Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Brazilian organic honey against oral microorganisms.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Brazilian honeys against oral microorganisms. DESIGN: Organic honeys (OH-1 to OH-8) were diluted (%-w/v) and sterilized by filtration. Antimicrobial activity was defined by determining MIC and CBM against oral Streptococcus. The component responsible for the antimicrobial action was defined by a catalase assay. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated against the monospecies biofilm of Streptococcus mutans  (ATCC 700610). RESULTS: OHs showed antimicrobial activity principally OH-1, OH-2, OH-3, and OH-7 with MIC values ​​ranging between 10 and 25%. The mechanism of action occurs mainly by hydrogen peroxide produced by honey enzymes. OH-1, OH-2, and OH-7 showed total biofilm destruction at low concentrations. CONCLUSION: Brazilian honeys have promising antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity with the potential to control oral microbiota.

Bioactives of Melipona rufiventris Propolis: Exploring its Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities.

This study explores the potential of propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, from Melipona rufiventris species. With its composition encompassing resin, wax, pollen, and soil, propolis holds historical significance in traditional medicine within tropical regions. This research is driven by the scarcity of information surrounding M. rufiventris propolis, prompting an investigation into its chemical constituents, in vivo toxicity, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This exploration could potentially uncover novel applications for this natural product, bolstering both meliponiculture practices and the preservation of native bee populations. The propolis was sampled in Cabo Verde-MG and underwent ethanolic extraction to yield an extract (EEP) for analysis. Chemical assessments (Folin-Ciocalteau, and UHPLC-HRMS) revealed the presence of polyphenols, including flavonoids. The EEP demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and exhibited efficacy against multiresistant strains isolated from complex wounds. Synergistic interactions with commercial antibiotics were also observed. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory evaluations showcased the EEP's potential in reducing NF-kB activation and TNF-α release at non-toxic concentrations. Despite these promising biological activities, the EEP exhibited no antiproliferative effects and demonstrated safety in both the MTS assay and the G. mellonella model. Collectively, these findings highlight the M. rufiventris propolis extract as a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds with multifaceted potential.

Effectiveness of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular health-related biomarkers: a systematic review of animal and human interventions.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of chronic health disorders prevalent worldwide that claim millions of lives yearly. Inflammation and oxidative stress are intricately associated with myocardial tissue damage, endothelial dysfunction, and increased odds of heart failure. Thus, dietary strategies aimed at decreasing the odds of CVDs are paramount. In this regard, the consumption of anthocyanins, natural pigments found in edible flowers, fruits, and vegetables, has attracted attention due to their potential to promote cardiovascular health. The main mechanisms of action linked with their protective effects on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, serum lipid profile modulation, and other cardiovascular health parameters are explained and exemplified. However, little is known about the dose-dependency nature of the effects, which anthocyanin has better efficiency, and whether anthocyanin-containing foods display better in vivo efficacy than nutraceuticals (i.e., concentrated extracts containing higher levels of anthocyanins than foods). Thus, this systematic review focused on determining the effects of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals on biomarkers associated with CVDs using animal studies and human interventions supported by in vitro mechanistic insights. Overall, the results showed that the regular consumption of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals improved vascular function, lipid profile, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The daily dosage, the participants' health status, and the duration of the intervention also significantly influenced the results.

Paediatric sepsis survivors are resistant to sepsis-induced long-term immune dysfunction.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sepsis-surviving adult individuals commonly develop immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to secondary infections, an outcome mediated by the axis IL-33/ILC2s/M2 macrophages/Tregs. Nonetheless, the long-term immune consequences of paediatric sepsis are indeterminate. We sought to investigate the role of age in the genesis of immunosuppression following sepsis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Here, we compared the frequency of Tregs, the activation of the IL-33/ILC2s axis in M2 macrophages and the DNA methylation of epithelial lung cells from post-septic infant and adult mice. Likewise, sepsis-surviving mice were inoculated intranasally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or by subcutaneous inoculation of the B16 melanoma cell line. Finally, blood samples from sepsis-surviving patients were collected and the concentration of IL-33 and Tregs frequency were assessed. KEY RESULTS: In contrast to 6-week-old mice, 2-week-old mice were resistant to secondary infection and did not show impairment in tumour controls upon melanoma challenge. Mechanistically, increased IL-33 levels, Tregs expansion, and activation of ILC2s and M2-macrophages were observed in 6-week-old but not 2-week-old post-septic mice. Moreover, impaired IL-33 production in 2-week-old post-septic mice was associated with increased DNA methylation in lung epithelial cells. Notably, IL-33 treatment boosted the expansion of Tregs and induced immunosuppression in 2-week-old mice. Clinically, adults but not paediatric post-septic patients exhibited higher counts of Tregs and seral IL-33 levels. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These findings demonstrate a crucial and age-dependent role for IL-33 in post-sepsis immunosuppression. Thus, a better understanding of this process may lead to differential treatments for adult and paediatric sepsis.

