[Reperfusion in ST elevation myocardial infarction. From the guidelines to practice]. / Reperfusion des infarctus aigus avec sus-décalage du segment ST dans le RENAU/RESURCOR : des recommandations à la pratique.

BACKGROUND: International guidelines have recommendations for selecting the type of reperfusion (fibrinolysis or angioplasty) in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and suggest that emergency-care networks adapt these recommendations according to the local environment. AIM: To assess the proportions of STEMI patients treated with fibrinolysis or angioplasty in accordance with regional guidelines. METHOD: Observational study based on a permanent registry of patients with STEMI of <12h duration in an emergency network in the French North Alps (Isère, Savoie, Haute-Savoie) from January 2009 to December 2012. RESULTS: The registry included 2620 patients. Reperfusion was given in 2425/2620 (93%) of patients. Reperfusion type was in accordance with recommendations in 1567/2620 (60%) patients. Guideline-recommended fibrinolysis and angioplasty were performed in 47% (656/1385) and 79% (911/1149) respectively, of patients. In multivariable analysis, variables independently associated with guideline-recommended reperfusion were: an age < 65 years (OR 1.60; 95%CI 1.33-1.90), being managed in Haute-Savoie versus Isère or Savoie (OR 1.38; 95%CI 1.12-1.71), an arterial tension < 100mmHg (OR 1.73; 95%CI 1.27-2.35), a cardiogenic shock (OR 0.50; 95%CI 0.30-0.84), a pacemaker or left bundle branch block (OR 0.49; 95%CI 0.28-0.88), and an initial management outside the network (followed by treatment in an interventional centre in the network) (OR 0.62; 95%CI 0.40-0.94). Patients initially treated by mobile intensive care units were more often reperfused in accordance with recommendations when admitted < 3 (versus ≥ 3) h following symptom onset (adjusted OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.61-2.59), while those initially treated by in-hospital emergency units were less often reperfused in accordance with recommendation when treated < 3h following symptom onset (adjusted OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.46-0.97). In-hospital major adverse cardiac events (9.1% vs. 8.5%) and in-hospital mortality (6.4% vs. 5.1%) were not significantly different between patients reperfused in accordance with (versus not) recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Forty percent of patients with STEMI were not reperfused with fibrinolysis or angioplasty in accordance with regional guidelines. Characterization of this population should allow us to improve guideline adherence.

[Development of a screening scale for children at risk of baby bottle tooth decay]. / Élaboration d'un score de dépistage des enfants à risque du syndrome du biberon.

OBJECTIVE: Baby bottle tooth decay is a severe form of early childhood caries. This study aims to elaborate a screening tool for at risk children in order to facilitate primary prevention. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted among children suffering from baby bottle tooth decay and children with no dental caries. Cases were children aged 5 years or less at diagnosis who experienced at least four caries with one or more affecting maxillary incisors. Controls were children matched for age and sex. Parents were interviewed by phone about their child's exposure to potential risk factors. RESULTS: We included 88 children suffering from baby bottle tooth decay and 88 children with no dental caries. In multivariate analysis, low social class (OR 6.39 [95% CI, 1.45-28.11]), prolonged bottle feeding or bedtime feeding (OR 153.2 [95% CI, 11.77-1994.96]), and snacking (OR 5.94 [95% CI, 1.35-26.2]) were significantly associated with baby bottle tooth decay. Regular dental visits were a significant protecting factor (OR 0.13 [95% CI, 0.02-0.77]). A score was developed using these significant risk factors and tested on the survey population. The mean score was 13/20 for cases and 4/20 for controls. DISCUSSION: These results are in accordance with the literature, except for brushing teeth, which was not significantly associated with baby bottle tooth decay in our study. CONCLUSION: A screening scale with a score of 20 points was proposed. Future validation is required. Pediatricians and general practitioners should encourage parents to change their habits.

[Evolution of strategies of revascularisation in acute coronary syndromes with ST elevation. Analysis of the data of RESURCOR]. / Evolution des stratégies de revascularisation des syndromes coronaires aigus avec sus-décalage du segment ST. analyse des données du RESURCOR.

