RESUMEN
Torquetenovirus (TTV) is present in biological fluids from healthy individuals and measurement of its titer is used to assess immune status in individuals with chronic infections and after transplants. We assessed if the titer of TTV in saliva varied with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx and could be a marker of COVID-19 status. Saliva from 91 individuals positive for SARS-CoV-2 in nasal-oropharyngeal samples, and from 126 individuals who were SARS-CoV-2-negative, all with mild respiratory symptoms, were analyzed. Both groups were similar in age, gender, symptom duration and time after symptom initiation when saliva was collected. Titers of TTV and SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by gene amplification. Loss of smell (p = 0.0001) and fever (p = 0.0186) were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals, while sore throat (p = 0.0001), fatigue (p = 0.0037) and diarrhea (p = 0.0475) were more frequent in the SARS-CoV-2 negative group. The saliva TTV and nasal-oropharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 titers were correlated (p = 0.0085). The TTV level decreased as symptoms resolved in the SARS-CoV-2 infected group (p = 0.0285) but remained unchanged in the SARS-CoV-2 negative controls. In SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects who provided 2-4 saliva samples and in which TTV was initially present, the TTV titer always decreased over time as symptoms resolved. We propose that sequential TTV measurement in saliva is potentially useful to assess the likelihood of symptom resolution in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals and to predict prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores/análisis , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Saliva/virología , Torque teno virus/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , COVID-19/virología , ADN Viral/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nasofaringe/virología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Pronóstico , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Torque teno virus/genéticaRESUMEN
Vaginal samples from women with term deliveries were tested for torquetenovirus (TTV) by gene amplification, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and D- and L-lactic acid by ELISA, and microbiome composition by analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. TTV was detected in 43.2%, 31.5%, and 41.4% of first trimester, third trimester, and postpartum samples, respectively. The viral titer was higher in postpartum than in the first (p = 0.0018) or third (p = 0.0013) trimester. The mean gestational age at delivery was lower in women positive for TTV in their first trimester (p = 0.0358). In the first and third trimester, the MMP-8 level was higher if TTV was also present (p < 0.0091). The D-lactic acid level was lower in first trimester samples if TTV was present (p = 0.0334). Lactobacillus crispatus dominance in first and third trimester samples was higher when TTV was absent (p < 0.0033). We conclude that TTV is present in the vagina in many women with normal pregnancy outcomes and that its occurrence is associated with a lack of L. crispatus dominance, an increase in vaginal MMP-8 and a decrease in D-lactic acid.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Virus ADN , Ácido Láctico/análisis , Lactobacillus crispatus , Metaloproteinasa 8 de la Matriz/análisis , Complicaciones del Embarazo/virología , Torque teno virus , Vagina/virología , Adulto , Líquidos Corporales/virología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactobacillus crispatus/aislamiento & purificación , Periodo Posparto , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Trimestres del Embarazo , Torque teno virus/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Fatal Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) was diagnosed in 12 captive marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata) from metropolitan region of São Paulo, São Paulo State. Clinical signs were variable among the cases, but most affected marmosets presented signs associated with viral epithelial replication: oral, lingual and facial skin ulcers and hypersalivation, and viral replication in the central nervous system: prostration, seizure and aggressive behavior. Consistent microscopic findings were diffuse mild to severe nonsuppurative necrotizing meningoencephalitis with gliosis, vasculitis and neuronal necrosis. Additionally, in the brain, oral cavity, skin, adrenal gland and myoenteric plexus intranuclear inclusion bodies were present. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of the HHV-1 antigen in association with lesions in the brain, oral and lingual mucosa, facial skin, adrenal gland and myoenteric plexus. HHV-1-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the brain was carried out and the virus was detected in 7/8 infected marmosets. It is concluded that HHV-1 causes widespread fatal infection in marmosets.(AU)
Infecção fatal por Herpesvirus simplex Tipo 1 (HHV-1) foi diagnosticada em 12 saguis de cativeiro (Callithrix jacchus e Callithrix penicillata) provenientes da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo. Os sinais clínicos foram variáveis entres os casos, no entanto, a maioria dos saguis afetados apresentavam sinais associados à replicação viral em epitélios: úlceras na cavidade oral, língua e pele da face e hipersalivação; e no sistema nervoso central: prostração, convulsão e comportamento agressivo. Histologicamente, o principal achado foi meningoencefalite necrosante não supurativa difusa, leve a acentuada com gliose, vasculite e necrose neuronal. Inclusões intranucleares também foram observadas em encéfalo, cavidade oral, pele, glândula adrenal e plexo mioentérico. A imuno-histoquímica anti-HHV-1 confirmou a presença do antígeno viral em associação às lesões em encéfalo, mucosa oral e lingual, pele da face, glândula adrenal e plexo mioentérico. Em 7/8 saguis infectados foi detectada a presença de HHV-1 por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) a partir de amostras de encéfalo. Conclui-se que HHV-1 causa uma infecção disseminada e fatal em saguis.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Callithrix/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Encefalitis Viral/veterinaria , Herpes Simple/patología , Inmunohistoquímica/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The intrafamilial dynamics of endemic infection with human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in Amerindian populations is unknown. METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from 517 Amerindians and tested for HHV-8 anti-latent nuclear antigen (anti-LANA) and antilytic antibodies by immunofluorescence assays. Logistic regression and mixed logistic models were used to estimate the odds of being HHV-8 seropositive among intrafamilial pairs. RESULTS: HHV-8 seroprevalence by either assay was 75.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.5%-79.1%), and it was age-dependent (P(trend) < .001). Familial dependence in HHV-8 seroprevalence by either assay was found between mother-offspring (odds ratio [OR], 5.44; 95% CI: 1.62-18.28) and siblings aged ≥10 years (OR 4.42, 95% CI: 1.70-11.45) or siblings in close age range (<5 years difference) (OR 3.37, 95% CI: 1.21-9.40), or in families with large (>4) number of siblings (OR, 3.20, 95% CI: 1.33-7.67). In separate analyses by serological assay, there was strong dependence in mother-offspring (OR 8.94, 95% CI: 2.94-27.23) and sibling pairs aged ≥10 years (OR, 11.91, 95% CI: 2.23-63.64) measured by LANA but not lytic antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: This pattern of familial dependence suggests that, in this endemic population, HHV-8 transmission mainly occurs from mother to offspring and between close siblings during early childhood, probably via saliva. The mother to offspring dependence was derived chiefly from anti-LANA antibodies.