Progress and promise of alternative animal and non-animal methods in biomedical research.

Cell culture and invertebrate animal models reflect a significant evolution in scientific research by providing reliable evidence on the physiopathology of diseases, screening for new drugs, and toxicological tests while reducing the need for mammals. In this review, we discuss the progress and promise of alternative animal and non-animal methods in biomedical research, with a special focus on drug toxicity.

PI3Kγ controls IL-17A expression and attenuates alveolar bone loss in an experimental periodontitis model.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the modulatory effects of PI3Kγ on IL-17A expression and the progression of experimental periodontitis in vivo. METHODS: Ligature-induced periodontitis was developed around the first molar of mice. Animals were treated with anti-mouse IL-17A or IPI-549 (PI3Kγ inhibitor). In addition, PI3Kγ-deficient mice (PI3Kγ-/-) were used in the study. Alveolar bone loss was measured and real-time PCR of Il17a and Rankl genes was performed. A bioinformatics analysis was carried out using the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis computational tool. RESULTS: Nine days after ligature placement, alveolar bone loss scores were significantly increased, with upregulation of Il17a and Rankl genes in the gingival tissues. Treatment with anti-mouse IL-17A (100 µg/mice) significantly attenuated alveolar bone loss. Mice with ligature-induced periodontitis treated with IPI-549 (3 mg/kg) or PI3Kγ-/- mice showed reduced alveolar bone loss and downregulation of Il17a and Rankl gene expression in the gingival tissues. Consistent with this, the bioinformatics analysis showed upregulation of IL17F, IL17A, IL17D, and STAT3 genes, as well as greater activation of IL-17 and PI3KCI pathways (upregulation of PIK3CG gene) in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis. CONCLUSION: PI3Kγ plays an important role in modulating IL-17A expression and alveolar bone loss in vivo and can be considered a promising pathway for the management of periodontal disease and the development of new therapies.

A Systematic Review of the Potential Effects of Propolis Extracts on Experimentally-induced Diabetes.

Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Thus, OS reduction may be an important strategy for DM therapy. Propolis is bee resins with high antioxidant activity and is used in the treatment of different diseases, including DM. Therefore, in this systematic review, we evaluated the impact of propolis administration in diabetic animals. We used the PRISMA strategy to collect preclinical studies published in English up to November 2021 in three databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science). We used the SYRCLE tool to analyze the risk of methodological bias. Our primary search returned 198 studies, of which 14 were considered eligible to be included in this review. The administration of propolis induced a hypoglycemic effect in the treated animals, which is probably due to the reduction of OS. The animals showed restoration of endogenous antioxidant defenses and reduced levels of markers for OS. The administration of propolis resulted in improvement in the lipid profile of treated animals. Our risk of bias assessment showed a methodological quality score of less than 30% due to a lack of randomization, blinding, and proper allocation of animals. Heterogeneity in treatments, lack of results, and use of non-standard extracts are limitations in our data analysis. Despite these limitations, propolis induced a significant hypoglycemic effect in diabetic animals when compared to untreated controls. This effect was associated with a reduction in OS, a process mediated by ROS neutralization and restoration of endogenous antioxidant defenses.

Antimicrobial Activity of Honey against Oral Microorganisms: Current Reality, Methodological Challenges and Solutions.

Honey has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms, but its effects on oral biofilms are largely unknown. In this review, we analyzed the currently available literature on the antimicrobial activity of honey against oral biofilms in order to determine its potential as a functional food in the treatment and/or prevention of oral diseases. Here, we compare studies reporting on the antimicrobial activity of honey against systemic and oral bacteria, discuss methodological strategies, and point out current gaps in the literature. To date, there are no consistent studies supporting the use of honey as a therapy for oral diseases of bacterial origin, but current evidence in the field is promising. The lack of studies examining the antibiofilm activity of honey against oral microorganisms reveals a need for additional research to better define aspects such as chemical composition, the mechanism(s) of action, and antimicrobial action.

A Study on the Anti-NF-κB, Anti-Candida, and Antioxidant Activities of Two Natural Plant Hormones: Gibberellin A4 and A7.