The aim of this study was to describe the changes in strategy of revascularisation in acute coronary syndromes with ST elevation (ACS ST+) since setting up a health care network. The authors analysed the incidence of coronary angioplasty and of intravenous thrombolysis from a prospective permanent hospital register of patients with ACS ST+ in the three Northern Alps departments from october 1st 2002 to december 31st 2004. Respectively, 171 patients were enrolled in 2002 and 675 in 2003, and 588 in 2004. The use of percutaneous coronary intervention increased (57, 69, and 78% in 2002, 2003, 2004, p< 0.01) in relation to the increased use of immediate secondary percutaneous coronary intervention (27, 36, 43%, p< 0.01) although the use of primary percutaneous coronary intervention did not changed (30, 33, 35%, p= 0.17). These results were observed in hospitals with and without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention facilities. An increase in prehospital (49, 67, 68%, p= 0.02) and hospital thrombolysis (48, 68, 73%, p= 0.03) was only observed in patients managed in institutions without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention facilities. The average delay to arterial punction (120. 124, 100 minutes, p< 0.01) and to intravenous thrombolysis (40, 30, 25 minutes, p< 0.01) decreased during the same period. Patients with ACS ST+ more commonly benefit from coronary revascularisation at increasingly shorter intervals to treatment. This would seem to be related to the better coordination of practitioners after the implantation of a health care network.

[Comparison of mortality according to the revascularisation strategies and the symptom-to-management delay in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction]. / Comparaison de la mortalité en fonction de la stratégie de revascularisation et du délai douleur-prise en charge des syndromes coronaires aigus avec sus-décalage du segment ST.

The aim of this study was to compare the mortality associated to primary angioplasty and thrombolysis in patients managed for an elevated ST-segment acute coronary syndrome in less than or more than 3 hours after the onset of symptoms. We analyzed the in-hospital mortality of 846 patients (including 276 [33%] treated by primary angioplasty, 511 [60%] by thrombolysis, and 59 [7%] without revascularisation) included from October 2002 to December 2003 in a registry of patients with an elevated ST-segment acute coronary syndrome managed in less than 12 hours in Northern Alps districts. The overall in-hospital mortality was at 6.0% (51/846). For the 631 managed in <3 hours, the mortality rates were respectively at 5.0%, 4.6% and 11.1% respectively in case of primary angioplasty, thrombolysis and without revascularisation (p=0.21). For the 215 patients with pain lasting more than 3 hours, the mortality rates were at 2.7%, 10.3% and 21.7% in case of primary angioplasty, thrombolysis and no revascularisation, respectively (p=0.01). In the multivariable analysis, the OR of death in case of thrombolysis compared to primary angioplasty was at 1.65 (95% IC: 0.73 - 3.75) for patients with pain " 3 hours, and 4.98 (95% IC: 1.32-18.37) for those with pain > 3 hours. These results are in line with randomized trials conclusions and confirm the international guidelines suggesting primary angioplasty for patients with a chest pain >3 hours and either angioplasty or thrombolysis in case of chest pain < 3 hours.

[Analysis of the accuracy of a coronary syndrome register]. / Analyse de l'exhaustivité d'un registre des syndromes coronaires.

Registers of the management of infarction can complement information obtained from randomised trials evaluating the methods and practice of treatment. In order to do this, the quality of the registers must be assured, and in particular the accuracy of the recorded cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a register for the in-hospital and pre-hospital management of acute coronary syndromes with ST segment elevation of less than 12 hours' duration. Using a capture-recapture method, the study compared cases in the register with eligible cases present in the hospital and emergency ambulance service databases at two establishments, giving a recruitment rate of 61%. The rate of accuracy was estimated at 84% (95% CI [82 ; 86]). The independent factors associated with failure of notification were female sex (ORa=6.65 [2.04-21.69]), presentation at nights, weekends or bank holidays (ORa=4.13 [1.33-12.85]), direct admission to hospital without passing by the emergency ambulance service (ORa=2.85 [1.03-7.69]), primary angioplasty (ORa=6.18 [1.60-23.79]) and the absence of reperfusion (ORa=40.38 [6.21-262.40]). With more than 80% accuracy, the results produced by the register are robust. The selection bias linked to the under-representation of certain subgroups, while real, has only a marginal impact on estimates derived from the register. Factors associated with failure of notification should be taken into account when operating such a register.