Asunto(s)
Salud de la Familia , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/transmisión , Herpesvirus Humano 8/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 8/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Enfermedades Endémicas , Femenino , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 8/genética , Humanos , Indígenas Sudamericanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Grupos de Población , Suero/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is the etiologic agent of all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and the plasmablastic cell variant of multicentric Castleman disease. In endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa, blood transfusions have been associated with a substantial risk of HHV-8 transmission. By contrast, several studies among healthy blood donors from North America have failed to detect HHV-8 DNA in samples of seropositive individuals. In this study, using a real-time PCR assay, we investigated the presence of HHV-8 DNA in whole-blood samples of 803 HHV-8 blood donors from three Brazilian states (São Paulo, Amazon, Bahia) who tested positive for HHV-8 antibodies, in a previous multicenter study. HHV-8 DNA was not detected in any sample. Our findings do not support the introduction of routine HHV-8 screening among healthy blood donors in Brazil. (WCâ=â140).
Asunto(s)
Donantes de Sangre , ADN Viral/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 8/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 8/inmunología , Sarcoma de Kaposi/virología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Brasil/epidemiología , ADN Viral/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética , Prevalencia , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sarcoma de Kaposi/sangre , Sarcoma de Kaposi/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) is hyperendemic in Amerindian populations, but its modes of transmission are unknown. METHODS: Antibodies against either HHV-8 lytic antigen or HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) were detected, by immunofluorescence assays, in 339 Amerindians and 181 non-Amerindians from the Brazilian Amazon. Serological markers of oro-fecal (hepatitis A), parenteral (hepatitis B and C), and sexual (herpes simplex virus type 2 and syphilis) transmission were measured by specific ELISAs. Salivary HHV-8 DNA was detected by use of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay and was sequenced. RESULTS: Antibodies against either lytic antigen or LANA were detected in 79.1% of Amerindians and in 6.1% of non-Amerindians (adjusted seroprevalence ratio [SR], 12.63 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 7.1-22.4]; P<.0001). HHV-8 seroprevalence increased with age among Amerindians (P(Trend) < .001) and already had high prevalence in childhood but was not sex specific in either population. The 2 populations did not differ in seroprevalence of oro-fecal or parenteral markers, but seroprevalence of markers of sexual transmission was lower among Amerindians. HHV-8 DNA in saliva was detected in 47 (23.7%) of 198 HHV-8 seropositive Amerindians. Detection of HHV-8 DNA decreased with age (P(Trend) < .04) and was more common in men (SR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.3-3.5]; P=.003). A total of 36 (76.6%) of the 47 saliva HHV-8 DNA samples were sequenced, and all clustered as subtype E. CONCLUSION: The data support the hypothesis of early acquisition and horizontal transmission, via saliva, of HHV-8 subtype E in Amerindian populations.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 8/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 8/aislamiento & purificación , Esparcimiento de Virus , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Viral/química , ADN Viral/genética , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/transmisión , Herpesvirus Humano 8/genética , Humanos , Indígenas Sudamericanos , Masculino , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Población Rural , Saliva/virología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
A 400mg dose twice-a-day oral acyclovir prophylaxis regimen was evaluated in 50 allogenic transplant recipients. Twenty (40 percent) patients experienced 24 episodes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) shedding; 17 (70.8 percent) occurring during prophylaxis. Thirteen of such episodes were asymptomatic and, in three, it was difficult to differentiate severe mucositis from viral lesions. In the remaining one, HSV pneumonia was suspected after a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure performed in an attempt to early detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV). All cases responded to acyclovir therapy or dose adjustment suggesting that acyclovir resistance did not account for the occurrence of infection in our patients. These data demonstrated that oral acyclovir prophylaxis, 400mg dose twice-a-day, was inadequate to suppress viral shedding. The bronchoalveolar lavage procedure in a patient with HSV shedding could precipitate HSV spread to the lungs and the occurrence of pneumonia.