INTRODUCTION: Gibberellins (GA) are terpenoids that serve as important plant hormones by acting as growth and response modulators against injuries and parasitism. In this study, we investigated the in vitro anti-NF-κB, anti-Candida, and antioxidant activity of gibberellin A4 (GA4) and A7 (GA7) compounds, and further determined their toxicity in vivo. METHODS: GA4 and GA7 in vitro toxicity was determined by MTT method, and nontoxic concentrations were then tested to evaluate the GA4 and GA7 anti-NF-κB activity in LPS-activated RAW-luc macrophage cell culture (luminescence assay). GA4 in silico anti-NF-κB activity was evaluated by molecular docking with the software "AutoDock Vina", "MGLTools", "Pymol", and "LigPlot+", based on data obtained from "The Uniprot database", "Protein Data Bank", and "PubChem database". The GA4 and GA7 in vitro anti-Candida effects against Candida albicans (MYA 2876) were determined (MIC and MFC). GA7 was also evaluated regarding the viability of C. albicans preformed biofilm (microplate assay). In vitro antioxidant activity of GA4 and GA7 was evaluated against peroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, hypochlorous acid, and reactive nitrogen species. GA4 and GA7 in vivo toxicity was determined on the invertebrate Galleria mellonella larvae model. RESULTS: Our data show that GA4 at 30 µM is nontoxic and capable of reducing 32% of the NF-κB activation on RAW-luc macrophages in vitro. In vitro results were confirmed via molecular docking assay (in silico), since GA4 presented binding affinity to NF-κB p65 and p50 subunits. GA7 did not present anti-NF-κB effects, but exhibited anti-Candida activity with low MIC (94 mM) and MFC (188 mM) values. GA7 also presented antibiofilm properties at 940 mM concentration. GA4 did not present anti-Candida effects. Moreover, GA4 and GA7 showed antioxidant activity against peroxyl radicals, but did not show scavenging activity against the other tested radicals. Both compounds did not affect the survival of G. mellonella larvae, even at extremely high doses (10 g/Kg). CONCLUSION: Our study provides preclinical evidence indicating that GA4 and GA7 have a favorable low toxicity profile. The study also points to GA4 and GA7 interference with the NF-κB via, anti-Candida activity, and a peroxyl radical scavenger, which we argue are relevant biological effects.

Cinnamoyloxy-mammeisin, a coumarin from propolis of stingless bees, attenuates Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation via STAT3 inhibition.

T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocytes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, mainly by producing the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17). Therefore, Th17 lymphocytes have been considered a strategic target for drug discovery and development. In this study, we investigated the activity and possible mechanisms of action of a 4-phenyl coumarin isolated from propolis, named cinnamoyloxy-mammeisin (CNM), in Th17 cell differentiation and the development of experimental Th17-dependent autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our data showed that in vitro Th17 cell differentiation was attenuated by CNM treatment in a concentration-dependent manner (1, 3, and 10 µM). This was associated with a reduction in the release of IL-17 (35% inhibition) and interleukin-22 (IL-22, 51% inhibition). Th17-differentiated cells exposed to CNM also downregulated the expression of Th17 hallmarked cell genes, such as RAR-related orphan receptor c (Rorc, 51% inhibition), and interleukin-23 receptor (Il23r, 64% inhibition), indicating possible upstream molecular mechanisms. Mechanistically, CNM significantly reduced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) during in vitro Th17 cell differentiation. In vivo treatment with CNM (100 µg/kg) reduced the clinical signs of EAE, which was associated with a reduction in Central Nervous System demyelination, neuroinflammation, and Th17 response in the spinal cord and inguinal lymph nodes. Consistent with this, CNM also effectively attenuated human Th17 differentiation in vitro. Collectively, our results highlight the potential of CNM as a new molecule that can modulate Th17 cells via inhibition of STAT3 signaling and, as a result, reduce autoimmune inflammation.

Brazilian Organic Honey from Atlantic Rainforest Decreases Inflammatory Process in Mice.

Honey is an ancient food in the human diet, and the chemical composition of some types of honey has been associated with several beneficial biological effects. Among them, honey has been highlighted to improve health and control inflammatory processes. However, there is no study elucidating the mechanism of action of honey produced organically. Here, we separated organic honey (OH) samples from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest into eight different profiles (OH-1 to OH-8) and evaluated, in vitro and in vivo, their anti-inflammatory potential. To determine cell viability, RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with several concentrations of OH-1 up to OH-8, and anti-inflammatory activity was assessed through NF-κB activation and TNF-α levels. All types of the studied honey up to a concentration of 4% (w/v) did not interfere with macrophage viability and decreased NF-kB activation and TNF-α levels in macrophage culture in vitro. OH-7 was selected as the most promising anti-inflammatory and used in subsequent assays. Mice pretreated orally with OH-7 showed a decrease in neutrophil migration and TNF-α level. Thus, these types of Brazilian organic honey show promising anti-inflammatory potential, particularly the OH-7 variety. Brazilian organic honey may lead to the development of new products and/or be incorporated into food for use in veterinary medicine and human health as well.

