Exploring Pain Reduction through Physical Activity: A Case Study of Seven Fibromyalgia Patients.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease that affects a considerable fraction of the global population, primarily women. Physical activity is often recommended as a tool to manage the symptoms. In this study, we tried to replicate a positive result of pain reduction through physical activity. After collecting pain and physical activity data from seven women with fibromyalgia, one patient experienced a considerable reduction in pain intensity. According to the patient, the improvement was related to physical activity. Our study was conducted to investigate the replicability of this result through personalized activity recommendations. Out of the other six patients, three experienced a reduction in pain. The remaining three patients did not experience any pain relief. Our results show that two of these were not able to follow the activity recommendations. These results indicate that physical activity may have a positive effect on chronic pain patients. To estimate how effective physical activity can be for this patient group, an intervention with longer follow-ups and larger sample sizes needs to be performed in the future.

Chronic fatigue syndromes: real illnesses that people can recover from.

The 'Oslo Chronic Fatigue Consortium' consists of researchers and clinicians who question the current narrative that chronic fatigue syndromes, including post-covid conditions, are incurable diseases. Instead, we propose an alternative view, based on research, which offers more hope to patients. Whilst we regard the symptoms of these conditions as real, we propose that they are more likely to reflect the brain's response to a range of biological, psychological, and social factors, rather than a specific disease process. Possible causes include persistent activation of the neurobiological stress response, accompanied by associated changes in immunological, hormonal, cognitive and behavioural domains. We further propose that the symptoms are more likely to persist if they are perceived as threatening, and all activities that are perceived to worsen them are avoided. We also question the idea that the best way to cope with the illness is by prolonged rest, social isolation, and sensory deprivation.Instead, we propose that recovery is often possible if patients are helped to adopt a less threatening understanding of their symptoms and are supported in a gradual return to normal activities. Finally, we call for a much more open and constructive dialogue about these conditions. This dialogue should include a wider range of views, including those of patients who have recovered from them.

Chronic vulvar pain in gynecological outpatients.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic vulvar pain (CVP) is pain in the vulvar area exceeding three months of duration. Previous studies have reported a prevalence of 7-8% in the general population and observed an association between CVP and other chronic pain, affective disorders and early life stressors. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of CVP among gynecological outpatients and to explore its association with child sexual abuse, comorbid fibromyalgia and mental health. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study among consecutive women attending an unselected general gynecological outpatient clinic at St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, during the period August 1st, 2017, to June 30th, 2018. CVP was defined as having experienced either vulvar burning, sharp pain or allodynia for three months or more within the previous year. Fibromyalgia was defined as widespread pain in the past six months in conjunction with a symptom severity score ≥5 on the fibromyalgia symptom severity score inventory, an ordinal scale from zero to 12. We collected information on sexual coercion experience and assessed mental health with the mental health inventory (MHI-5) of the SF-36 health survey, which yields a zero to five scale. RESULTS: Of 1,125 questionnaires distributed, 810 (72%) were returned, and 762 (68%) included in final analyses. Among these, 130 (17.1%) reported CVP within the previous year and 92 (16.7%) were classified as suffering from fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia was associated with CVP (adjusted OR of 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.1). Child sexual abuse was reported by 96 (13.1%) and was associated with CVP (adjusted OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3). CVP and fibromyalgia were both associated with lower mental health scores; 0.51 and 0.58 points on the MHI-5 scale, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic vulvar pain is common among women in a gynecological outpatient clinic and associated with child sexual abuse, comorbid fibromyalgia and worse mental health. Ethical committee number: REK Midt No. 2016/2150.