[Evaluation of a multidisciplinary management by a health care network for patients with chronic heart failure]. / Evaluation d'un réseau ville-hôpital pour la prise en charge multidisciplinaire des patients insuffisants cardiaques chroniques.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact, at three months, of a multidisciplinary management by a health care network for patients with chronic heart failure, compared with a historic control group. METHODS: We carried out an exhaustive prospective investigation of 68 patients included in the network in 2001 (stage II to IV of NYHA classification). The historic control was 64 patients hospitalized in 2000 with the same inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Mean age (78 years) and the initial severity of heart failure (stage NYHA II: 43%, III: 55%, IV: 2%) did not differ between the two groups. Seven parameters significantly improved at three months in intervention group: systolic blood pressure, heart frequency, walking distance covered in six minutes, quality of life score, prescription of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor at maximal dose, prescription of beta-blocker and the patient's compliance with therapy. The three months survival without event (hospital readmission or death) did not significantly differ between the two groups: 45% [33-57] in 2000 versus 41% [29-53] in 2001. CONCLUSION: The functional status and treatments of the patients significantly improved three months after their inclusion in health care network. The impact of the health care network for chronic heart failure management should be studied by randomised trials.

[Factors associated with early invasive strategy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. A multicenter study]. / Facteurs associés a la réalisation d'une coronarographie précoce en présence d'un syndrome coronarien aigu sans sus-décalage du segment ST. Résultats d'une etude multicentrique.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the factors associated with early cardiac catheterization in patients with a non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: We analyzed data collected by retrospective chart review for 208 patients presenting at seven French hospitals with an acute coronary syndrome (chest pain at rest within 24 h prior to presentation with positive cardiac markers and/or electrocardiographic changes) between January and March 2005. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients (42%) were first admitted to hospitals with cardiac catheterization facilities. One hundred ten patients (53%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 46-60) underwent early cardiac catheterization less than 48 h following presentation. In addition to presentation at hospitals with catheterization facilities, factors independently associated with early catheterization included positive cardiac markers in patients first admitted to hospitals without catheterization facilities (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 34.5, 95% CI, 4.4-268.0) and diabetes mellitus (aOR, 0.4, 95%CI, 0.2-0.9). With the exception of positive cardiac markers, no risk factors comprising the TIMI risk score were associated with increased odds of early cardiac catheterization. During the index hospital stay, six patients (3%) died, seven patients (3%) had pulmonary edema, three patients (1%) had major or minor bleeding, and none had ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: Despite the dissemination of international guidelines, the use of early cardiac catheterization remains related to initial presentation at hospitals with catheterization facilities rather than risk assessment in patients with a non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

[Evaluation of the feasibility of a healthcare network for the management of severely head-injured patients]. / Evaluation de la pertinence d'un projet de réseau de santé prenant en charge les urgences neurotraumatiques graves.

The aim of the study was to realise a strategic analysis of the feasibility of implementing a health care network for the management of severely head-injured patients in the Alpine region. We conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Manual and computerized analysis of interviews was realized. Textual analysis was performed using the ALCESTE software package. A strategic analysis according to Crozier and Friedberg was performed. Eighteen interviews were realised: 13 physicians, 3 hospital directors and 2 head nurses. We identified 5 types of problems in the management of severely head-injured patients: the lack of human and material resources (33.1% of the variance), problems of communication (12.2%) and surgical competence (24.00), trajectory of care influenced by the concurrence between hospitals (18.0%) and relationship between professionals (12.6%). The stabilisation of process of cooperation was expected by all the professionals and a health care network seemed to be adapted as a coordination tool. Its implementation needed to take into account 3 individual representations: the will for collaboration--cooperation (23.3%), the negotiation (48.4%) and the contracts of the cooperation (28.3%). This study confirms that actors noted the need for improving the management of severely head-injured patients in the Alpine region. However, negotiation to express and solve controversies appears being a precondition to prevent from the blocking of the network by resistances to change.

[Variations in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction in alpine hospitals compared to other French hospitals. Secondary analysis of the USIC 2000 study data]. / Comparaison de la prise en charge de l'infarctus aigu du myocarde dans les établissements de l'arc alpin et les autres établissements français. Résultats de l'étude USIC 2000.