The phytoactive constituents of Eugenia selloi B.D. Jacks (pitangatuba): Toxicity and elucidation of their anti-inflammatory mechanism(s) of action.

We determined the phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory mechanism of action, ROS/RNS scavenging capacity and systemic toxicity of a purified subfraction (S8) of Eugenia selloi. The composition of S8 was assessed by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS; the anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 macrophages through NF-κB activation and biomarkers by multiplex in THP-1 cells; neutrophil migration, intravital microscopy and ICAM-1 expression in mice; NETs formation and CD11b expression; S8 scavenging capacity of ROS/RNS; toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae model. Coumaric acid, quercetrin and vanillic acid were identified. S8 decreased NF-κB activation, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, MDC and MCP-1 levels, reduced neutrophil migration and ICAM-1 expression in mice; S8 did not interfere NET formation and CD11b expression, exhibited high antioxidant and showed negligible toxicity. E. selloi proved to be a promising, yet underexplored source of bioactive compounds, which can be useful employed in agribusiness and in the pharmaceutical and food industry to develop new products or human health supplies.

Lignans as new chemical markers of a certified Brazilian organic propolis.

Commercially certified organic propolis produced in areas of environmental conservation and reforestation forests of Southern Brazil are generally poor in flavonoids, although one of its variants - Brazilian certified organic propolis 1 (OP1) - has shown strong antioxidant activity. The objective was to identify active compounds from OP1 related to its strong antioxidant activity. OP1 ethanolic extracts were subjected to liquid-liquid fractionation, and the fractions presenting the strongest antioxidant activity were combined and purified into subfractions. Compounds isolated from the most active subfractions had their structure elucidated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). As a result, five lignans and two lignan-precursors were isolated, and four of them are herein reported for the very first time in propolis. Hence, these compounds may be used as chemical markers for product standardization and authentication purposes, since OP1 is only produced by honeybees in native forests and its botanical origins remain unknown.

Purple tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) leaves as a potential functional ingredient: From extraction of phenolic compounds to cell-based antioxidant/biological activities.

A statistical optimization study was used to maximize the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from green tea derived from purple leaves of Camellia sinensis var. assamica. Simultaneous optimization was applied, and a combination of 60 °C, 15 min, and a mass-solvent ratio of 1 g of dehydrated purple leaves to 62.3 mL of an ethanol/citric acid solution, were determined as the ideal extraction conditions. The optimized extract of purple tea leaves (OEPL) contained showed stability in relation to variations in pH, and lyophilized OEPL exerted cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against cancerous cells (A549 and HCT8), demonstrated antimicrobial activity towards Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13565) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12288), inhibition of α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes and reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, CXCL2/MIP-2, and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Thus, our results provide a broad assessment of the bioactivity of "green" extracts obtained by a simple and low-cost process using non-toxic solvents, and they have the potential to be used for technological applications.

Phenolic Profile and the Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Properties of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) Meal: A Prospective Study.

The mechanical extraction of oils from Brazilian açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart) produces significant amounts of a byproduct known as "meal", which is frequently discarded in the environment as waste material. Nevertheless, plant byproducts, especially those from oil extraction, may contain residual polyphenols in their composition and be a rich source of natural bioactive compounds. In this study, the phenolic composition and in vitro biological properties of a hydroethanolic açaí meal extract were elucidated. The major compounds tentatively identified in the extract by high-resolution mass spectrometry were anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonoids. Furthermore, rhamnocitrin is reported in an açaí byproduct for the first time. The extract showed reducing power and was effective in scavenging the ABTS radical cation (820.0 µmol Trolox equivalent∙g-1) and peroxyl radical (975.7 µmol Trolox equivalent∙g-1). NF-κB activation was inhibited at 10 or 100 µg∙mL-1 and TNF-α levels were reduced at 100 µg∙mL-1. However, the antibacterial effects against ESKAPE pathogens was not promising due to the high concentration needed (1250 or 2500 µg∙mL-1). These findings can be related to the diverse polyphenol-rich extract composition. To conclude, the polyphenol-rich extract obtained from açaí meal showed relevant biological activities that may have great applicability in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Inajá oil processing by-product: A novel source of bioactive catechins and procyanidins from a Brazilian native fruit.