Kynurenine metabolites and ratios differ between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that the kynurenine pathway is involved in the pathology of diseases related to the central nervous system (CNS), because of the neuroprotective or neurotoxic properties of certain metabolites, yet the role of each metabolite is not clear. The pathology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM) is currently under investigation, and the overlapping symptoms such as depression suggest that the CNS may be involved. These symptoms may be driven by enhanced neurotoxicity and/or diminished neuroprotection. However, the kynurenine metabolite status has not been well studied in these two possible related disorders of CFS and FM. The objective of this study was to investigate the metabolites and ratios of the kynurenine pathway in CFS and FM compared to healthy controls and examine the possible correlations with symptoms of anxiety and depression. METHOD: In this study, females aged 18-60 were included: 49 CFS patients; 57 FM patients; and 54 healthy controls. Blood plasma was analysed for the following metabolites involved in the kynurenine pathway: Tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykykynurenine (HK), anthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid (XA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid (QA) and picolinic acid. The concentrations of these metabolites, as well as the ratios of different metabolites indicating enzymatic activity, were compared between the groups. Findings were controlled for age, body mass index (BMI), and symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: QA differed between CFS and FM patients (ß = .144, p = .036) and was related to higher levels of BMI (ß = .017, p = .002). The neuroprotective ratio given by KA/QA was lower for CFS patients compared to healthy controls (ß = -.211, p = .016). The neuroprotective ratio given by KA/HK was lower for FM patients compared to healthy controls, and this lower neuroprotective ratio was associated with increased symptoms of pain. The kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II) enzymatic activity given by XA/HK was lower for FM patients compared to healthy controls (ß = -.236, p = .013). In addition, BMI was negatively associated with enhanced KAT II enzymatic activity (ß = -.015, p = .039). Symptoms of anxiety and depression were not associated with the metabolites or ratios studied. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates associations between kynurenine metabolism and CFS and FM as well as characteristic symptoms like fatigue and pain. Forthcoming studies indicating a causative effect may place kynurenine metabolites as a target for treatment as well as prevention of these conditions in the future.

Workplace flexibility important for part-time sick leave selection-an exploratory cross-sectional study of long-term sick listed in Norway.

BACKGROUND: Part-time sick leave (PTSL) where sick-listed individuals work a percentage corresponding to their remaining work capabilities is often used to promote return to work. The effects of PTSL are uncertain due to participant selection on personal and social factors, which are not easily captured by evaluations that primarily rely on register-data. More knowledge of health-related, workplace and personal characteristics that influence the propensity to utilize PTSL is needed. The objective of the present study was to explore whether individuals on PTSL and full-time sick leave (FTSL) differ in terms of self-reported health, workplace resources and psychological resilience while also considering known sociodemographic factors that influence PTSL selection. METHODS: The study utilized a cross-sectional sample of 661 workers sick listed for 8 weeks with a 50-100% sick-listing degree. Differences between those on PTSL and FTSL with regard to current self-reported health, previous long-term sick leave, workplace adjustment latitude, psychosocial work environment, work autonomy, coping with work demands, and psychological resilience were examined and adjusted for known selection factors (age, education, gender, sector, diagnosis, and physical work) using logistic regression. RESULTS: An inverse U-shaped curvilinear association between self-reported health and PTSL was identified. Those on PTSL also reported greater workplace adjustment latitude and better psychosocial work environment than those on FTSL. These differences persisted after adjusting for previously known selection factors. Furthermore, the PTSL group reported more work autonomy and poorer coping with work demands, but these differences were more uncertain after adjustment. The groups did not differ in terms of previous long-term sick leave or psychological resilience. CONCLUSION: The present study found differences between those on PTSL and FTSL with regards to self-reported health, workplace adjustment latitude and psychosocial work environment that were independent of differences identified in previous research. These results are important for future evaluations of the effect of PTSL on RTW, suggesting more attention should be paid to self-reported health status and workplace characteristics that are not captured using register data.