OBJECTIVE: To compare processes of care for acute myocardial infarction among patients admitted to alpine vs other French hospitals. METHODS: Prospective observational study of patients with ST-elevation and non ST-elevation myocardial infarction of less than 48 hours hospitalized in 369 intensive care units in November 2000. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were enrolled in nine alpine hospitals and 2265 patients in 360 other French hospitals. Patients baseline characteristics did not differ between the two groups with the exception of ST-elevation myocardial infarction which was less frequent in patients admitted to alpine hospitals (71 vs. 83%, P = 0.02). Patients living in the alpine area were less likely to be admitted to hospitals with on-site cardiac catheterization facilities (42 vs. 60%, P < 0.01) although the use of primary (20%) and rescue (24%) percutaneous coronary intervention did not differ significantly between the two groups. There were no differences in the use of medical treatments between the two groups with the exception of low-molecular-weight heparin. The risk of in-hospital death and complications did not differ significantly between the two groups while the risk of death at one year was lower in patients admitted to alpine hospitals (5 vs. 16%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In 2000, a lower proportion of patients living in the alpine area had access to hospitals with cardiac catheterization facilities compared to other French patients. This finding supports the creation of an additional cardiac catheterization laboratory with experienced operators performing percutaneous coronary interventions 24 hours/7 days and the implementation of an emergency medical care network for acute coronary syndromes in the alpine area.

A training program on exclusive breastfeeding in maternity wards.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate whether a 3-day training program for health professionals was followed by changes in maternity ward practices and in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. METHODS: A retrospective study in the maternity ward of a French university hospital involved two cross-sectional samples of 323 mother-infant pairs in 1997 and 324 in 2000. RESULTS: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge increased from 15.8% (12.0-20.2) in the before sample to 35.2% (30.0-40.6) in the after sample (P<0.01). This result persisted in the multivariable analysis [adjusted odds ratio, 2.74 (1.72-4.37)]. Infants in the before sample were less likely to be breastfed within 1 h of birth (9.2% vs. 16.9%, P=0.01), to room-in 24 h/day (56.6% vs. 72.6%, P<0.01), and were more likely to receive formula supplementation (77.6% vs. 54.0%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A training program for health professionals can be effective in improving maternity ward practices and increasing exclusive breastfeeding rate at discharge.

[Agreement between clinical practice guidelines for management of community-acquired pneumonia. A retrospective study of 101 hospitalized patients]. / Concordance des recommandations de prise en charge des pneumonies aiguës communautaires. Etude rétrospective sur un échantillon de 101 patients hospitalisés.

INTRODUCTION: Management guidelines for acute community acquired pneumonia vary considerably. The objective is to estimate by a retrospective study the uniformity of the recommendations for the management of patients and the choice of initial empirical antibiotic therapy. METHODS: Eight English and French language guidelines published between 1998 and 2001 were identified by a search of the literature. They were applied retrospectively to a sample of 101 patients admitted to a university hospital in 2000 with a diagnosis of pneumonia. RESULTS: Hospital admission was advocated for between 61% and 95% and admission to intensive care for between 8% and 35% of the patients, depending on the guidelines under consideration. The actual management conformed to that advocated for between 34% and 94% of the patients (kappa=0.27 [0,19; 0,34]). Compliance of the empirical antibiotic therapy (drug, dose, mode of administration) with the recommendations varied from 0% to 68% of the patients depending on the guidelines considered (kappa=0.01 [-0,10; 0,12]). CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of the guidelines is manifest by important variations in the recommendations for management and initial empirical therapy. These differences are due, in part, to a paucity of evidence based data upon which to base the guidelines. It would appear essential to harmonise the guidelines in a way that is appropriate for the country of their intended use.

[Evaluation of the impact of individual antibiotic order forms on consumption of antibiotics]. / Evaluation de l'impact d'une prescription nominative sur les consommations d'antibiotiques.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of an individual patient order form which concerned the 21 most costly antibiotics in a university hospital. Antibiotics expenditures were monitored from 1995 to 1999 and were expressed in 1999 French Francs per 100 patient days (p.d.). The time series were analyzed by auto-regressive models. The trend of antibiotics expenditures which were concerned by the individual patient order form was a yearly increase of 50 FF/100 p.d. (p < 0.01). The individual patient order form had no significant impact on global antibiotics expenditures but there were some differences across departments: antibiotics costs decreased 1.293 FF/100 p.d. (p = 0.02) in intensive care departments. Monitoring antibiotics consumption should be continued in order to increase power of analysis and to assess the impact of the implementation of guidelines.

Evaluation of a program to improve the prescription-writing quality in hospital.

