislación de Medicamentos/tendencias , MassachusettsRESUMEN
This paper reviews research which has examined the labor force behavior and occupational stability of alcoholics. It is noted that early research portrayed alcoholics as occupationally unstable but was based on biased samples of alcoholic psychotics and arrested public inebriates. A second wave of research on the broader alcoholic population proclaimed them to be occupationally stable despite very high rates of unemployment. A final wave of research returned to the view that alcoholics were occupationally unstable but made its findings applicable to the entire spectrum of the alcoholic population.