Barriers and Facilitators for Implementing Motivational Interviewing as a Return to Work Intervention in a Norwegian Social Insurance Setting: A Mixed Methods Process Evaluation.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate potential barriers and facilitators for implementing motivational interviewing (MI) as a return to work (RTW) intervention in a Norwegian social insurance setting. Methods A mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial involving MI sessions delivered by social insurance caseworkers. The study was guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework using focus groups with the caseworkers. MI fidelity was evaluated through audio-recordings of MI sessions and questionnaires to sick-listed participants. Results Lack of co-worker and managerial support, time and place for practicing to further develop MI skills, and a high workload made the MI intervention challenging for the caseworkers. The MI method was experienced as useful, but difficult to master. MI fidelity results showed technical global scores over the threshold for "beginning proficiency" whereas the relational global score was under the threshold. The sick-listed workers reported being satisfied with the MI sessions. Conclusions Despite caseworker motivation for learning and using MI in early follow-up sessions, MI was hard to master and use in practice. Several barriers and facilitators were identified; these should be addressed before implementing MI in a social insurance setting.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03212118 (registered July 11, 2017).

Subgroups of Long-Term Sick-Listed Based on Prognostic Return to Work Factors Across Diagnoses: A Cross-Sectional Latent Class Analysis.

Comorbidity is common among long-term sick-listed and many prognostic factors for return to work (RTW) are shared across diagnoses. RTW interventions have small effects, possibly due to being averaged across heterogeneous samples. Identifying subgroups based on prognostic RTW factors independent of diagnoses might help stratify interventions. The aim of this study was to identify and describe subgroups of long-term sick-listed workers, independent of diagnoses, based on prognostic factors for RTW. Latent class analysis of 532 workers sick-listed for eight weeks was used to identify subgroups based on seven prognostic RTW factors (self-reported health, anxiety and depressive symptoms, pain, self-efficacy, work ability, RTW expectations) and four covariates (age, gender, education, physical work). Four classes were identified: Class 1 (45% of participants) was characterized by favorable scores on the prognostic factors; Class 2 (22%) by high anxiety and depressive symptoms, younger age and higher education; Class 3 (16%) by overall poor scores including high pain levels; Class 4 (17%) by physical work and lack of workplace adjustments. Class 2 included more individuals with a psychological diagnosis, while diagnoses were distributed more proportionate to the sample in the other classes. The identified classes illustrate common subgroups of RTW prognosis among long-term sick-listed individuals largely independent of diagnosis. These classes could in the future assist RTW services to provide appropriate type and extent of follow-up, however more research is needed to validate the class structure and examine how these classes predict outcomes and respond to interventions.

Sick-listed workers' experiences with motivational interviewing in the return to work process: a qualitative interview study.

BACKGROUND: When returning to work after being on long-term sick leave, individuals may experience varying levels of motivation and self-efficacy. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling style that aims to increase motivation towards change, and it may be useful in the return to work (RTW) process. The aim of this study was to explore sick-listed workers' experiences with MI in the RTW process. METHODS: This qualitative study was part of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of MI on the RTW process, and it was administered by caseworkers at the Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration. Sixteen sick-listed individuals, aged 33-60, participated in semi-structured interviews. All had a sick leave status of 50-100% for at least 8 weeks when interviewed and all had completed 2 MI sessions. The data was analyzed with systematic text condensation. RESULTS: Participants' experiences of the MI sessions were categorized into three themes: (1) relationship with the MI caseworker, (2) normalizing sick leave, and (3) adjusting RTW strategies. The MI sessions were experienced as a positive encounter due to the supportive relationship that was built between the MI caseworker and the sick-listed worker. Being sick listed led to feelings of guilt and stigmatization, but acceptance and support from the MI caseworkers helped normalize the situation for the sick-listed workers. Furthermore, MI sessions allowed for personalized feedback and discussions on adjustments to their RTW strategies. CONCLUSION: Sick-listed workers experienced MI as positive due to the good relationship that developed with the MI caseworker, how this normalized sick leave, and the help they received with adjusting their RTW strategies. Professionals working with individuals attempting to RTW may benefit from using MI as a method for helping sick-listed workers to RTW. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03212118 (registered July 11, 2017).

MCP-1 is increased in patients with CFS and FM, whilst several other immune markers are significantly lower than healthy controls.