This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a program designed to improve the quality of drug prescription-writing at a university hospital in France. Improvement actions included feed-back from yearly audits and the dissemination of recommendations on how best to write the prescriptions. A random sample of 30 stays was selected from among the hospitalizations for the year 1996. From each patient, medical records were searched for the first prescription order of the stay and its quality was assessed according to standards. A total of 872 records were relevant and included 3,289 medications. The results were compared to those obtained for the two previous years. Actions to sensitize prescribers resulted in an insufficient improvement of most indicators of prescription-writing quality with results remaining well below ideal standards. The hospital staff concerned had a positive opinion of the program which led to an awareness of prescription problems. This assessment showed that the program had a moderate impact on prescribers' practice and efforts must be continued.

Development of a French inpatient satisfaction questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a brief French-language, generic, self-administered questionnaire to measure inpatient satisfaction. DESIGN: Issues relevant to patients were identified using three open-ended questions designed in accordance with the disconfirmation paradigm. The content of patients' responses was analysed and then supplemented by items taken from published instruments in order to generate a pool of 93 items. Twenty-nine items were selected following a strict procedure. Content validity was judged by comparing the questionnaire to existing instruments. Construct validity was supported by testing specific hypotheses derived from the literature and by performing principal component analysis. Reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha. SETTING: A 2200-bed French teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: A mail survey was carried out on a random sample of 1000 inpatients within 2-4 weeks of discharge. Eligible subjects were medical, surgical and obstetrics inpatients who had stayed in the hospital for more than 24 hours. RESULTS: The participation rate (71%) and the completion rate (95%) were indicators of acceptability. There were modest differences between the questionnaire and published instruments (financial aspects, amenities). Construct representation by principal component analysis consisted of six scales which accounted for 58% of the variance in total satisfaction scores. The reliability estimates of internal consistency ranged from 0.67 to 0.86. CONCLUSION: We propose that the self-administered multidimensional inpatient satisfaction questionnaire provided encouraging preliminary psychometric information. This instrument is intended to involve patient feedback in a continuous quality health care improvement strategy.

[Evaluation of inpatient satisfaction. Comparison of different survey methods]. / Evaluation de la satisfaction des patients hospitalisés. Comparaison de plusieurs méthodes d'enquête.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of patient satisfaction survey method on response rate, data quality and satisfaction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four modes of data collection were assessed during a randomized trial that included 400 inpatients discharged from a teaching hospital. RESULTS: The response rate was 58% within the mail survey group (72% with follow-up letter) versus 73% and 81% within the home and telephone interview group (p < 0.01). 69% of the mailed questionnaires contained no missing values versus 94% and 96% for home and telephone interview modes (p < 0.01). The global satisfaction scale score was greater within the mail survey groups (8.1/10 without follow-up letter and 7.9 with follow-up letter) than within the telephone interview group (7.8) and the face to face interview group (7.3), (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mail survey with follow-up letter constitutes an operational method despite lower data quality and overestimation of patients' satisfaction scores.

Outpatient satisfaction: validation of a French-language questionnaire: data quality and identification of associated factors.

OBJECTIVES: Following 1996 legislation requiring French hospitals to assess patient satisfaction, this study developed and validated a brief French-language multidimensional questionnaire designed to measure outpatient satisfaction with hospital visits and compared data quality for two patient-satisfaction survey methods. DESIGN: Authors developed a 19-item questionnaire following a strict procedure (identification of dimensions to explore, formulation, and selection of items). SETTING: Validation data were obtained from patients of six outpatient clinics in a teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 586 consenting eligible patients were randomized to receive the questionnaire 2 weeks after their visit with one of two survey methods: a mailed self-administered questionnaire or a telephone interview. RESULTS: The response rate (79%) was not significantly different between the two survey methods. The risk of having one or more missing values was higher in the mail survey group (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.63), but mail respondents were less likely to use the "extremely positive" response category. Principal component analysis identified four factors that accounted for 56% of the variance: interpersonal skills and information transfer, physical surroundings, convenience, and appointment delay. Patients' comments on open-ended questions validated the semantic content of the factorial construct. The internal consistency coefficient was greater than 0.70 for three of four subscales. Patient background characteristics accounted for less than 10% of the factorial score variance. Patient satisfaction was correlated with age, type of visit, and, to a lesser extent, gender and education level. CONCLUSION: This easily administered, multidimensional out-patient-satisfaction questionnaire provided encouraging preliminary psychometric characteristics.