Agro-industrial activities generate large amounts of solid residues, which are generally discarded or used as animal feed. Interestingly, some of these by-products could serve as natural sources of bioactive compounds with great potential for industrial exploitation. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of phenolic antioxidants from the pulp residue (oil processing by-product) of inajá (Maximiliana maripa, a native species found in the Brazilian Amazon). The antioxidant properties of the optimized extract and its phenolic profile by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) were further determined. Central composite rotatable design and statistical analysis demonstrated that the temperature of 70 °C and 50% (v/v) ethanol concentration improved the extraction of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The optimized extract also showed scavenging activity against the ABTS radical cation and reactive oxygen species (ROS; peroxyl and superoxide radical, and hypochlorous acid). Moreover, the optimized extract was able to reduce NF-κB activation and TNF-α release, which are modulated by ROS. Flavan-3-ols were the major phenolics present in the optimized extract. Collectively, our findings support the use of inajá cake as a new source of bioactive catechins and procyanidins. This innovative approach adds value to this agro-industrial by-product in the functional food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and/or cosmetic industries and complies with the circular economy agenda.

Simulated gastrointestinal digestion of Brazilian açaí seeds affects the content of flavan-3-ol derivatives, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) are the major residue generated during industrial extraction of açaí fruit pulp - a popular and typical Amazon fruit rich in bioactive compounds and nutrients. In this study, we investigated the bioaccessibility of an açaí seed extract using an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion model. Catechin, epicatechin and procyanidins B1 and B2 were identified and quantified in the açaí seed extract and monitored by HPLC-DAD through the digestion phases. Bioaccessibility of these flavan-3-ols and deactivation of reactive oxygen species decreased after the intestinal phase, except for peroxyl radical (ROO●). RAW 264.7 macrophages treated either with the digested or undigested açaí seed extract showed reduced NF-κB activation and TNF-α levels, even following gastrointestinal digestion. Thus, the ROO● scavenging capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract were found to be still remarkable after digestion, suggesting that açaí seeds could be explored as a source of bioactive compounds for functional foods, cosmetic or pharmaceutical purposes.

Phenolic profile and potential beneficial effects of underutilized Brazilian native fruits on scavenging of ROS and RNS and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

Brazilian native fruits (BNF) have aroused interest of researchers and consumers for their great human health benefits. In this study, five BNF (Byrsonima lancifolia, Campomanesia phaea, Jacaratia spinosa, Solanum alternatopinnatum and Acnistus arborescens) were tested for their polyphenolic compounds by LC-ESI-MS/MS, reactive species deactivation (ROO˙, O2˙-, HOCl and NO˙), anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, and in vitro antimicrobial activity - with determination of putative mechanism(s) of action. Eighty-one polyphenols were identified, which exhibited a significant capacity to deactivate both ROS and RNS. C. phaea extract had the highest capacity to scavenge ROO˙ (68.94 µmol TE per g), O2˙- (IC50: 575.36 µg mL-1) and NO˙ (IC50: 16.96 µg mL-1), which may be attributed to the presence of ellagitanins. B. lancifolia decreased neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity of mice by 50% as compared to carrageenan and reduced Candida albicans biofilm viability by 3 log10 possibly due to complexation with cell membrane ergosterol. In summary, the BNF presented herein are good sources of bioactive compounds with positive effects on deactivation of biological reactive species, as well as with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, which can be altogether highly beneficial to human health.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential, in vivo toxicity, and polyphenolic composition of Eugenia selloi B.D.Jacks. (pitangatuba), a Brazilian native fruit.

Brazilian native fruits are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds that can act as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Here, we determined the polyphenolic composition, anti-inflammatory mechanism of action, antioxidant activity and systemic toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae of Eugenia selloi B.D.Jacks. (synonym Eugenia neonitida Sobral) extract (Ese) and its polyphenol-rich fraction (F3) obtained through bioassay-guided fractionation. Phenolic compounds present in Ese and F3 were identified by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS. The anti-inflammatory activity of Ese and F3 was tested in vitro and in vivo through NF-κB activation, cytokine release and neutrophil migration assays. The samples were tested for their effects against reactive species (ROO•, O2•-, HOCl and NO•) and for their toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae model. The presence of hydroxybenzoic acid, ellagitannins and flavonoids was identified. Ese and F3 reduced NF-κB activation, cytokine release and neutrophil migration, with F3 being three-fold more potent. Overall, F3 exhibited strong antioxidant effects against biologically relevant radicals, and neither Ese nor F3 were toxic to G. mellonella larvae. In conclusion, Ese and F3 revealed the presence of phenolic compounds that decreased the inflammatory parameters evaluated and inhibited reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. E. selloi is a novel source of bioactive compounds that may provide benefits for human health.