The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of Fibromyalgia (FM) and Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is not clear. We have previously reported increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in these patient groups compared to healthy controls and wanted to further explore the levels of circulating immune markers in these populations. The population consisted of three groups, 58 patients with FM, 49 with CFS and 54 healthy controls. All participants were females aged 18-60. Patients were recruited from a specialised university hospital clinic and controls were recruited by advertisement among the staff and students at the hospital and university. Plasma levels of Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, Interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1, Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3 and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α were analysed by multiplex. Differences between the three groups CFS, FM and controls, were analysed by Kruskal Wallis tests. MCP-1 was significantly increased in both patient groups compared to healthy controls. IL-1ß, Il-4, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3, IL-10 and IL17 all were significantly lower in the patient groups than healthy controls. IFN-γ was significantly lower in the FM group. For IL-8, IL-10 and IL-1ra there were no significant difference when controlled for multiple testing. In conclusion, in our material MCP-1 seems to be increased in patients both with CFS and with FM, while several other immune markers are significantly lower in patients than controls.

Motivational interviewing in long-term sickness absence: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial followed by qualitative and economic studies.

BACKGROUND: Motivational interviewing (MI), mainly used and shown effective in health care (substance abuse, smoking cessation, increasing exercise and other life style changes), is a collaborative conversation (style) about change that could be useful for individuals having problems related to return to work (RTW). The aim of this paper is to describe the design of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of MI on RTW among sick listed persons compared to usual care, in a social security setting. METHODS: The study is a randomized controlled trial with parallel group design. Individuals between 18 and 60 years who have been sick listed for more than 7 weeks, with a current sick leave status of 50-100%, are identified in the Norwegian National Social Security System and invited to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria are no employment and pregnancy. Included participants are randomly assigned to the MI intervention or one of two control groups. The MI intervention consists of two MI sessions offered by caseworkers at the Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV), while the comparative arms consist of a usual care group and a group that receives two extra sessions without MI content (to control for attentional bias). The primary outcome measure is the total number of sickness absence days during 12 months after inclusion, obtained from national registers. Secondary outcomes include time until full sustainable return to work, health-related quality of life and mental health status. In addition, a health economic evaluation, a feasibility/process evaluation and qualitative studies will be performed as part of the study. DISCUSSION: A previous study has suggested an effect of MI on RTW for sick listed workers with musculoskeletal complaints. The present study will evaluate the effect of MI for all sick listed workers, regardless of diagnosis. The knowledge from this study will potentially be important for policy makers, clinicians and other professionals` practical work. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03212118 (registered July 11, 2017).

Long-Term Changes in Musculoskeletal Pain Sites in the General Population: The HUNT Study.

In a Norwegian prospective population-based cohort study, we examined whether the number of chronic musculoskeletal pain sites changed over an 11-year period, and if the number of pain sites at follow-up was associated with health-related and lifestyle factors at baseline. The study included data on 78,973 adults participating in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) in 1995 to 1997 (HUNT2) and 2006 to 2008 (HUNT3). On the basis of 3 categories of baseline pain sites, associations between baseline health-related, lifestyle, and demographic factors and number of pain sites at follow-up were analyzed with linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, marital status, physical activity, education, and other chronic diseases. We also estimated within-subject associations. Regardless of pain extent at baseline, anxiety and/or depression, sleeping problems, smoking, and obesity were positively associated with number of pain sites at follow-up, whereas education and physical activity were inversely associated with number of pain sites. The within-subject analyses showed largely similar associations for the health-related factors, whereas associations of lifestyle factors were attenuated. The mean number of pain sites remained unchanged between the 2 surveys. Overall, our study revealed prospective associations between several factors and pain sites 11 years later, regardless of the number of pain sites at baseline. PERSPECTIVE: This prospective study examined the association between development of pain and risk factors in the general population, on the basis of 3 categories of baseline pain sites. It also examined how these factors influence possible long-term changes in pain within individuals. We showed that having no or few baseline pain sites may not differ in its risk factors compared with having multiple pain sites. This article provides an important contribution to the ongoing debate regarding the association between lifestyle, demographic, and psychosocial risk factors, versus the course of multisite chronic pain. Additionally, we provide discussion on potential directions for clinical relevance and further research.